1、初二年級英語（Oxford English ）Chapter 1：Water1a little, much, no, too much, too little, not enough + 不可數(shù)名詞 2a few, many, no, too many, too few, not enough, many a + 可數(shù)名詞 3A lot of, lots of, some, no, not enough, a great deal of + 可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞 4A little = not much a few = not many 5經(jīng)常在否定句中用 much , e.g. There

2、is not much water. 6與 There be 句型搭配：There are a lot of people in the swimming pool. 7用在特殊疑問句中： How much food is there? How many oranges are there? 8. need 的用法，兩種詞性：A. 情態(tài)動詞： need do sth./ neednt do sth. B. 實意動詞： need to do sth./ dont need to do sth./ need sb to do sth. C. We need water for drinking (

3、 表示目的）9. It be + （ very much, quite， rather ， a little, ) 形容詞+ for sb + to so sth. 對某人而言做某事比較 , e.g. Its very important for us to learn English well. 10. 由 If 引導的狀語從句：主句用將來時態(tài)，If 從句用一般時態(tài)A. 現(xiàn)在時態(tài)We will be thirsty to death if there is no water. B. 過去時態(tài)We would have arrived at home if there was no traff

4、ic jam. C. 將來時態(tài)They will go to American if they get their passport and Visa. 11. 英語中分數(shù)詞的表達法：A. 用“基數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞” 表示 : 其中基數(shù)詞表示分子，序數(shù)詞表示分母 , 分子除用one 外，也可用 a；如果分子大于 1，分母要用復數(shù)形式。但是， 12 不能說 a（one）second，而要說 a（one）half 。E.g. one tenth, a tenth, two fifths, a half, three eighths, a quarter, three quarters, one fourt

5、h, three fourths, B. 分數(shù)修飾名詞時，若該名詞是不可數(shù)名詞只能用單數(shù)；若是可數(shù)名詞， 用單數(shù)或復數(shù)均可。 但是，若它們在句子中作主語，則謂語動詞是用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)取決于名詞，即與分數(shù)所修飾的名詞保持一致。例如：Only one-fifth of air consists of oxygen氧氣只占空氣的15。About two thirds of the students attend the meeting 大約 2 3 的學生都參加了會議。C. 用“ 基數(shù)詞介詞基數(shù)詞” 表示：借助介詞表示分數(shù)，介詞前的數(shù)詞是分子，介詞后的數(shù)詞是分母，一般介詞用 out of, of, i

6、n, to. 例如：Ninety-nine people out of a hundred，if they were asked who first found America, would answer Clumbus如果要問是誰首先發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲，一百個人中有九十九個（百分之九十九）將回答是哥倫布。12. Until 一詞的用法：A. 當謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時，用肯定形式： You can wait here until help comes. ( 直到 .才）B. 當謂語動詞時非延續(xù)性動詞時，用否定形式： She didnt go to bed until her daughter came

7、back. （直到她女兒回來了她才睡覺）C. 是否用 not 要取決于動詞時延續(xù)性還是非延續(xù)性的，即使動詞用否定形式，在翻譯成漢語的時候都要說成“ 直到 .才.” 。D. it was not until.that., 強調(diào)句型。 It was not until her daughter came back that she went to bed. E.Not until 放在句首，句子要倒裝：Not until her daughter came back did she go to bed. 12. 常用短語： Believe it or not, flush the toilet,

8、at least, pour into the sink, waste water, clean up, in the first place. Chapter 2 School newspaper 1. suggest用法 ：建議，暗示，同義詞 advise, A. Suggest + doing sth. : She suggests going shopping at weekend. B. Suggest + that ( should ) do sth. He suggested that school should hold a sports event. 2. Take char

9、ge of = be in charge of , 由.負責 ；be in the charge of . 某物在某人的掌控之下 She takes charge of all books in the library. She is in charge of all books in the library. All books in the library is in the charge of her. 3. ask 的用法 ： ask sb ( not ) to do sth. / ask for help, sth./ ask ab about sth. He asked me to

10、 fetch water He asks me about the whether in England. He asks for help. 4. how often, 多久 .; How often do you take exercise ? 5. agree 的用法：A. agree with sb. 同義某人的觀點，意見，想法，分析：In my opinion, we should not play computer games frequently. Yes，I totally agree with you. B. Agree to sth. 表示一方提出意見，觀點， 計劃，另一方

11、寫作， We agree to their arrangement. C. Agree on/ upon sth: 指雙方通過協(xié)商而取得一致意見 ,We agree on the price. D. Agree to do sth.= agree on doing sth. 同意某人做某事 They agree to conclude the meeting soon. (不能用 agree sb to do sth. ) 6. In one weeks time = one week later 表示在一星期之后，一般用于將來時。7. finish 用法 ：finish doing sth.

12、/ finish sth 完成某事8. take part in & join in & join 的用法：A. Take part in，常指參加某活動，聚會等：She took part in Helens birthday party yesterday. B. Join in, 常指參加某活動，聚會等 : Would you like to join in the dancing with us ? C. Join 常指參加某團體，組織，軍隊等：Pupils are proud of joining Young Pioneer. 9. Should & ought to ：兩者都“ 應

13、該”，用法基本相同 ,區(qū)別在于：（1）ought to 比 should 語氣強 , should 表示主觀看法，一些建議，勸說時，譯作“應當 ” 。ought to，直接接動詞原形，更多反映客觀情況，“有義務 ”或“ 必要 ” 做某事，譯為 “應當，應該” （2）（ 2）ought to 的否定就表示做某事一定是錯誤的 定要做。而 should 的否定就表示某動作不一A. I/You/He/She/We/They should + do sth = I/You/He/She/We/They ought to do sth B. I/You/He/She/We/They should not

14、+ do sth = I/You/He/She/We/They ought not to do sth C. I/You/He/She/We/They shouldnt do sth = I/You/He/She/We/They oughtnt to do sth E.g She ought to take care of her sister. = She should take care of her sister. You oughtnt to be late for school. You shouldnt be late for school. 10. 感嘆句形式：A. What a

15、/an + 形容詞 + 名詞 + 主語 + 謂語 B. How + 形容詞、副詞 + 主語 + 謂語 E.g. What a beautiful girl she is! = How beautiful girl she is! What an exciting new it is ! = How exciting the new is ! How quickly he ran ! 11. Hundreds of , thousands of, millions of, billions of. 成百上千，成千上萬，成萬上億 . 12. 常用短語 ：hold a meeting, elect

16、the chief editor, vote for (為.投票），take charge of =be in charge of , ask for, take notes （ of ), be responsible for, take over, be free to readers, pay for sth., agree to do sth. Conclude the meeting， bring the meeting to the end, give out newspaper（出版），common sense, put a mark on, write down, at the

17、 New Years Party, in all ( 總共），march around the street, take part in, at the end (of ), in the end, take place, be on fire （著火），be born in（出身 于），science fiction film, adventure film, what a shame, congratulations! Well done, you deserve to win. Long time no see. Im sorry but., find out. Chapter 3 De

18、tectives and Crimes 1. The + adj. ：表示一類人，the old 老人，the young 年輕人，the guilty 有罪之人，當這類詞做主語時，謂語動詞要用三人稱單數(shù)形式：e.g. The old always needs to be taken care of. 2. protect 用法 ：protect sb from doing sth, 保護某人 .不受影響 , 相當于 prevent from. 阻 止某人受 .影響。The government tried best to protect local villagers from being

19、threatened by the flood. The government tried best to prevent local villagers from being threatened by the flood. 3. deny 用法 ： deny doing sth. E.g. He denied stealing Lis bag. 4. admit 用法 ： admit doing sth. 承認做某事。 She admitted taking away her roommates camera. 5. 非謂語動詞（ infinitives）：to do & doing 兩種

20、形式 A. refuse, offer , decide, fail, pretend, agree, promise + to do sth.( 只能加不定式）B. 區(qū)別 remember to do sth. / doing sth. , Stop to do sth./ stop doing sth., forget to do sth./ forget doing sth., like to do/ like doing, try to do sth/ try doing sth, go on to do sth/ go on doing sth, mean to do sth./ m

21、ean doing sth. C. Enjoy, practice, finish, admit, suggest,avoid, deny, forgive, + doing sth.（只能加動名詞）D. Begin/start/learn + to do sth = doing sth. 加動名詞和不定式意思相近。6. On + 具體時間 , He went to hospital on May 8 th, 2011. 7. knock at ones door 敲某人的人 8. 常用短語： protect the innocent, as well as, find the guilty,

22、 alone, lock sth in the safe, report the theft, look for clues, the same as, no longer, not at all, break into ones house ( 破門而入），go to jail/ go to prison, behind bar ( 在監(jiān)獄中），fake money ( 假錢），in the case of., instead of, short of sth. (缺少東西），play games with sb., share information, bump into. Chapter

23、 4 Computer Technology 1. 形容詞的比較級與最高級：形容詞有三種等級：原級、比較級、最高級。A. 原級 ：句中只有一者時用原級，其標志詞是 e.g. His handwriting is very good. 他的書法很好。B. 比較級和最高級構成：very, so, too, quite ，rather 等修飾。（一個人不作比較。 ）1）單音節(jié)或少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在原級后加er 構成比較級，加est 構成最高級。e.g. small smaller smallest young younger youngest 2）以不發(fā)音的字母e 結尾的形容詞，直接加r 或 st 構

24、成比較級和最高級。e.g. Nice nicer nicest late later latest 3）以輔音字母 +y 結尾的形容詞，變 e.g. Busy busier busiest heavy heavier heaviest y 為 i ，再加 er 或 est, 構成比較級和最高級。4）在重讀閉音節(jié)中，末尾只有一個輔音字母的形容詞，要先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加 er 或est， 構成比較級和最高級。e.g. hot hotter hottest big bigger biggest 5）多音節(jié)詞前加“more” 構成比較級， 加“ most” 構成最高級，形容詞的最高級前要加 the

25、, 副詞的最高級前面可省略 the。6）有些詞語沒有最高級，因為它本身就是最高級，例如：favorate/ favourate. 7）個別形容詞的比較級和最高級是不規(guī)則變化，需個別記憶。e.g. good (well) better best bad (badly, ill) worse worst many(much) more most Little less least Far father farthest 或 further furthest C. 形容詞各級用法歸納 : 1) 原級（同級）比較：as as ; not as(so) asWell give you as much h

26、elp as we can. She isnt as(so) active in sports as before. much, a little, even 等修飾：2) 比較級：表示兩者之間比 更 可用狀語 He made fewer mistakes than I did. He is even richer than I. 3) 最高級：形容詞最高級前必須加the, 副詞最高級前常省略the，后面多用 of ， in 短語表示范圍：It was the most/least interesting story I have ever listened. He is the talles

27、t of the three. 4）如果在兩者之間表示“ 最 ” 時要在比較級前加the，而且還用of the two, of the pair短語：John is the clever of the two boys. Of the two boys, John is the clever. 5）表示是最 中的一個用“one of the most./形容詞的最高級” 句型。Yangtz river is one of the longest river all over the world. 6) 表示“ 第幾 .” 用 “the + 序數(shù)詞+ 最高級+ 名詞單數(shù)” ：The Yellow

28、 river is the second longest river in the world. 7) the more., the better 句型：越 .越. The more exercise you have taken, the healthier you will be. 8) 比較級 + and + 比較級，表示“ 越來越 .” ，Drinking water will make you look more and more beautiful. 2. prefer 的用法：1）后接不定式時與 rather than 或 instead of 連用：He preferred t

29、o die rather than (to) steal. / He perferred to die instead of stealing. 他寧死也 不去偷竊。2）注意介詞搭配，如：I prefer swimming to skating. (I like swimming better than skating.) 我 喜歡游泳勝過滑冰。prefer 因其本身含有比較之意，而不可再與 more 或 most 連用。3）prefer名詞或動名詞“ 寧愿”，“ 更喜歡” ：He comes from Shanghai, so he prefers rice. 他是上海人，因此更喜歡吃米飯。

30、I prefer going by bike. 我寧愿騎單車去。I prefer the white one. 我喜歡那個白的。4）prefer to do “ 愿意做” 。I prefer to go at once. 我愿意馬上就走。5）prefer sb. to do “ 愿意某人做”I prefer you to go out at once. 我倒希望你馬上就走。6）prefer sth to sth./ prefer doing sth. to doing sth. “ 寧愿做 .而不做 .”. I prefer tea to milk. 我寧愿喝茶也不喝牛奶。I prefer w

31、atching TV to going out. 我寧愿看電視也 不出去。7) prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.“ 寧愿做 .而不做 .”,但是不能說prefer sth rather than sth I prefer to watch TV rather than go out. 我寧愿呆在家里也不出去。7、prefer that 從句“ 寧愿”（從句一般用虛擬語氣）I prefer that you should do it. 我寧愿你做這件事。3. In the 1960s, 意為“ 在 20 世紀 60 年代”4. way 的用法：1） th

32、e way to do sth. 表示做某事的方法：There are many ways to learn a foreign language well. 2) the way of doing sth. 表示做某事的方法：There are many ways of learning a foreign language well. 3) on ones way to + 地名 , 在某人去某地的路上;也可以引申為“ 在某人做某事，成為。的路上”She was on her way to school when I came across her this afternoon. He h

33、as been on his way to a scientist with his diligence and study. 4) the way 引導定語從句時，一般用“that, in which, 或者省略 I really appreciate the way that you teach me to swim. = I really appreciate the way in which you teach me to swim. = I really appreciate you teach me to swim. 5. 常用短語：be unaware of sth, depen

34、dent on sth, the answer to the question, for the time being ( 暫時），have understanding of sth, be good at doing sth, raise questions ( 引發(fā)問題） , in ones opinion, in reply to the question at the end, link sth together, all over the world, a wide range of, come into existence. Hardly ever ( 難得，幾乎不） ，Chapt

35、er 5 Historical Stories 1.Too to 句型：太 .而不能，與“so .that” 句型有相似：e.g. The box is too heavy to carry The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it. 2.Except for 除了 ， 表示不包括 事物在內(nèi) ”In addition to ，apart from, besides, except 均表示“ 除了 之外，還有e.g. She likes all kinds of movies except for the horric.(表示她不喜歡恐怖電影) Exc

36、ept for horric, she likes all kinds of movies. （表示她喜歡恐怖電影）3. Succeed in doing sth. 成功做某事 , 反義詞： fail to do sth. ( 做某事不成功 ) 4. 定于從句： has/have done sth. A. 動詞的過去式與過去分詞構成：1）一般在動詞詞尾加 ed。E.g. work worked, rain rained, watch watched 2 ） 如 果 動 詞 以 字 母 e 結 尾 ， 變 過 去 式 時 直 接 在 詞 尾 加 d 。 例 如 ：loveloved,live l

37、ived,changechanged 3）如果動詞是以一個元音字母加上一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)單詞，變過去式時，要雙寫這個輔音字母，再加 ed。如： stopstopped,planplanned,dropdropped 4） 如 果 動 詞 是 以 輔 音 字 母 加 y 結 尾 ， 變 過 去 式 時 要 變 y 為 i 再 加 ed 。 例 如 ：studystudied,carrycarried,try tried 5）一些特殊詞匯的過去時與過去分詞形式需區(qū)別記憶，如下表所示：動詞原形過去時過去分詞動詞原過去時過去分形詞dodoes 常用型done A-A-A 型did broad

38、cast broadcast broadcast be waswere been cost cost cost go went gone cut cut cut become became become hurt hurt hurt spend spent spent let let let meet met met put put put hear heard heard read read read get got got shut shut shut make made made hit hit hit lose lost lost set set set see saw seen mu

39、st must must begin began begun spread spread spread know knew known A-B-A give gave given become became become eat ate eaten come came come forget forgot forgotten run ran run break broke broken A-B-B can could could will would would A- A-oughtaught A-oughtaughtmay might might bring brought brought

40、must must must buy bought bought take took taken fight fought fought bring brought brought think thought thought hurt hurt hurt catch caught caught let let let teach taught taught make made made find found found read read read A- A-d+t A-d+tcome came came build built built 其他lend lent lent sell sold

41、 sold send sent sent tell told told spend spent spent hold held held A- A+edt A+edtlay laid laid burn burned burned burnt burnt pay paid paid dream dreamt dreamt say said said learn learned learner learnt learnt hear heard heard smell smelled smelled smelt smelt mean meant meant spell spelled spelle

42、d spelt spelt stand stood stood A- A-e A+t-eunderstand understounderstood feel felt felt od shine shone shone keep kept kept win won won sleep slept slept dig dug dug sweep swept swept stick stuck stuck feed fed fed get got got meet met met make made made A-B-C lose lost lost A- A-i 變 a - a 變 usit s

43、at sat begin began begun lead led led drink drank drunk leave left left ring rang rung hang hung hung sing sang sung dodoes 無規(guī)則done swim swam swum did A - B - A+nenbe waswere been blow blew blown go went gone grow grew grown see saw seen know knew known fly flew flown throw threw thrown lie lay lain

44、( 躺；平臥 ) draw drew drawn lied lied( 說謊 ) drive drove driven hang hung Hung（懸掛）give gave given hanged Hanged (絞死）rise rose risen shake shook shaken show showed shown eat ate eaten fall fell fallen forget forgot forgotten hide hid hidden ride rode ridden write wrote written take took taken A - B - B+n

45、enbreak broke broken speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen choose chose chosen freeze froze frozen wake woke woken wear wore worn B. 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法：現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果,也可表示過去已經(jīng)開始 ,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。1) 構成 : 肯定句：主語 + have/has + 過去分詞 + 其他。(當主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時用 has,其余人稱用 have)否定式 :主語 + havent/hasnt + 過去分詞 + 其他

46、。疑問式 : Have /Has + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 其他 ? 簡略答語 : Yes, 主語 + have/has.(肯定 ) No, 主語 + havent/hasnt.(否定 ) 2) 現(xiàn)在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響 這種含義 : ,用以下四大標志詞可以表達以 already, just 和 yet 為標志，already, just 和 yet 表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)、剛剛或還沒有發(fā)生。She has already finished her homework. （ already 用在肯定句中）He hasnt finished her homewor

47、k yet. （yet 一般用于否定句或疑問句中）以 ever 和 never 為標志，ever 和 never 表示到現(xiàn)在為止動作或狀態(tài)曾經(jīng)或從來沒有發(fā)生 過。Nancy is the most beautiful girl she has never met before. （ Never 用于陳述句表否定）Have you ever visited Shenzhen? (even 一般用于肯定句或疑問句）以動作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標志，若某一動作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)發(fā)生了若干次 ,則要使用現(xiàn)在完 成時。I have been to Beijing for three times. 以 so far，r

48、ecently，nowadays,by.為標志， so far 往往表示到目前為止動作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng) 發(fā)生。Recently, great changes have taken place in China. 過去開始的動作可以延續(xù)到某一點結束,也可能繼續(xù)延續(xù),這時就要根據(jù)時間“ 點”、“ 段”選擇相應的介詞for 或 since。She has stayed in America for three years （for 指一段時間）She has lived with her grandmother since her parents moved to another city. (since

49、 指一點的時間）的）5. Be made of: 由.組成（看得清原材料的）/ Be made from 由.組成（看不清原材料The crown is made of gold. The paper is made from wood. 相近短語： consist of = be made up of 由.構成 China is made up of many provinces. 6. 常用詞語：run a competition, rush down, run up the stairs, look down at ( 向下看 )，capture the city, take away,

50、 on wheel (帶輪子的 )，drag into the city( 拉近城 )，by midnight, make jokes about （開 玩笑），except for（除了 ，exclude），sweep the floor, make the bed, wash the dishes, hang up the clothes,fix the chair, empty the rubbish bin, paint the wall, mend the hole, get rid of rats,save money, pack ones suitcase，lion dance,

51、 firework display, dragon boat race, take sb for a walk, leave sb a message/ note, get into the bath, come out of, send sb to prison.take turn (輪流，依次）Chapter 7 Fish Story 1. 形容詞變副詞的規(guī)則：一般直接加ly，“ 元 e” 去 e 加 ly，“ 輔 y” 改 i 加 ly，“ le” 結尾e 改 y, A. 一般情況下直接加“l(fā)y” ，以“y” 結尾的 , 先將“y” 改成“i” ,再加“l(fā)y” ，少數(shù)以e 結尾的形容詞，

52、要去掉e 再加 -ly 。但絕大多數(shù)以e 結尾的形容詞仍然直接加-ly 。 分別舉例如下：quickquickly, truetruly, happy happily, possible possibly. B. 以輔音字母加y 結尾的形容詞要變y 為 i,然后再加 -ly 。如 :busy-busily; angry-angrily; easy-easily C. 某些以輔音字母加不發(fā)音的字母e 結尾和以 -ue 結尾的形容詞要先去掉e,然后再加 -y 或-ly 。如 : terrible-terribly; true-truly; gentle-gently D. 副詞還可以由形容詞加前綴

53、a-得來 ,如 :loud (adj.)-aloud (adv.) , lonely-alone E. 多音節(jié) y 結尾的詞 ,將 y 改為 i 后加 ly easy-easily , happy-happily, heavy-heavily 單音節(jié) y 結尾的詞 直接加 ly gay-gayly (gaily) , sly-slyly (slily) 以 ue 結尾的詞 去 e 加 ly true-truly 以 le 結尾的詞 去 e 加 y gentle-gently , possible-possibly 其他以 e 結尾的詞 一律加 ly nice-nicely , wise-wis

54、ely , polite-politely 以 ll 結尾的詞 只加 y full-fully 以 ic 結尾的詞 加 ally automatic-automatically , energetic-energetically F. 需注意 : friendly; motherly; lovely G.在英語中 ,有些詞既可以作形容詞等。等詞是形容詞而非副詞。,又可以作副詞 ,如 early, much, fast, little, wide, loudThank you very much. (adv.) 多謝。There is much water in the river. (adj.

55、) 河里有很多水。The music is too loud . Please turn it down. (adj.) 音樂聲太大 ,請調(diào)低點。He speaks loud enough. So everyone in the room can hear what he said. (adv.) 他說話的聲 音很大 ,所以房間里每個人都能聽到他的話。I. 還有一類副詞和形容詞詞義相同,但拼寫卻不同 ,如 well 和 good。He speaks good English. 他講一口流利的英語。He speaks English well. 他英語講得不錯。J. Hard, fast, la

56、te 既可以做形同詞，也可作副詞，但是加 Hard-hardly （幾乎不）Late-lately （最近，前不久）2. Apologize to sb for sth. ：因某事而像某人道歉。3. It is good for sb to do sth. 4. Be suitable for sth. . 對某事是適合的。5. 常用短語：ly 之后他們的意思不一樣had better do sth happy makes a very good living, according to, lay egg, in no time (很快，立即），sell out of sth ( 售光，脫銷）

57、, leave for (=go away to 動身去某地， 前往某地）， be satisfied with sth. ( 對 滿意），take pleasure in doing sth ( 樂于做某事） ，want a nap, once upon a time, there lived an old fisherman and his wife, in return, feed fish, cross out ( 劃去，刪去），on sale ( 出售，上市）。Chapter 7 Traditional jobs 1. Be used to do sth 被用來做某事This computer is used to play movies for students. Be/ get used to doing sth, 習慣做某事 She has got used to playing the piano after class. Used to do sth. 過去常常做某事 2. Its up to you. 由你決定，看你的 Up tp two minutes 大概兩分