1、第十一章第十一章 漢英科技翻譯常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題（一）漢英科技翻譯常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題（一） n漢英科技翻譯是從母語(yǔ)譯入英語(yǔ)，表達(dá)難度漢英科技翻譯是從母語(yǔ)譯入英語(yǔ)，表達(dá)難度更大，而且具有不同的特點(diǎn)，所以我們從問(wèn)更大，而且具有不同的特點(diǎn)，所以我們從問(wèn)題出發(fā)來(lái)進(jìn)行討論。題出發(fā)來(lái)進(jìn)行討論。一、違反一致性原則一、違反一致性原則（agreement）n在英語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)必須保持一致，代在英語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)必須保持一致，代詞與其先行詞（詞與其先行詞（antecedent）在性（）在性（gender）、數(shù)（）、數(shù)（number）上必須保持）上必須保持一致，句子的時(shí)態(tài)也要保持一致，漢譯一致，句子的時(shí)態(tài)也要保持一致，漢譯英時(shí)務(wù)必注意。

2、英時(shí)務(wù)必注意。n1. 當(dāng)他獲得這些證據(jù)之后，就得出了以下結(jié)當(dāng)他獲得這些證據(jù)之后，就得出了以下結(jié)論。論。n？After he had obtained these evidences, he drew the following conclusion.n改譯改譯1： After he had obtained the evidence, he drew the following conclusion.n改譯改譯2：Having obtained the evidence, he drew the following conclusion.n2. 近來(lái)在超導(dǎo)體研究方面做了大量工作。近來(lái)在超導(dǎo)體研

3、究方面做了大量工作。n？Much have been done recently in the researches on superconductors. n改譯：改譯：Much has been done recently in the research on superconductors 3. 關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題攻克之后，其他問(wèn)題就迎刃關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題攻克之后，其他問(wèn)題就迎刃而解了。而解了。n？After the key problem had been overcome, the rest was easily solved.n改譯：改譯： After the key problem had been

4、 overcome, the rest were easily solved.二、搭配問(wèn)題二、搭配問(wèn)題n英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)搭配往往是固定的，不可隨意改動(dòng)英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)搭配往往是固定的，不可隨意改動(dòng)。搭配涉及動(dòng)詞、名詞、介詞等等。搭配涉及動(dòng)詞、名詞、介詞等等。n1. 目前生物工程的研發(fā)主要集中在基因工程目前生物工程的研發(fā)主要集中在基因工程產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)上。產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)上。n? The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused in the development of genetic engineering products. n改譯：改譯： The recent R&a

5、mp;D of bioengineering is focused on the development of genetic engineering products. n2. 中國(guó)生物學(xué)家也在考慮加強(qiáng)生物多樣性中國(guó)生物學(xué)家也在考慮加強(qiáng)生物多樣性的研究。的研究。n？Chinese biologists are also considering to strengthen the research on biodiversity. n改譯：改譯： Chinese biologists are also considering strengthening the research on biod

6、iversity. n3. 每隔一天給植株澆水一次。每隔一天給植株澆水一次。n？Plants were watered in alternate days.n改譯：改譯：Plants were watered on alternate days /every other day. n4. 新的栽培品種比普通品種更加耐旱，且能新的栽培品種比普通品種更加耐旱，且能節(jié)水節(jié)水15%。n? The new cultivar is more tolerant to drought and can save 15% water comparing with the ordinary cultivars.n改

7、譯：改譯： The new cultivar is more tolerant of drought and can save 15% water compared with the ordinary cultivars.三、抽象名詞、范疇詞的翻譯三、抽象名詞、范疇詞的翻譯n（一）抽象名詞。一般認(rèn)為，寫作時(shí)應(yīng)盡量（一）抽象名詞。一般認(rèn)為，寫作時(shí)應(yīng)盡量少用抽象名詞（少用抽象名詞（abstract nouns），這一），這一點(diǎn)同樣適用于科技文體。但這并不是說(shuō)抽象點(diǎn)同樣適用于科技文體。但這并不是說(shuō)抽象名詞絕對(duì)不能使用，只是在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)盡量避名詞絕對(duì)不能使用，只是在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)盡量避免抽象名詞，多使用動(dòng)詞和

8、具體名詞（免抽象名詞，多使用動(dòng)詞和具體名詞（ concrete noun ）試比較下列各句，說(shuō)出其中的差異試比較下列各句，說(shuō)出其中的差異 第一組：第一組： 1. Separation of A from B was effected.n2. A was separated from B.n We separated A from B. n（第二句更簡(jiǎn)明）（第二句更簡(jiǎn)明） n n第二組：第二組：n1. The prolongation of the existence of this temple is due to the solidity of its construction.n2. Th

9、is temple has endured because it was solidly built.n（第二句更簡(jiǎn)明，意義也沒(méi)有損失。）（第二句更簡(jiǎn)明，意義也沒(méi)有損失。）n如果出現(xiàn)這種情況，只需用螺絲刀擰緊螺絲如果出現(xiàn)這種情況，只需用螺絲刀擰緊螺絲，如果不擰緊螺絲，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致把手脫落。，如果不擰緊螺絲，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致把手脫落。nA. In such a case, simple application of a screwdriver should be used to tighten screw. Failure to tighten the screw can eventually lead t

10、o disengagement of the handle. nB. If this happens, simply tighten the screw with a screwdriver; otherwise, the handle may come off.n（二）范疇詞。我們?cè)跐h語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣使用（二）范疇詞。我們?cè)跐h語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣使用一些范疇詞（一些范疇詞（category nouns)（如問(wèn)（如問(wèn)題、情況、行為、現(xiàn)象、工作等），這題、情況、行為、現(xiàn)象、工作等），這類名詞其實(shí)只是對(duì)所涉及的具體名詞的類名詞其實(shí)只是對(duì)所涉及的具體名詞的歸類，說(shuō)明該具體名詞所屬的范疇。范歸類，說(shuō)明該具體名詞所屬的范疇

11、。范疇詞如果譯成英語(yǔ)并不具備實(shí)義，而只疇詞如果譯成英語(yǔ)并不具備實(shí)義，而只會(huì)成為累贅，因此翻譯時(shí)通常可以省略會(huì)成為累贅，因此翻譯時(shí)通?？梢允÷圆蛔g。不譯。n如：如：n1.我們要杜絕曠課我們要杜絕曠課現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象。n2. 他們正在大力改進(jìn)教學(xué)他們正在大力改進(jìn)教學(xué)工作工作。n試譯下句試譯下句n1. 發(fā)展保護(hù)區(qū)事業(yè)對(duì)建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會(huì)很發(fā)展保護(hù)區(qū)事業(yè)對(duì)建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會(huì)很重要。重要。n？The development of the cause of the protected area is important to building a sustained society.n改譯：改譯：To dev

12、elop the protection zone is important to building a sustainable society.n2. 日本的近海石油開(kāi)發(fā)機(jī)器人能完成目日本的近海石油開(kāi)發(fā)機(jī)器人能完成目視檢查、清除海生物工作。視檢查、清除海生物工作。nA. Japanese offshore oil drilling robots can complete the work of visual inspection and removal of marine organisms. nB. Japanese offshore oil drilling robots are capa

13、ble of visual inspection and removal of marine organisms. 四、標(biāo)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題四、標(biāo)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題n標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)對(duì)書面語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)非常重要，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)對(duì)書面語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)非常重要，而且在英語(yǔ)中的使用比漢語(yǔ)嚴(yán)格，所以而且在英語(yǔ)中的使用比漢語(yǔ)嚴(yán)格，所以漢譯英時(shí)要引起注意。漢譯英時(shí)要引起注意。軼事一則軼事一則n有位記者采訪報(bào)道一位女明星，文稿中的一個(gè)有位記者采訪報(bào)道一位女明星，文稿中的一個(gè)逗號(hào)的誤用引起一場(chǎng)笑話。試看下面的兩個(gè)句逗號(hào)的誤用引起一場(chǎng)笑話。試看下面的兩個(gè)句子。子。n1.I would like to wear no clothes which will di

14、stinguish me from others. n我不愛(ài)穿使我顯得與眾不同的衣服（原意）我不愛(ài)穿使我顯得與眾不同的衣服（原意）n2.I would like to wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from others.n我喜歡不穿衣服，這樣就可以與眾不同了。我喜歡不穿衣服，這樣就可以與眾不同了。n1. 我們不能使用該項(xiàng)發(fā)明成果，其專利權(quán)我們不能使用該項(xiàng)發(fā)明成果，其專利權(quán)為一家公司所獨(dú)有。為一家公司所獨(dú)有。nWe are not allowed to utilize this invention, its patent right is

15、 exclusively owned by a company.n改譯改譯1. We are not allowed to utilize this invention; its patent right is exclusively owned by a company.n改譯2：We are not allowed to utilize this invention because its patent right is exclusively owned by a company.n改譯3：We are not allowed to utilize this invention. Its

16、 patent right is exclusively owned by a company.2.今天的中國(guó)城市里，裁彎取直的河渠，向四面今天的中國(guó)城市里，裁彎取直的河渠，向四面八方擴(kuò)張的交通，膨脹碩大的以便于接納更多八方擴(kuò)張的交通，膨脹碩大的以便于接納更多商業(yè)行為的城市廣場(chǎng)與建筑立面，都在告訴人商業(yè)行為的城市廣場(chǎng)與建筑立面，都在告訴人們建設(shè)背后的權(quán)力與資本才是審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。們建設(shè)背后的權(quán)力與資本才是審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。In todays Chinese cities, however, the aesthetic values of construction are judged by power an

17、d capital behind the projects the shortcut rivers, widespread traffic arteries, commercially constructed all-inclusive squares or shapes of buildings all reveal the same truth.n試譯試譯:In Chinese cities today, however, the only aesthetic standard is the power and capital behind the construction boom. This is embodied in the rivers