1、.Chapter 1 (答案D D C A C A D B C A F T F F T F F T T F)1) Psychology is best defined as the scientific study ofA) the mind and consciousness.B) the mental processes of individuals.C) mental disorders and abnormal（反常的） behavior.D) the behavior of individuals(個別的) and their mental processes.2) The firs

2、t task in psychology is to make accurate observations（觀察） about behavior. This means that psychologists must first _ behavior.A) predict B) explain C) control D) describe3) When drawing conclusions（結論） about behavior, psychologists rely onA) their own personal beliefs. B) what is known as "comm

3、on sense（常識）."C) objectively collected information. D) their everyday observations of people.4) In order to investigate behavior, researchers may use different levels of analysis. Which of the following research questions exemplifies（例子） the broadest, most global level of analysis?A) What are t

4、he origins of prejudice?B) Are there gender differences in prejudice?C) Are there differences in how various racial groups express prejudice?D) What is the role of early childhood experiences in the formation of prejudice?5) In 1908, Hermann Ebbinghaus （艾賓浩斯）wrote that "Psychology has a long pa

5、st, but only a short history." Which statement best captures（描述） the idea that Ebbinghaus was expressing（表達）?A) Psychologists, like philosophers, have difficulty learning from their mistakes.B) Questions about human nature have existed for a long time, but only recently have the methods necessa

6、ry to answer them been developed.C) The field of psychology has existed for a long time, but only recently have scholars begun to record the accomplishments（造詣） of the profession.D) Although psychologists have been doing laboratory research for hundreds of years, little of substance（實質） has been dis

7、covered about human nature.6) Which statement most closely characterizes （是的特征）the current （流行）view of most psychologists toward the study of behavior?AA) Psychologists borrow and blend from（混合） different perspectives（觀點）.B) Psychologists tend to agree that the most productive approach is the biolog

8、ical perspective.C) Psychologists take the approach that complex behavior can be reduced to patterns of simple behavior.D) Although psychologists differ in their basic approach, all agree on the questions to be asked and how they should be studied.7) A psychologist who explains a rapist's(強奸犯) b

9、ehavior in terms of the rapist's displaced hostility（敵意） toward his mother is most likely to prefer the _D_ perspective.A) cognitive B) humanistic（人本主義） C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic（精神動力）8) Psychologists who take the behaviorist approach seek to BA) illustrate解釋 the innate天生的品質 goodness of h

10、umans.B) understand how environmental stimuli（刺激） control behavior.C) validate the importance of thought processes in human behavior.D) demonstrate the importance of unresolved conflicts and inner forces.9) A teacher wants to see whether smiling at children if they raise their hands when she asks a

11、question increases the likelihood （可能性）that children will volunteer answers. From the behaviorist perspective, the antecedent environmental condition is _ and the consequence is _.CA) smiling; raising of hand B) raising of hand; smilingC) asking a question; smiling D) raising of hand; asking a quest

12、ion10) The humanistic perspective in psychology gives greater weight and importance to AA) the capacity of humans to make choices.B) breaking down complex behavior into elementary units of behavior.C) how environmental forces come to control the individual's behavior.D) the powerful instinctual

13、tendencies that dominate people's actions.II True or False F T F F T F F T T F1) Psychologists are trained to describe behavior from their own subjective（主觀的） point of view, making sure to include their own biases（偏見） and expectations in their observations.2) With respect to the goals of psychol

14、ogy, descriptions must stick to perceivable（可知覺的） information, whereas（但是） explanations deliberately（謹慎的） go beyond what can be observed.3) Psychologists believe that behavior should only be studied in a controlled research laboratory.4) In 1879, B. F. Skinner founded the first formal laboratory dev

15、oted to experimental psychology.5) In Freud's（弗洛伊德） view, human nature is not always rational（理智的）, and behavior may be driven by motives（動機） that are not in conscious awareness.6) According to the humanistic perspective, people are driven by powerful, instinctive（本能） forces, manipulated by thei

16、r environments, and are incapable of making choices and decisions concerning their lives.7) In the view of psychologists who follow the cognitive perspective, behavior is completely determined（堅定的） by preceding environmental events and past behavioral consequences.8) Simply stated, the idea behind n

17、atural selection is that organisms （有機體）that are better suited to their environments tend to produce offspring（后代） more successfully than those organisms with poorer adaptations.9) Brain imaging techniques（腦成像技術） have led to dramatic breakthroughs in the field of cognitive neuroscience（神經科學）.10) Cli

18、nical psychologists apply the insights of researchers, but are not trained to do research themselves.Chapter 21) In what ways are theories and hypotheses（臆測） interrelated?A) Hypotheses are more important than theories.B) Theories are more important than hypotheses.C) When a hypothesis derived from a

19、 theory is not validated, the theory must be modified.D) Theories are not of fundamental importance in generating new hypotheses, except when a theory has been proven.Answer: C2) When psychological researchers are ready to put their hypotheses to the test, they rely onA) intuition. B) the scientific

20、 method.C) common sense. D) subjective judgments.Answer: B3) There is a joke among scientists about a researcher who tells others that he belongs to a secret scientific society, where no one but the researcher will ever know about the studies members are doing. This joke is humorous because it viola

21、tes（違反） the principle（原則） ofA) determinism. B) control groups. C) open-mindedness. D) public verifiability.Answer: D4) A research assistant who is working in a psychologist's laboratory learns the importance of keeping complete records of observations and data analyses. Such procedures（程序） are f

22、ollowed in order toA) increase objectivity.（增大客觀性）B) increase subjectivity.C) increase observer bias.D) prevent other researchers from replicating a study.Answer: A5) An "observer bias" isA) an "educated guess" about what will happen.B) the direct result of the context of discove

23、ry.C) the direct result of the context of justification.D) an error due to personal motives and expectations.Answer: D6) If a researcher defines variables（變量） or conditions in terms of the specific（明確的） procedures used to determine their presence, he or she is using a(n) _ definition.A) biased B) co

24、nfounded C) operational D) hypotheticalAnswer: C7) A placebo effect （安慰劑效應）occurs whenA) an experimenter finds what he or she expected to discover.B) participants have not been randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions.C) participants change their behavior because of their belief that

25、 a treatment has an effect.D) both participants and experimental assistants are unaware of which participants get which treatment.Answer: C8) When neither research participants nor research assistants are aware of which participants receive which treatment, researchers have employed aA) placebo cont

26、rol. B) between-subjects design.C) single-blind control technique. D) double-blind control technique.（雙盲控制技術）Answer: D9) When planning a study, you determine that of the one hundred participants, fifty will have to be randomly （隨便的）assigned to the experimental condition and the other fifty to the co

27、ntrol condition. The type of experimental design you are using is known as a _ design.A) placebo control B) single-subject C) within-subjects D) between-subjectsAnswer: D10) Which of the following is true of the within-subjects （被試內設計）experimental design?A) It is a type of between-subjects design.B)

28、 There are no comparison conditions in this design.C) There are two experimental groups and one control group.D) Each participant serves in all conditions of the experiment.Answer: D 11) A researcher is interested in the relationship between brain damage and the ability of humans to plan their behav

29、ior. Which type of research design would be most appropriate（合適的） for the researcher to use?A) placebo control B) experimental C) correlational（相關） D) within-subjectsAnswer: C12) Imagine that your instructor asks you to determine whether there is a relationship between musical ability and mathematic

30、al ability. The type of design best suited to this task would be a(n)A) experiment. B) case study.C) correlational study（相關研究）. D) naturalistic observation.Answer: C13) With respect to psychological measurement, when data are consistent or dependable they are referred to as_, whereas the term _ mean

31、s that the information that is produced accurately measures the variable or quality that it is intended to measure.A) valid; reliable B) reliable（信度）; valid（效度）C) consistent; reliable D) reliable or valid; consistentAnswer: B14) Which of the following is true of the within-subjects experimental desi

32、gn?A) It is a type of between-subjects design.B) There are no comparison conditions in this design.C) There are two experimental groups and one control group.D) Each participant serves in all conditions of the experiment.Answer: D15) A teacher is trying to see whether smiling at her students will in

33、crease the number of questions they ask. In the first and third week of the study, the number of questions students ask is recorded. In the second week, the teacher smiles a lot at her students, and the number of questions is also recorded. What type of research design is being used?A) within-subjec

34、ts B) correlational C) placebo control(1.安慰劑控制法) D) between-subjectsAnswer: A16) A researcher who is interested in documenting the relationship between internal （內部的）psychological states such as a persons motivation to succeed and his or her feelings of self-confidence would most likely use a _measu

35、re.A) behavioral B) self-report（自我報告）C) physiological D) naturalistic observationalAnswer: B17) Suppose an elementary school teacher is interested in measuring the amount of time a young student in her class is working productively（有效果的） versus chatting with classmates. It would be most appropriate

36、for the teacher to use aA) questionnaire.（問卷法） B) behavioral measure.C) a self-report measure. D) a face-to-face interview.Answer: B18) Suppose you were interested in the kinds of movies your friends like to watch. You develop a simple questionnaire that asks them about their attitudes toward differ

37、ent film genres（風格） and then you also record which films they actually attend. The measurement technique you are using is best described asA) self-report measures.B) behavioral observations.C) naturalistic observations.D) a combination of self-report and behavioral observations.Answer: D19) A clinic

38、al psychologist is working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation(1.（美國）聯邦調查局)（FBI） to develop an understanding of serial killers. She decides to focus her attention and measurements on a particularly brutal murderer who is serving a life sentence. Her approach is referred to as aA) case study. B)

39、 representative sample.C) within-subjects design. D) naturalistic observation.Answer: A20) Imagine that you have agreed to participate in psychological research. Prior（先驗的） to the study, you will be given information about what you can expect and other details of the research, and asked to sign a fo

40、rm indicating（指示） your willingness to participate. This process is known asA) debriefing. B) informed consent.（知情同意）C) risk/gain assessment. D) intentional deception.Answer: BII True or False 1) A theory is defined as an organized set of concepts（概念） that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena.An

41、swer: TRUE2) In order to minimize(.把減至最低數量程度) the potential（潛在的） for bias, researchers must be certain that no variable in an experiment is operationally defined.（不可能做到）Answer: FALSE3) In an experiment, researchers manipulate（熟練操作） the dependent variable （因變量）and measure the independent variable.Ans

42、wer: FALSE4) A double-blind control is an experimental technique in which biased expectations are eliminated by only telling the experimental assistants which participants have received which treatment.Answer: FALSE5) In a within-subjects research design, different groups of participants are randoml

43、y（隨便的） assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions.Answer: FALSE6) The entire（全部） set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample is called the population（總體）.Answer: TRUE7) The primary purpose of using correlational methods is to establish c

44、ause and effect relationships.（因果研究才是）Answer: FALSE8) If two variables are completely unrelated to each other, they will yield a correlation coefficient（系數） of zero.Answer: TRUE9) Questionnaires and surveys are examples of self-report measures.Answer: TRUEChapter 31) 1) Nature is to nurture （教養）as h

45、eredity（遺傳） is toA) evolution. B) aggression. C) environment. D) natural selection.Answer: C2) A prisoner is violent and hostile, although he wasn't always this way. His therapist believes that the environment the prisoner was raised in brought about his aggressive tendencies. The therapist (咨詢師

46、)is espousing the view that behavior is primarily influenced byA) nature. B) biology. C) nurture. D) heredity.Answer: C3) In evolutionary terms, an individual's success is measured by theA) amount of territory one controls. B) degree of comfort an individual attains.C) number of offspring an ind

47、ividual produces. D) level of intelligence an individual acquires.Answer: C4) Members of a species who posses the range of physical and psychological attributes best adapted to the environment are most likely to survive. This concept is known asA) natural selection. B) genotypical structure.C) pheno

48、typical structure. D) survival of the fittest.Answer: D5) As you enter the crowded room, you catch a glimpse of your friend's dark hair and slim frame. What you are noticing most directly are aspects of your friend'sA) genotype. B) phenotype(1.表現型).C) adaptations. D) selective advantage.Answ

49、er: B6) In the vocabulary of evolutionary theory, you have inherited _ from your parents.A) a genotype B) a phenotypeC) a behavioral repertory D) your outward appearanceAnswer: A7) You are hastily (1.匆忙地,倉促地)jotting notes for a quiz on basic genetics. Luckily, a friend notices that you have incorrec

50、tly written thatA) DNA contains 46 chromosomes(1.【醫】同原染色體).B) genes are located on chromosomes.C) DNA is located in the nucleus of each cell.D) DNA contains instructions for the production of proteins.Answer: A8) Sex chromosomesA) contain 23 pairs of genes.B) are identical for males and females.C) b

51、ring about the union of a sperm and an egg.D) code the development of male or female physical characteristics.Answer: D9) In the human male, the sex chromosomes normally consist of a(n) _ pair; in the human female they consist of a(n) _ pair.A) XY; XX B) XX; XX C) YY; XX D) XX; YYAnswer: A10) The go

52、al of the Human Genome Project(1.【醫】基因組(測序)計劃) is toA) identify all of the human genes.B) verify Darwin's theory of natural selection.C) show research support for the major events in human evolution.D) build human-like robots or cyborgs.Answer: A11) A girl has two older brothers and a stepsister

53、(1.(繼父與其前妻或繼母與其前夫所生的)姐姐; 妹妹). You can best guess thatA) her brothers will be genetically identical.B) she has the exact same genetic makeup as her brothers.C) she has about 50% of her genes in common with her brothers.D) genetically she will be more like her stepsister than like her brothers.Answer:

54、 C12) Imagine traveling back in time to the seventeenth century. A French philosopher by the name of Descartes(1.笛卡爾(法國哲學家、數學家,1596-1650) has proposed the radical idea thatA) all animals have spirits.B) the human body is an "animal machine".C) humans are no more intelligent than animals.D)

55、 human action cannot be understood by using scientific means.Answer: B13) Broca's area in the brain is most closely associated withA) memory. B) emotion.C) language. D) physical movement.Answer: C14) The nervous(1.神經系統的) system is subdivided into two major divisions: What are they?A) somatic and

56、 autonomic B) peripheral and somaticC) central and peripheral D) sympathetic and parasympatheticAnswer: C15) You are working with a friend to develop flash cards to help you with your study of brain structures and their functions. Your friend remembers correctly that the _ is involved primarily in a

57、utonomic processes such as heart rate and breathing, and you remember that the _ is involved in motivation, emotion and memory processes.A) cerebrum(1.<解>大腦); cerebral cortex(1.大腦皮層) B) brain stem(1.腦干); limbic system(1.（大腦）邊緣系統)C) limbic system; brain stem D) cerebral cortex; brain stemAnswer

58、: B16) The limbic system includes theA) medulla(1.(拉丁語)骨髓), hippocampus(2.海馬回) and pons. B) hypothalamus, cerebrum(1.<解>大腦) and cerebellum(1.小腦).C) hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala(1.解扁桃體). D) reticular formation, amygdala and thalamus.Answer: C17) Research on split-brain patients（裂腦人） has suggested that, when compared to the right hemisphere(1.半球), the lef