1、Table 4Number of diV erentially expressed probes (genes at P <0.01 and log fold change of >2.0 between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive geno-types under control and stress conditionsGenotypes/GenesControl UpMI 48CSR 27MI 48 versus CSR 27b Bulked- sensitive RILsBulked- tolerant RILsBulked sensi

2、tive versus bulked tolerant RILsGenes in QTL intervalsa b c dcSalt-stress aDown 39690 (64(2dTotal 79899 (70(2Up 7945421,37124 (1612 (1123 (16(2Down 1464631,03615 (939 (3322 (14(1dTotal 94010052,40739 (2551 (4445 (30(34029 (6150mM NaCl at seedling stageTaking signals from MI 48 as baseTaking signals

3、from bulked sensitive RILs as base1 common gene(Table4. The disproportionately high number of underexpressed genes in the control tolerant bulk was mainly dueto contamination with seed residues in the seedlings of sen-sitive RILs used for RNA extraction, as most of these genesrepresented seed storag

4、e proteins, e.g., glutelin, prolamin,albumin, or seed-speciW c hydrolytic enzymes, e.g., amy-lase, protease, lipase, and glycosidase (Table S1. This alsoshowed the extremely sensitive nature of the microarraytranscriptome proW ling system. There was no such contam-ination in the samples of salt-stre

5、ssed seedlings as theydid not show diV erential expression of any seed-speciW c genes. There were only 45 probes (30 genes diV erentially expressed between the tolerant and sensitive RIL bulks ascompared to 2,407 diV erentially expressed probes betweenCSR 27 and MI 48 under salt stress, which shows

6、nearly60-fold enrichment of the potential candidate genes(Table4.Co-localization ofdi V erentially expressed genes in the QTL regionsThree of the 30 diV erentially expressed genes between theRIL bulks under salt stress were co-located in the QTLregions mapped in the present study. The random distrib

7、u-tion of 30 genes in the whole rice genome of 389 Mbp(IRGSP 2005 predicts one gene per 12.9 Mbp, or100.6cM of total 3,019.5cM of the present genetic map,whereas eight QTLs regions represented 25.5 Mbp and120.3cM. Hence, there was no signiW cant enrichment ofthe diV erentially expressed genes in the

8、se QTL regions. Wefocused on those QTLs harboring diV erentially expressedgenes because all the salt ion concentration parametersmapped in this study may not necessarily be related to theW eld level salt tolerance. On the other hand, all the QTLsfor the salt tolerance trait of the genotypes may not

9、bemapped in this study due to lack of knowledge about suit-able phenotyping parameters. A non-random distribution ofdi V erentially expressed genes on the rice chromosomalregions in response to salt stress has been reported in earliertranscriptome proW ling study by Walia etal. (2005. In thepresent

10、study, twelve of the thirty diV erentially expressedgenes between the RIL bulks were clustered on chromo-somes 1 and 10 (Fig.2, while the remaining eighteengenes were distributed in the rest of the genome. Clusteringof W ve genes on chromosome 10 between markersHvSSR10-25 and RM5352 predicts possibi

11、lity of yetunmapped QTL in this region (Fig.2c. In fact, we did havetwo QTLs with LOD scores of 1.8 and 2.0 in this region onchromosome 10 for K+ and Na+/K+ ratio in straw, but theywere on the borderline of signiW cance in the present study.There is a published report on QTLs for Na+ uptake andshoot

12、 length in this region of chromosome 10 by Sabouriand Sabouri (2008. In addition to the three diV erentially expressed genes under salt stress that were co-located inthe QTL regions, one more gene diV erentially expressedbetween the tolerant and sensitive RIL bulks was identiW ed under control condi

13、tion, making in total four genesco-located in the QTL regions (Table5.Annotation ofdi V erentially expressed genes co-located in the QTL regionsAmong the four diV erentially expressed genes located inthe QTL intervals, an integral membrane protein DUF6homolog (Os01g19290.1 in the QTL qNaSH -1.1 on c

14、hro-mosome 1 was constitutively down regulated in the tolerantRILs (Table5. Similarly, expression of ATP synthaseepsilon chain gene (Os12g19430.1 in the QTL qNaSV -12.1 on chromosome 12 was down regulated in the tolerantRILs, both constitutively as well as in response to salt123Y _H垁|餀U_Z I鵉<瞿鉣_啷

15、烕 朹8_VsY賠宊stress. Expression of two genes located in the QTL regionswas up regulated in the tolerant RILs under salinity stress.These were (1 major facilitator superfamily antiporter(Os01g17214.1, and (2 cation chloride cotransporter(Os01g19860.1 located on chromosome 1 in the QTLregions qKLV -1.1 a

16、nd qKSH -1.1, respectively. There wereno diV erentially expressed genes between the tolerant andsensitive RIL bulks in the QTL regions of chromosome 8mapped in the present study (Fig.2b. DiV erential expres-sion of the four genes co-located in the QTL regions identi-W ed using microarray experiments

17、 was also validated usingqRT-PCR. The results of two experiments were consistentexcept that the magnitude of diV erential expression wascomparatively lower in case of RT-PCR (data not shown.Allele frequencies ofthe QTL markers inextreme tolerant and susceptible RILsDiscussion123dEarlier, Ammar etal.

18、 (2009 used an F2 mapping popula-tion from the CSR 27/MI 48 cross for mapping salt ion con-centration parameters to identify 25 signiW cant QTLs for 17di V erent salt tolerance parameters on chromosome 1, 2, 3,and 8. However, they were unable to do repeat phenotypingdue to transient nature of the F2

19、 population. Here, a RILpopulation from the same cross was used for mapping ninesigni W cant QTLs for Na+, K+ and Cl¡ ion concentrationsand SSI for percent spikelet fertility on chromosomes 1, 8,and 12. The QTL intervals on chromosomes 1 and 8mapped in the present study were at similar position

20、s tothose identiW ed by Ammar etal. (2009. Besides this, theirmap was based on only 79 SSR makers, whereas in thepresent study 149 SSR and SNP makers were used for themap construction, and salt concentrations in straw and SSIfor yield, grain number and spikelet fertility were newphenotypic parameter

21、s. Use of RILs allowed repeated andreliable phenotyping in the present study. Out of the nineQTLs, the chromosomal location of W ve parameters coin-cided with previously mapped QTLs for salt tolerance traitsand four QTLs were novel to this study.Comparing our results with earlier genetic mappingstud

22、ies, the QTL for high Na+ concentration in straw con-tributed by CSR 27 was located on chromosome 1 nearSALTOL locus mapped earlier for salt tolerance in rice vari-ety Pokkali (Gregorio 1997; Bonilla etal. 2002. The tol-erant variety CSR 27 accumulated more Na+ in the straw atmaturity, whereas the s

23、ensitive variety MI 48 accumulatedmore K+ in this tissue. Thus CSR 27 was able to eV ectively partition more of the absorbed K+ into vegetative stem andreproductive tissues and more Na+ into mature stem and old133leaves to avoid the salt damage, due to protective role of K+(Cakmak 2005; Zhu etal. 19

24、98. The Na+/K+ ratio in thestraw of CSR 27 was nearly three times higher than MI 48.The SALTOL QTL also aV ects the Na+/K+ ratio in rice tis-sues, but the gene(s for salt tolerance underlying this QTLis not cloned as yet. The SKC1 gene responsible for salt tol-erance in rice variety Nona Bokra by K+

25、 ion homeostasisis also located within the SALTOL region (Ren etal. 2005, indicating that this region of chromosome 1 is consistentlyassociated with QTLs for salt ion concentration in diV erent studies involving diverse genetic backgrounds. At present,W ve linked markers, RM 8094, RM3412, RM493,RM10

26、748, and RM10793 have been identiW ed in a 1.3 MbpSALTOL -SKC1 region on rice chromosome 1 for breedingapplication and W ne mapping of the region is in progress(Thomson etal. 2007.'箅_k 祥譥籣阓tCo乏騙贒Us荁?ReferencesAmmar MHM, Pandit A, Singh RK, Sameena S, Chauhan MS, SinghAK, Sharma PC, Gaikwad K, Sh

27、arma TR, Mohapatra T, SinghNK (2009 Mapping of QTLs controlling Na+, K+ and Cl¡ ionconcentrations in salt tolerant indica rice variety CSR27. J PlantBiochem Biotechnol 18:139150Amrutha RN, Sekhar PN, Varshney RK, Kishor PBK (2007 Genome-wide analysis and identiW cation of genes related to potas

28、siumtransporter families in rice (Oryza sativa L. Plant Sci 172:708721Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995 Controlling the false discovery rate:a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat SocSer B 57:289300Bonilla P, Dvorak J, Mackill D, Deal K, Gregorio G (2002 RFLP andSSLP mapping of

29、salinity tolerance genes in chromosome 1 ofrice (Oryza sativa L. using recombinant inbred lines. PhilippAgric Sci 85:6876Brumos J, Colmenero-Flores JM, Conesa A, Izquierdo P, Sánchez G,J-Iglesias D, López-Climent MF, Gómez-Cadenas A, Talon M(2009 Membrane transporters and carbon metab

30、olism implicatedin chloride homeostasis diV erentiate salt stress responses intolerant and sensitive Citrus rootstocks. Funct Integr Genomics9:293309Cakmak I (2005 The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental eV ects錩_撡愴 _;Fischer RA, Maurer R (1978 Drought resistance in spring wheat cul-tivars.

31、 I. Grain yield responses. Aust J Agric Res 29:897912Giovannoni JJ, Wing RA, Ganal MW, Tanksley SD (1991 Isolation ofmolecular markers from speciW c chromosomal intervals usingDNA pools from existing mapping populations. Nucleic AcidsRes 19(23:65536555Gong JM, He P, Qian Q, Shen LS, Zhu LH, Chen SY

32、(1999 IdentiW -cation of salt-tolerance QTL in rice (Oryza sativa L. Chin SciBull 44:6871Gregorio GB (1997 Tagging salinity tolerance genes in rice usingT濻c彩O鈥縵_磋QTL mapping analysis based on multivariate complexes of quan-titative traits. Genetics 157:17891803Kosambi DD (1944 The estimation of map

33、distance from recombina-tion values. Ann Eugen 12:172175Current Loop Control Approach for LCL-based Shunt Active Power FilterQIU Zhi-ling, YANG En-xing, KONG Jie, CHEN Guo-zhu(College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, ChinaABSTRACT: Shunt active powe

34、r filter (APF is suitable for compensation of current-type harmonics generated by nonlinear load, but high compensation precision is difficult to be achieved due to very high slew? rate of harmonic current, output impendence of voltage source converter (VSC and control loop phase lag. LCL-filter res

35、erving sufficient attenuation ration for switching ripple with small LC parameters is suitable to be used as output filter to get high slew rate of compensation current. However, LCL-filter, as a three order one, is difficult to be stable. A simple control method is proposed with one beat delay intr

36、oduced to feedback current. Meanwhile, repetitive control algorithm, as outer control loop, is adopted to eliminate steady-state error of the whole control system. Based on this double-loop control scheme, very high quality steady-state grid current waveform and fast dynamic response can be obtained

37、. Simulation results validate the feasibility of the method proposed by this paper. KEY WORDS: shunt active power filter; high quality grid current waveform; LCL-filter stabilize; repetitive control 摘要：并聯有源電力濾波器(active power filter，APF 需要具有較高的補償帶寬和較低的開關紋波含量。LCL 濾波器由于可以兼顧低頻段增益和高頻段的衰減，是APF 輸出濾波器的較好選擇，

38、但LCL 濾波器是3階系統，增加了控制難度。通常應用于APF 電流控制的瞬時值反饋內環結合重復控制外環的雙環控制性能較好，但其主要是針對單電感濾波器進行設計，難以直接應用于LCL 濾波器控制。提出一種簡單的內環方案，利用數字控制固有的一拍計算延時進行LCL 濾波器的穩定控制，只需一個反饋量，結構簡單；由于內環有效地改善了系統的特性，作為外環的重復控制器的基金項目：新世紀優秀人才支持計劃項目(NCET-06-0512。 Project Supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-06-0512

39、.籣 z豞錋 n/?瞋尻蛀 ?0f_躾熁16 中 國 電 機 工 程 學 報 第29卷的穩定性，但其控制量仍是變流器側電流，而非電網側電流。文獻17提出了狀態反饋極點配制的方法，但沒有討論電網電感變化對控制系統性能的影響，存在潛在的參數魯棒性問題。上述方法的局限性在于反饋變量較多，部分方法只能對變流器側電流進行閉環控制。本文提出了利用數字控制固有的一拍計算延時對LCL 濾波器進行穩定控制的內環控制方法，保證系統快速性。該方法只需檢測補償電流，不需要增加額外的傳感器，具有結構簡單、成本低的優點。根據外環的重復控制對內環進行了針對性設計，保證了系統的穩態精度。實驗結果證明了所提方法的有效性。L 1

40、(di 1/d t =R 1i 1+u i u c R d i c (1C (du c /d t =i 1i 2 (2(L 2+L g (di 2/d t =R 2i 2+u c +R d i c u g (3式中：R 1和R 2 分別為L 1和L 2的等效串聯電阻。考慮到R 1和R 2 很小，可以忽略，因此從輸入U i 到輸出I 2的傳遞函數G (s 為G (s =i 2/u i =(R d Cs +1 /L 1(L 2+L g Cs 3+ (L 1+L 2+L g R d Cs 2+(L 1+L 2+L g s (41 控制模型分析帶有LCL 濾波器的并聯APF 主電路如圖1所示。圖中，u

41、 g 為電網相電壓，L g 為電網電感，L i 為二極管整流橋進線電感，R L 為負載電阻，L 1為變流C 為濾波電器側濾波電感，L 2 為電網側濾波電感，容，R d 為阻尼電阻，C dc 為逆變器直流母線電容。在三相對稱電路中，可以只分析單相模型，如圖2所示。其中，u i 是逆變器輸出電壓，i 2是補償電流。LCL 濾波器可由以下方程描述：L設LCL 濾波器的參數為：L 1=0.15 mH ，L 2= 0.05 mH ，L g =0.03 mH ，C =8 µF ，R d =0.1 ，則傳遞函數G (z的波特圖和奈奎斯特曲線分別如圖3、4所示。由圖3可見，G (z 有3個0 dB

42、穿越點，前2個穿越點的相角都在180°以內，諧振頻率點以后相角從90°急劇滯后到270°。對具有3個0 dB 穿越點的控制對象不易通過相角裕度判斷閉環穩定性，這里采用奈奎斯特穩定性判據。由圖4可見，G (z 的奈奎斯特曲線包圍了臨界點(1, j0，根據奈氏判據，LCL 濾波器閉環不穩定，必須進行校正。60G /d B2020/(°180360540101010 10 10 105f /Hz圖3 G (z 和G O (z 的波特圖 Fig. 3 Bode plots of G (z and G O (z 虛軸4202圖1 并聯型APF 系統結構Fig. 1

43、 Main circuit of Parallel APF43躰橴0?裻A鍍筟v_宇甋馹W萣&椇?侟_坃u貸轤禵醎8_譥pM?LW宻_D_鴌婻 湷蘘8_幖瀐砡Q_殪欋篲烶舂祥漬I糪G _ 揂贅?悟煉n試.?=_羭襙纚烵x?_ 骯?;_-_苸18 中 國 電 機 工 程 學 報j T第29卷G C /d Be (e1Q (ej T =r (ej T (11 1Q (e +C (e G C (e01002003001801359045 045式(11說明Q (ej T 越接近1，或C (ej T G C (ej T 越大，誤差e (ej T 就越小。由圖8可知，C (ej T G C (e

44、j T 的相位滯后越小，在穩定范圍之內其幅值可以越C (ej T G C (ej T 在、象限的幅值越小，Q (ej T 大。可以越接近于1。/(°5f /Hz圖9 C (z G C (z 的波特圖 Fig. 9 Bode plot of C (z G C (z 位難以校正到0°，但C (z G C (z 的幅值急劇衰減，其在、象限的軌跡始終被以(0.95，0 為圓心的單位圓包圍，如圖10所示，因此重復控制外環穩定。圖8 穩定性條件的幾何解釋Fig. 8 Geometry explanation of stability condition1.53）C (z的設計。根據本文

45、分析，在2.5 kHz 以下的APF 要求的補償帶寬內，C (z G C (z 的頻率特性應被校正為0 dB 和0°，以在保證足夠的穩定裕度前提下滿足穩態誤差要求。根據圖6，內環閉環傳函G C (z 的幅值是0 dB ，只需用超前環節校正其相位滯后。在諧振頻率G C (z 劇烈的相位滯后導致難以把相角校正點以后，為0°，為保證穩定性需要進行幅值衰減。由圖6可見，內環在6.8 kHz 處有3 dB 的諧振峰，諧振峰會對重復控制的穩定性造成威脅，可采用陷波器進行抑制。z +2z +1(12 24z根據穩定性條件，采用2階濾波器F 2(z 進行高頻段衰減，其在s 域中的傳遞函數為

46、F 1(z =2nF 2(s =2 (13 2s +2n s +n420.5虛軸邊聝碩皴搐A童 樵靜_惞蚰_rW?_I? r第18期i L (20 A /格仇志凌等： 基于LCL 濾波器的并聯有源電力濾波器電流閉環控制方法 19t (10 ms/格i L (20A /格(a 只有內環i (20 A /格t (10 ms/格(b 雙環圖11 穩態實驗波形Fig. 11 Steady-state experimental current waveform17.52i (8 A /格i L (20 A /格制和雙環控制的動態電流波形對比。可見，純重復控制由于周期延時環節在負載突變的

47、第1個周期內補償電流不變，降低了電網電流波形質量，整個動態過程需要4個電網周期；而雙環控制的內環可對諧波電流指令作出快速響應，大大提高了在負載突變第1個基波周期內電網電流質量，隨后重復控制對內環剩余的誤差進行抑制，整個動態過程只需2個電網周期。內環明顯提高了動態性能。圖14為純重復控制和雙環控制的系統啟動過程電流波形對比。可見，純重復控制需要8個基波i (20 A /格t (20 ms/格 (a 純重復控制T H D /%13.148.76 4.38 0.002 10 18 26 34 42 50n(a 補償前i (8 A /格 i L (20 A /格21.90鑊藢璹訣俖朧_磇嵩抓?俛?桭Q

48、黬s膨6芕r;Hl_宊_ 騺糣;_抐站巁圖13為負載從50 %突加到100 %，純重復控圖14 系統啟動時的電流波形Fig. 14 Current waveform with system start-up20 中 國 電 機 工 程 學 報 Electronics，2004，19(4：1060-1068 8 第 29 卷 周期才能進入穩態，特別是在初始的 2 個周期補償 電流較小；采用雙環控制的系統啟動過程明顯加 快，經過 4 個基波周期可以進入穩態。 Griñó R，Cardoner R，Costa-Castelló R，et alDigital repeti

49、tive control of a three-phase four-wire shunt active filterJIEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics，2007，54(3：1495-1503 5 結論 9 Cerrada A G， Ardila O P， Batlle V F， et al Application of a repetitive controller for a three-phase active power filterJIEEE Trans. on Power Electronics，2007，22(1：237-246 將瞬時值

50、反饋結合重復控制的雙環控制應用 于基于 LCL 濾波器的 APF 電流閉環控制的重點在 于內環設計。本文提出一種新穎的內環控制方法對 LCL 濾波器進行穩定控制。 該方法利用數字控制固 有的一拍延時提高幅值裕度，并且只需檢測補償電 流，不需要額外的傳感器，和傳統的有源阻尼方案 相比，具有傳感器數量少、結構簡單、成本低的優 點。 研究中還發現， 對于具有多個 0 dB 穿越點的控 制對象，常用的基于相角裕度的穩定性判斷方法有 欠缺，需要用奈奎斯特穩定性判據。由于內環有效 外環重復控制器的設計 改善了 LCL 濾波器的特性， 相對簡單。實驗結果表明，內、外環分別起到了改 善系統動態響應和穩態精度的

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52、formance analysis and improvement of output for three phase shunt active power filter JProceedings of the CSEE，2007，27(28：113-119(in Chinese 12 Blasko V，Kaura VA novel control to actively damp resonance in input LC filter of a three-phase voltage source converterJIEEE Trans. on Industrial Applicatio

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54、Trans. on Power Electronics，2006，21(5：1364-1373 15 Teodorescu R，Blaabjerg F，Liserre M，et alA stable three-phase LCL-filter based active rectifier without dampingJProceedngs of IAS，2003(3：1552-1557 16 Liserre M， Dell'Aquila A， Blaabjerg FStability improvements of an LCL-filter based three-phase active rectifierJ Proceedngs of PESC， 2002(3：1195-1201 17 劉飛，鄒云屏，李輝基于重復控制的電壓源型逆變器輸出電流 波形控制方法J中國電機工程學報，2005，25(19：58-63 Liu Fei， Zou Yunping， Li Hui The repetitive control algorithm based current waveform correction for voltage source inverters JProceedings of the CSEE，20