1、體育科研 2011年 第 32卷 第 5 期Sport Science Research穩(wěn)定性研究歷史與現(xiàn)狀李 立（美）,Andy Walhelm （美）IntroductionCore stability is a common term used within several industries including the health and medical professions. Whether it is used to穩(wěn)定性是一個(gè)廣泛應(yīng)用于包括健康和醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域在內(nèi)的多領(lǐng)域的常見術(shù)語。不論是用來工人發(fā)生下背部損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（luoto 等人，1995 年），還是用來探索如何提高高爾夫運(yùn)

2、動(dòng)水平（Tsai 等人，2004 ），科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中有關(guān)穩(wěn)定性定義的表述各不相同。本文主要目的是進(jìn)一步加深對predict the risk of low back injury among workers (Luoto,1995) or to determine how to improve ones golf game (Tsai,.,.,“”位置的理解，探討“穩(wěn)定性”中的“穩(wěn)定2004), the definition of core stability has been known to vary性”的內(nèi)涵，分析穩(wěn)定性的生物力學(xué)原理。本文將不涉throughout the scientif

3、ierature. The objectives of this review及有關(guān)系。1 “穩(wěn)定性的測試方法以及它與運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和傷病的關(guān)is to provide a clear understanding of the cores location on the body, define stability as it relates to core stability, and to discuss the biomechanical components related to core stability. The mea- surements of core stability and

4、 its relations to both performanceand injury are beyond the scope of this paper.”的位置20 世紀(jì) 60 年代至 70 年代，研究開始研究（或者說軀干）中間部位的穩(wěn)定性。莫里斯（Morris，1961）等人是最早一批把的軀干、胸部和腹部作為腰椎穩(wěn)定性Location of the coreIn the 1960 and 1970s, researchers began studying stability of the要素開展研究的研究者之一。此后，阿斯普登（Aspden）于了一個(gè)脊柱類比作一個(gè)弓型結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。

5、這middle region of the human body, or trunk. Morris. (1961)個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)模型展示了姿態(tài)對于脊柱穩(wěn)定性的重要作用。通were one of the first researchers who identified the trunk, thorax and abdomen, as important elements in the stability of the lumbarspine. Later, Aspden (1989) illustrated the importance of posture過使用這個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)模型，阿斯普登觀察到，早先有

6、關(guān)椎間的測量結(jié)果被高估了。如今對軀干穩(wěn)定性的研究涉及多個(gè)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅僅局限于研究腰椎。所謂的“”可以包括to spinal stability by introducing a new mathematical min連接上肢與下肢之間的所有結(jié)構(gòu)。下面將詳細(xì)討論which the spine resembled an arch. Using the m, Aspden ob-的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)，然后探討其功能。比利斯（Bliss）與蒂普爾（Tepple）于 2005 年對“核served calculations from earlier measurements of compressive st

7、resses on the spine were over-estimated. Today, individuals con- tinue to study the stability of the trunk, but the stability of several anatomical structures are now included, it is not simply limited to the lumbar spine only. The so-called core may include any struc-tures that link the upper extre

8、mities to the lower extremities. We心”的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了簡單的闡述。他們認(rèn)為，“”是指在腰椎和骨盆周圍的肌肉組織，這些肌肉包括腹肌、臀肌、豎脊肌、髖關(guān)節(jié)外展肌、外旋肌和膈肌。之后，基布勒（Kibler）等人于 2006 年提出一個(gè)更詳細(xì)的關(guān)收稿日期：2011-08-15第一作者簡介：李 立，男，教授. 主要研究方向：生物力學(xué).作者：美國路易斯安那州立大動(dòng)科學(xué)系體能訓(xùn)練與運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)專題1摘 要： 穩(wěn)定性是一個(gè)廣泛應(yīng)用于包括健康和醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域在內(nèi)的多領(lǐng)域的常見術(shù)語，科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中有關(guān) 穩(wěn)定性定義的表述各不相同。通過對“ ”的位置、 穩(wěn)定性中的穩(wěn)定性的定義、 穩(wěn)定性的 的分析

9、，確定 “ ”的位置，探討“ 穩(wěn)定性”中的“穩(wěn)定性”的內(nèi)涵，分析 穩(wěn)定性的生物力學(xué)原理。：穩(wěn)定性； 位置； 定義；號(hào)：G804.6文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A文章編號(hào)：1006 -1207(2011)05-0001 -09Historical and Current Understanding of Core StabilityLI Li, Andy Walhelm(Department of Kinesiology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA)Abstract: Core stability is a term

10、 frequently used in many fields including health and medical areas. The definitions of core stability in different scientific documents are not the same. Through the analysis of the position of core, the definition of stability in core stability and the composition of core stability, the articletrie

11、s to define the position of core in human body, discuss the connotion of stability in core stability and analyze the biomechanical principles of core stability.Key words: core stability; position; definition; composition 穩(wěn)定性研究歷史與現(xiàn)狀Sport Science Research于“” 的解剖學(xué)定義。其“” 的內(nèi)容包括了脊will discuss studies that

12、 attempt to elaborate on the anatomical makeup of the core first and then the functions later in the paper. Bliss and Teeple (2005) introduced a simple description of the anatomical structures which form the core. They stated the core included the musculature that surrounded the lumbopelvic region.

13、These muscles included the abdominals, the gluteals, the paraspinals, the hip abductors and external rotators, and the diaphragm. Kibler. (2006) later proposed a more detailed definition of the cores柱、髖部、盆骨、下肢近端和腹部的所有肌肉骨骼組織。與 比利斯和蒂普爾相類似，基布勒和他的同事將腹部肌肉也納入“”的定義中，包括腹橫肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹外斜肌以及腹直肌和隔肌，還包括髖部肌肉（臀肌和髖部旋轉(zhuǎn)肌

14、）和 骨盆。但是，與比利斯等人不同的是，他們將腰方肌、多裂肌以及胸腰部筋膜也納入到“”部位，位于“”的后段。不僅如此，他們認(rèn)為盆底肌為脊柱和軀干肌肉提供了支撐平臺(tái)，也應(yīng)該作為“”解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分。同時(shí)，將anatomy. Their definition included all the musculoskelstruc-附著在部位，起動(dòng)肢端運(yùn)動(dòng)的肌肉也納入“”的范tures of the spine, hips, pelvis, proximal lower limb, and abdomen. Like Bliss and Teeple Kibler and colleagues incl

15、uded the abdominal muscles: transverse abdominus, internal and external obliques, and rectus abdominus, as well as the diaphragm, and the muscles of the hips (glutei, hip rotators) and pelvis. Unlike Bliss and Teeple,Kibler and coworkers included the quadratus lumborum, the疇，包括背闊肌、斜方肌上下部、腘繩肌、股四頭肌、髂腰

16、肌。除了上述所提及的大部分結(jié)構(gòu)外， 威爾遜（willson）等人于 2005 年將脊柱的內(nèi)在肌（豎脊肌）囊括到“”的范疇中來。他們認(rèn)為脊柱周圍的內(nèi)在肌能夠強(qiáng)化穩(wěn)定的運(yùn)動(dòng)成分，而僅僅依靠外在的大肌群維持multifidi, and the thoracolumbar fascpart of the posterior穩(wěn)定性是不可能的。綜上所述，基于比利斯、蒂普爾、基布勒和他同事以 及威爾遜和他的同事們的研究，建議，可以采用以下關(guān)于“核segment of the core. Furthermore, they stated the pelvic floor muscles should be i

17、ncluded in the anatomy of the core since they helped to provide a base of support for the spine and trunk muscles. Kibler and company also included the prime movers of the extremities, latissimus dorsi, upper and lower trapezium, pectora- lis major, hamstrings, quadriceps, and the iliopsaos, since t

18、heyattached to the core. In addition to most of the structures men-心”部位的定義：“”是指的中間部位，它通過胸部和腰髖部向下連接下肢，向上連接上肢和頭頸部。這個(gè)定義 在解剖學(xué)上涵蓋了該區(qū)域中所有的肌肉和神經(jīng)組織，在功能 上強(qiáng)調(diào)簡捷、有效。2穩(wěn)定性中的穩(wěn)定性的定義在科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中，穩(wěn)定性有很多含義。研究tioned above, Willson. (2005) included the intrinsic muscles of運(yùn)動(dòng)和幾項(xiàng)關(guān)于人the spine (erector spinae) to their descriptio

19、n of the core. They stated that the intrinsic muscles helped enhance the motor control components of the core stability, which would not be possible if one was only to include the large global muscles.We propose the following summary of the location of the core based on Bliss and Teeple (2005), Kibl

20、er and coworkers (2006), and Willson and associates (2005). The core is the mid-section of the body that links the lower extremities to head, neck, and upper extremities through the thorax and lumbar-pelvic regions. It con- sists of all the muscular and neurological structures that make this linkage

21、 anatomically possible, while functionally effective andefficient.2生理穩(wěn)定性中的穩(wěn)定性亦不例外。例體步態(tài)穩(wěn)定性的研究（布奇和烏爾里希，2004 年；科威爾和牛頓，2004 年；巴哈特等人，2006 年）和心臟節(jié)律穩(wěn)定性的研究（斯坦因等人，1995 年；萊哲和西維爾奇，1998 年；馬利克，1998 年）等。不僅如此，穩(wěn)定性可劃分為動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性和靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定性。正如里弗斯等人于 2007 年所說：“研究穩(wěn)定性要根據(jù)研究的系統(tǒng)和需要完成的任務(wù)而定。”本文將討論在不同的解剖學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)節(jié)中，如何定義這些結(jié)構(gòu)和關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性，然后再應(yīng)用到穩(wěn)定性

22、上來。穩(wěn)定性、穩(wěn)定以及不穩(wěn)定性等詞匯曾被一些不同的身體部位（例如踝關(guān)節(jié)、膝關(guān)節(jié)、肩關(guān)節(jié)以及腰椎）。威克斯特等人于 2006 年定義膝關(guān)節(jié)和踝關(guān)節(jié)的動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性為： “在高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)中能夠保持正常活動(dòng)的能力而不失控”。又如上肢，鮑爾薩等人于2008 年描述了肩關(guān)節(jié)的動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定和靜態(tài)Definition of Stability as Applied to the CoreThe term stability has many definitions in scientifierature. This穩(wěn)定。對于盂肱關(guān)節(jié)，他們將靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定性定義為：“性結(jié)is certainly the case when

23、studying human movement and physiology. For instance, there are several studies on the stabilityof the human gait pattern (Buzzi and Ulrich, 2004; Cromwell and構(gòu)保持肱骨頭在關(guān)節(jié)盂中不發(fā)生位移的能力”，而將動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定 性定義為“肩袖和肩胛骨穩(wěn)定肌主動(dòng)保持肱骨頭在關(guān)節(jié)窩內(nèi) 的能力”。鮑爾薩和他的同事使用半脫位或全脫位來界定穩(wěn)定性和動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性。半脫位或全脫位對于盂肱關(guān)節(jié)來說可 能是一種常見的損傷，但是對于膝關(guān)節(jié)（不包括髕骨脫位）或者踝關(guān)節(jié)來說，

24、發(fā)生這種情況幾乎不可能。由此可見，不同 關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性的定義也不盡相同，或在描述身體不同部位的穩(wěn)定性時(shí)，需要考慮身體的不同部位。穩(wěn)定性這個(gè)詞，不單Newton, 2004; Bhatt,., 2006) and cardiac rhythm stability(Stein,., 1995; Leger and Thivierge, 1998; Malik, 1998).Furthermore, there are different classifications of stability includ-ing dynamic stability and static stability. As

25、 Reeves. (2007) sowell stated, “stability depends on the system and the task being performed.” We will first discuss how stability has been defined and used in different anatomical structures and joints, then onto its applications in core stability.The terms stability, stable, or instability have be

26、en used to de-scribe several different body parts such as the ankle, knee, shoulder,單可以肢體關(guān)節(jié)，還可以脊柱和骨盆。當(dāng)研究脊柱穩(wěn)定性的時(shí)候，研究者必須要確定是研究動(dòng) 態(tài)穩(wěn)定性還是靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定性，然后再觀察椎骨的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式。與肩部很相似，在研究脊柱的穩(wěn)定性時(shí)，研究者必須一個(gè)體能訓(xùn)練與運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)專題體育科研 2011年 第 32卷 第 5 期Sport Science Research外在的干擾是否導(dǎo)致了椎移超過正常生理活動(dòng)范圍（里and the lumbar spine. Wikstrom,. (2006) defin

27、ed the dynamic弗斯等人，2007 年）。盧卡斯（L u c u s ）和布雷斯勒（Bresler）于 1961 年首次進(jìn)行了靜態(tài)脊柱穩(wěn)定性的測量， 他們在進(jìn)行單獨(dú)的胸腰段椎體測試時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)椎體 20 N 的壓力作用下發(fā)生了彎曲變形。隨后，克里希克（Crisco）等 人于 1992 年測試出單獨(dú)的腰椎在平均負(fù)荷大于 88 N 時(shí)stability of the knee and ankle as “the ability to maintain normal movement patterns while performing high level activities withou

28、tunwanted episodes of giving way.” Looking at the upper extremity,Borsa,. (2008) described both a static and dynamic stabilityof the shoulder complex. At the glenohumeral joint, they defined passive stability as the ability of the passive structures to resist the displacement of the humeral head fro

29、m the glenoid, while dy- namic stability is the ability of the rotator cuff and scapular stabi- lizing muscles to maintain the humeral head centered on the gle- noid fossa. Borsa and company used the end result of a sublux- ation or dislocation to define both passive and dynamic stability of the sho

30、ulder. A subluxation or dislocation may be a common injury of the glenohumeral joint, but it is highly unlikely in the knee (not including a patellar dislocation) or ankle. This helps illustrate that the definition of stability may differ from joint to joint, or a different description of stability

31、may be required when referring to different locations on the body. The term stability, in addition to its use in joints of the extremities, it has also been applied to the spine and pelvis.In studying the stability of the spine one must determine if they are studying static or dynamic stability and

32、then observe the be- havior of the vertebrae. Much like the shoulder, when studying the stability of the spine, one must determine if a perturbationresults in the displacement of the vertebrae past its physiological會(huì)變得不穩(wěn)定。上述測試幫助研究得以確定脊柱的靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定性的概念，即伯格馬克（Bergmark）于定義的靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定性是指負(fù)重的結(jié)構(gòu)能夠保持平衡性的能力。如果沒有穩(wěn)定性，那么某種

33、細(xì)小的改變平衡性的因素都會(huì)對結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生“性”的后果。這樣的穩(wěn)定性的定義不能準(zhǔn)確的描述穩(wěn)定性，例如霍萊維茨基（Cholewicki）和麥克吉爾（McGill）于 1996 年觀察到當(dāng)人在舉重時(shí)，脊柱可以承受超過 18 000 N 的負(fù)荷。因?yàn)榧怪且粋€(gè)可以活動(dòng)的系統(tǒng)，能夠3 個(gè)軸進(jìn)行活動(dòng)，因此，有時(shí)候需要有不同的關(guān)于穩(wěn)定性的定義。懷特 和旁遮普（Panjabi）于 1978 年使用“脊柱臨床穩(wěn)定性”這一術(shù)語來解釋脊柱是怎樣承受外力的。他們定義“脊柱臨床 穩(wěn)定性”為“脊柱在生理負(fù)荷下限制脊柱產(chǎn)生位移，以防止 損壞或刺激脊髓或神經(jīng)根，并且防止由于結(jié)構(gòu)變化而致殘疾 或出現(xiàn)疼痛的能力”。隨后，霍萊維茨基（

34、Cholewicki）和麥 克吉爾（McGill）于 1996 年為研究脊柱的動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性做出了貢獻(xiàn)。通過使用一個(gè)腰椎模型，他們觀察到腰椎在高負(fù)荷活動(dòng)中穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng)，而在低負(fù)荷活動(dòng)中穩(wěn)定性降低。他們的觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)了原來的假設(shè)，即腰椎的穩(wěn)定性是一成不變的。而且，他們的觀測直接引出了“顯著穩(wěn)定”這一概念，即麥range (Reeves,., 2007). Lucus and Bresler (1961) might have克吉爾等人于2003 年提出的必須通過一個(gè)低強(qiáng)度但持續(xù)been the first to test the concept of static spinal stability whe

35、nthey observed that the isolated thoracolumbar spine would buckle的肌肉活動(dòng)來保持一個(gè)顯著的穩(wěn)定性。霍奇斯于（Hodges）2004 年進(jìn)行了腰盆骨穩(wěn)定性的復(fù)under a compress load of 20 N. Crisco,. (1992) later isolated合模型的研究，可能是首次就穩(wěn)定性的概念所進(jìn)行的研the lumbar spine and calculated an average compress load of 88 N, before the spine would become unstable

36、. These experiments helped to demonstrate the concept of static stability of the spine, which is defined as the ability of a loaded structure to maintain static equilibrium (Bergmark, 1989). If stability were not upheld, then any small changes in equilibrium would cause the structure to “collapse” (

37、Bergmark, 1989). This definition of stability may not be accurate to describe core stability, since the spine has been observed to accept loads up to18000 N during power lifting (Cholewicki and McGill, 1996).Since the spine is a mobile system with the ability to change position in three axes, a diff

38、erent definition of stability is needed at times. White and Panjabi (1978) used the term “clinical stability of the spine” to explain how the spine accepted loads. They define “clinical stability”as the “ability of the spine under physiological loads to limit patterns of displacement so as not to da

39、mage or irritate the spinal cord or nerve roots and, in addition, to prevent incapacitating deformity or pain due to structural change”. Fur- ther contributing to the notion of dynamic stability of the spine,Cholewicki and McGill (1996) observed the stability of the lum-究。霍奇斯定義“腰盆骨穩(wěn)定性”為：“在實(shí)現(xiàn)某種身體功能的背

40、景下，靜態(tài)的一種動(dòng)態(tài)過程，但這種的動(dòng)態(tài)過程軀干在可控范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)”。霍奇斯還描述了腰盆骨穩(wěn)定性的3 種相互依存的層次水平：全身平衡性、腰骨）身體盆方向性和椎體間。當(dāng)軀干為了移動(dòng)（重心（center of mass-COM）而重新時(shí)，全身平衡性控制是非常重要的。霍奇斯特別指出，如果不能做到全身平衡性，便也無法保持腰盆骨方向性和椎體間。腰盆骨方向性主要是在運(yùn)動(dòng)中維持脊柱和骨盆的彎曲度和姿態(tài)，這是極其重要的。因?yàn)椋绻荒鼙３?么在運(yùn)動(dòng)中椎體便會(huì)發(fā)生擠壓和變形情況。椎體間，那能力于主要是每個(gè)椎體的平移和旋轉(zhuǎn)。這種能力并不是腰盆骨方向性變形。水平，也有可能發(fā)生脊柱節(jié)段性的擠壓和隨后，與 2004 年霍奇

41、斯定義穩(wěn)定性相比，學(xué)者們對穩(wěn)定性的定義進(jìn)行了簡單改動(dòng)。比利斯和蒂普爾于2005 年定義脊椎的動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定為：當(dāng)進(jìn)行某種動(dòng)作時(shí)，利用肌肉的強(qiáng)度與耐力來脊椎保持平衡位置，防止改變平衡時(shí)的脊椎姿態(tài)的能力。威爾遜等人于2005 年定義穩(wěn)定性為：腰盆骨- 髖部復(fù)合體能夠?qū)雇饨绺蓴_而維持平衡的能力，且沒有造成椎體的擠壓和變形。最近，基布雷爾bar spine, using a lumbar spine m, increased during high de-manding tasks and decreased during low demanding tasks. Theirobservations di

42、d not support the hypothesis that the spine main-（Kibler）等人于 2006 年定義穩(wěn)定性為：在動(dòng)力鏈活體能訓(xùn)練與運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)專題3 穩(wěn)定性研究歷史與現(xiàn)狀Sport Science Research動(dòng)中，在盆骨和腿部以上軀干的位置和動(dòng)作，產(chǎn)生、tains a constant level of stability. Furthermore, their observations lead to the term of significant stability, which states individualsmust maintain a s

43、ignificant amount of stability during activities by傳遞、力量和動(dòng)作至下肢的能力。穩(wěn)定性在不同的系統(tǒng)和動(dòng)作形式中有不同的定義。low, yet continuous muscle activation (McGill,., 2003).此外，因?yàn)椴徽撌窃陬A(yù)防傷病還是提高運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)中，穩(wěn)定性都相當(dāng)重要。所以，當(dāng)研究穩(wěn)定性的時(shí)候，需Hodges (2004) may have been first to study the concept of core要一個(gè)精確的穩(wěn)定性的定義。因此，我們建議穩(wěn)stability in his composite m

44、of lumbopelvic stability. Hodges定性的定義為：為了維持外界的機(jī)械干擾，并能支撐力 。 的解剖學(xué)完整性，能夠?qū)筪efined the term lumbopelvic stability as the “dynamic process of controlling static position in the functional context, but allowing the trunk to move with control in other situations”. Hodges also described three interdependent

45、 hierarchy levels of lumbopelvic stability: the control of whole-body equilibrium, control of lumbopelvic orientation, and intervertebral control. The control of whole-body equilibrium is important when the trunk is reposi- tioned in order to move the center of mass (COM). Hodges warned that if whol

46、e-body equilibrium was not maintained, control of the lumbopelvic orientation and intervertebral control could not be maintained. Lumbopelvic orientation controled the curvature and posture of the spine and pelvis during activities. Lumbopelvic ori- entation was extremely important, as it was the le

47、vel in which buckling could occur if not controlled. The last level in the hierar- chy was intervertebral control, which controled both translation and rotation of each individual vertebra. This level was not inde- pendent of the lumbopelvic orientation and could also be exposed to segmental bucklin

48、g.Later, definitions of core stability took a simpler, but similar approach to defining stability as compared to Hodges (2004). Bliss and Teeple (2005) defined dynamic stabilization of the spine, as the ability to use muscular strength and endurance to maintain aneutral spine posture and then to con

49、trol the spine beyond the乃至整個(gè)的功能性的能3穩(wěn)定性的旁遮普于 1992 年首次引入了 3 個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的子系統(tǒng)，如果有受傷或受損的情況，所有系統(tǒng)能夠彼此補(bǔ)償，這樣就形成了脊柱的穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)。3 個(gè)子系統(tǒng)包括肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)、主動(dòng)肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)性反饋系統(tǒng)（也稱為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)）。3.1成分奧沙利文（OSullivan）等人于 1997 年提出，穩(wěn)定性的成分包括椎骨、椎間盤、椎骨關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)和脊柱的韌帶。單獨(dú)的結(jié)構(gòu)是非常不穩(wěn)定的，僅僅20 N的外力便可以使腰胸段椎體出現(xiàn)彎曲變形（盧卡斯和布雷斯勒， 1961 年）；88 N 的外力可以使得孤立的腰椎彎曲變形（克里斯科等人，1992 年

50、）。旁遮普贊同這種觀點(diǎn)，他于 1992 年提出：成分在穩(wěn)定性的3 個(gè)成分中所起的作用最小。他認(rèn)為，事實(shí)上，在平衡姿態(tài)中，成分幾乎沒有起任何作用，僅僅處在運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍的末端時(shí)，此時(shí)韌帶被拉伸，能夠限4制脊柱的運(yùn)動(dòng)。不僅如此，這些韌帶也可以作為神經(jīng) 分（將在下文予以討論），因?yàn)檫@些韌帶提供了椎成置和運(yùn)動(dòng)的信息。然而，威爾遜等人于 2005 年提出了一致的觀點(diǎn)： 成分在穩(wěn)定性成分中起的作用很小，是負(fù)荷作用于骨結(jié)構(gòu)與軟組織順應(yīng)性之間相互作用的產(chǎn)物。威爾士（Walsh）和neutral zone when performing activities. Willson. (2005) de-fined cor

51、e stability as the ability of the lumbopelvic-hip complexto return to equilibrium following a perturbation without buckling洛茨（Lotz）于 2004 年提出：雖然一些學(xué)者聲稱成分的作用比其它成分的作用小，但是椎間盤在脊柱的穩(wěn)定性中of the vertebral column. Last, Kibler,. (2006) stated the ability發(fā)揮著重要作用，因?yàn)樽甸g盤有助于運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中力量沿to control the position and motio

52、n of the trunk over the pelvis and leg to produce, transfer, and control force and motion to the termi- nal segment during kinetic chain activities is core stability.Stability has been defined differently, and different definitions reflect the system or movement being studied. Furthermore, when stud

53、ying core stability a pinpoint definition should be developed since the concept of core stability is important in both injury pre- vention and physical performance. Therefore, we propose core stability is the ability to resist external mechanical perturbations in order to maintain the anatomical int

54、egrity of the core and to sup-port the functionality of the core and the entire body.著椎體進(jìn)行傳遞。此外，學(xué)者已經(jīng)注意到椎間盤的損傷會(huì)造 成脊椎不再穩(wěn)定。薩爾（Saal）于 1992 年提出：腰椎間盤和小關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作和受到扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力作用會(huì)出現(xiàn)退行 性變化，甚至可以導(dǎo)致椎間關(guān)節(jié)的功能喪失，因?yàn)樽甸g盤負(fù)責(zé)椎體間的負(fù)荷傳遞。“”的成分包括椎體、韌帶、椎間盤和椎間關(guān)節(jié)。這個(gè)成分的主要作用是限制椎體運(yùn)動(dòng)的范圍和椎體之間的力量傳遞。雖然成分的作用很小，但是結(jié)構(gòu)損傷可以造成關(guān)節(jié)的功能喪失和不穩(wěn)定。3.2 主動(dòng)成分旁遮

55、普于1992 年提出，主動(dòng)成分由環(huán)繞組成。霍奇斯于2004 提出，主動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的肌的肌肉所有產(chǎn)生力Components of Core StabilityPanjabi (1992) was first introduced three interdependent subsystems, all capable of compensating for one another, if there is an injury or impairment, which creates the spinal stabilizing system.The three subsystems included

56、 the passive musculoskel量的能力，從而有助于穩(wěn)定性。旁遮普和霍奇斯都建議，雖然主動(dòng)系統(tǒng)對于脊椎的穩(wěn)定性具有重要意義，但它們不能單獨(dú)產(chǎn)生功能，需要神經(jīng)成分的參與。威爾遜（Willson）等人于 2005 年詳細(xì)地描述了主動(dòng)成分在維持穩(wěn)定性中的作用。他們描述了 3 個(gè)維持穩(wěn)subsystem, the active musculoskelsubsystem, and the neural定性的機(jī)制，包括腹內(nèi)壓、脊柱間和臀部、軀干肌肉的and feed-back subsystem, also referred to as the neural control體能訓(xùn)練與運(yùn)動(dòng)康

57、復(fù)專題體育科研 2011年 第 32卷 第 5 期Sport Science Research彈性強(qiáng)度。第一個(gè)機(jī)制是腹內(nèi)壓機(jī)制：腹內(nèi)壓是腹腔內(nèi)部subsystem.產(chǎn)生的的總和，由腹肌，即腹橫肌（霍奇斯，2004 年）、膈肌、盆底肌（威爾遜等人，2005 年）和胸腰部筋膜（泰什等人，1987 年）共同作用產(chǎn)生。腹內(nèi)壓創(chuàng)造Passive ComponentThe passive component consists of the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, zygapophyseal joints, and ligaments of the spine (OSullivan., 1997). As mentio