1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上外文文獻及翻譯Project Budget Monitor and ControlAuthor：Nationality：AmericanDerivation： . Montreal: .With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be succ

2、essful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods.1. INTRODUCTIONThe survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)s

3、 research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods ar

4、e developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITORErel and Raz (2000) state that the pro

5、ject control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring

6、exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of correctiv

7、e actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。3. SETTING UP AN EFFICIENT CONTROL SYSTEMFor the purpose of achieving cost target, the manager need to set up an efficient management framework including: reporting structure, assessing progress, and

8、communication system. The employees responsibility and authority need to be defined in the reporting structure. The formal and informal assessing progress can help getting a general perspective between reality and target. It is significant to help identify what is the risk and should be monitored an

9、d controlled. Project success is strongly linked to communication. The efficient communication system benefit for teamwork and facilitate problem solving ( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005 ).4. COST MONITOR AND CONTROL4.1 Ranking the priority of monitoringIn construction phase, many activities are carried

10、 out based on the original plan. It is need to know what kind of activities or things are most likely to lead the project delay and disruption. Therefore, the first step is ranking the priority of the activities. Because the duration of a project is determined by the total time of activities on crit

11、ical path, any delay in an activity on the critical path will cause a delay in the completion date for the project (Ackermann Eden, Howick and Williams,2000,p295). Therefore, the activities on critical path should firstly to be monitored and controlled. Secondly, monitoring the activities with no fr

12、ee float remaining, a delay in any activity with no free float will delay some subsequent activity inevitably. These subsequent delays will discomfit the resource schedule significantly. Some resources are unavailable because they are committed elsewhere. Thirdly, monitoring the activities with less

13、 than a specified float, because if an activity has very little float, it might use up the time before control decision is made once such an activities has a variance with the target. Fourthly, managers should monitor high risky activities. High risky activities are most likely to overspend. Fifthly

14、, managers should monitor the activities using critical resource. Some resource is critical because they are very expensive or limited (Cotterell and Hughes, 1995).4.2Methods of cost controlThe main cost of a project includes staff cost, material cost and delay cost. To control these cost, managers

15、should first set up a cost control system to:a) Allocate responsibilities for administration and analysis of financial datab) Ensure all costs are properly allocated against project codesc) Ensure all costs are genuinely in pursuit of project activitiesd) Check that other projects are not using the

16、budget.Then, managers should monitor and control change to the project budget. It means the following things:a) Concerned with key factors that cause changes to the budgetb) Controlling actual cost changes as they occur- Monitor cost performance to detect variances- Record all appropriate changes ac

17、curately in the cost baseline- Preventing incorrect, unauthorized changes being included in the cost baseline- Determine positive and negative variances- Integrated with all other control processes (scope, change, schedule, quality)As a project is dynamic, sometimes the project managers know the pro

18、ject is going out off target by monitoring, but dont know the best action to take. In this circumstance, net present value (NPV) should be used as an ongoing monitor and control mechanism, because NPV takes account of the time element and discounts future cash flows, it is the result of the time eff

19、ect on cash4.3 Change monitor and controlVoropajev (1998) states that dynamic changes of project environment will influence the process of project implementation, the project itself and may cause heightened risk. When carried out some activities, the methods different from that in the original plan

20、must be used to keep the process moving forward (as experienced under practice). Therefore, changes are inevitable and need to be managed during project life-cycle (Voropajev. 1998,p 16- 17) .An effective change control system should be established to ensure change procedure is clear and unambiguous

21、 and easy for employee to request a change. And the following things need to be concerned:a) Monitoring and forecasting most probable changes Key factors that generate change to ensure good results; make sure that change must be checked by suitable person.b) Changes should take place once it is appr

22、oved and be monitored to check whether it worked as expectedc) All changes in project should be recorded in the project documentation (Voropajev, 1998,pl8).5. CONCLUSIONThis article shows the best methods of budget control. First, an efficient control system must be set up. Secondly, It is required

23、to recognize and rank the important factors affecting budget target. Thirdly, manager should combine different control techniques to reach the success of a project.項目成本減少與控制作者：國籍：美國出處：管理科學與工程2010.03.20隨著市場競爭的激烈性越來越大，在每一個項目中，進行成本控制越發重要。本文論述了在施工階段，項目經理如何成功地控制項目預算成本。本文討論了很多方法。它表明，要取得成功，項目經理必須關注這些成功的方法。

24、1.簡介調查顯示，大多數項目會碰到超出預算的問題(Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92)。據Wright（1997）的研究，一個好的經驗法則就是相比首次成本預算至少會增加50%(Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251)。這表明，項目是非常復雜并且充滿挑戰的。很多意想不到的因素會導致項目成本的增加。因此，許多科學技術和方法被應用于監測和控制成本來促使項目的成功。在這篇文章中，我們將討論在施工階段，項目經理如何才能成功控制預算成本。2.項目控制和監測的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出項目控制周期包括測量成本是實際情況，

25、將施工成本的實際值和計劃值進行比較，對比較結果進行分析，并采取適當的措施來糾正偏差。項目在施工階段的監測和控制對于項目的成功是至關重要的。為了采取正確的糾偏措施需要建立項目監測機制，同時這樣做也可以有時間來采取措施。通過監測手段，項目團隊可以分析偏差產生的原因以及決定糾偏措施并采取行動。監控的目的就是糾偏措施的實施，確保項目控制在計劃目標內或者使已經偏離計劃的回到目標范圍內。3.建立一個有效的控制體系為了實現預算成本的目標，項目管理者需要建立一個高效的管理框架，包括：報告的結構，評估的進展情況以及溝通體系。在報告結構中，雇員的責任和權力應該要清楚地被定義。正式的和非正式的評估可以幫助實際和目標

26、之間大體上保持一致，且這對于確定什么是風險以及哪些需要被監測和控制是非常有幫助的。項目成功與良好的溝通密切相關，一個高效率的溝通體系有利于團隊協作并促進問題的解決( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。4.成本費用的檢測和控制4.1對檢測的優先順序進行排序在施工階段，很多施工活動是基于原來的計劃。它需要清楚什么樣的活動或者哪些東西是最有可能導致項目延誤和不受控制的。因此，第一步就是要對這些活動進行優先排序。由于項目的工期是由關鍵路徑上的關鍵工作的總時間決定的，任何關鍵路徑上工作的延遲將導致項目工期的拖延(Ackermann Eden, Howick and Williams

27、,2000,p295)。因此，關鍵路徑上的工作應該首先進行檢測和控制。其次，檢測沒有自由時差浮動的工作，任何沒有自由時差工作的延誤將導致其后續工作的拖延，這些后續工作的延誤將對資源分配安排帶來影響，有些資源被分配到特定的工作是不可以變更利用的。第三，檢測具有較少浮動時間的工作，因為，如果一個工作具有非常少的浮動時間，那么當它偏離目標的時候很有可能在還沒有采取控制措施前就將浮動時間用完了。第四，項目管理者應該檢測高風險活動，高風險活動最有可能超支。第五，管理者應該檢測項目活動中使用的關鍵資源，有些資源由于是非常昂貴和有限的而至關重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。4.2成本控制的方法一個項目的主要費用包括員工成本、材