1、13英語3班 2013154318 謝京秀 19號英語非謂語動詞的分類及其用法一、英語非謂語動詞及其分類（一） 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞英語動詞有謂語動詞與非謂語動詞之分，在句子中充當謂語的動詞，是動詞的謂語形式，也叫謂語動詞（Finite Verb）。如：He is writing a letter. 他正在寫信。而在句子中充當其他成分的（如主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語等）的動詞，是動詞的非謂語形式，稱為非謂語動詞（Non-finite Verb）。如：Smoking is not good for your health. 吸煙對你的身體有害（主語）He found those novels

2、hard to read. 他發現那些小說很難讀。（狀語）謂語動詞與非謂語動詞之間最重要的區別在于前者有“時”（Tense）的標志，而后者沒有“時”的標志。舉例列表如下：原形現在時過去時不定式 -ing分詞-ed分詞walkpasseatwalk(s)pass(es)eat(s)walkedpassedate(to) walk(to) pass(to) eatwalkingpassingeatingwalkedpassedeaten（二） 非謂語動詞的分類英語的非謂語動詞有三種：1. 不定式（infinitive）；2. -ing 分詞（-ing participle）; 其中又分為現在分詞與

3、動名詞；3. -ed 分詞（-ed participle）。也就是我們通常所說的過去分詞。二、非謂語動詞在句法中的用法（一）不定式的句法功能：1. 作主語：To lose your heart means failure.動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，例如上句可用如下形式:It means failure to lose your heart.2. 作表語：Her job is to clean the hall.3. 作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, m

4、anage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用 it 作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：Mary found it important to study the situation in Russia.動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here.動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.4. 作賓語補足語：在復合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞

5、常跟這種復合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema有些動詞如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等與不帶有 to 的不定式連用，但改為被動語態時，要還原 to。如：I saw him cr

6、oss the road.He was seen to cross the road.5. 作定語：動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關系： 動賓關系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修飾 time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best

7、way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修飾的名詞是不定式動作的承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent? 說明所修飾名詞的內容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.6. 作狀語： 表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy

8、 the watch chain.注意：不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 表結果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用 only 放在不定式前表示強調

9、：I visited him only to find him out. 表原因：They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything.7. 作獨立成分：To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.8. 不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.9. 不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略 toHe wished to s

10、tudy medicine and become a doctor.（二）-ing 分詞的句法功能-ing 分詞又分為動名詞及現在分詞。1. 動名詞的句法功能：   作主語：Reading aloud is very helpful.當動名詞短語作主語時常用 it 作形式主語。如：It's no use quarrelling. 作表語：In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 作賓語：They haven't finished building the dam.We have to preve

11、nt the air from being polluted. 注意：動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語 it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。注意：如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：resist(抵抗)，mind(介意)，suggest(建議)，delay(推遲)，keep(on) (保持)，look forward to (期昐)，enjoy(喜歡)，include(包括)，appreciate(欣賞)，imagine(想象)，practis

12、e(實踐)，finish(完成)，consider(考慮)，can't help(不禁)，miss(錯過)。以上動詞及短語可以通過口訣進行記憶：抗議（意）推辭（遲）昐喜報，心（欣）想事（實）成考不錯。 作定語：Is there a swimming pool in your school? 作同位語：His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged2. 現在分詞的句法功能： 作定語：現在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。如：In the following y

13、ears he worked even harder.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 現在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher 可改為 the man who is speaking to the teacher.作表語：The present situation is inspiring. be + doing 既可能表示現在

14、進行時，也可能是現在分詞做表語，它們的區別在于 be + doing 表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。 作賓語補足語：如下動詞后可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語：see, let, make, listen, hear, have, watch, notice, feel, look at 等。如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 以上動詞同樣也可以通過口訣進行記憶：三讓（make, let, have），三看(see, look at, watch)，兩聽(listen, hear)，注意感

15、覺(notice, feel)。 作狀語：a. 作時間狀語：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.b.作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others.c.作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.d.作條件狀語：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.e.作結果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaki

16、ng it into pieces.f.作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day.g.作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.    h.與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 有時也可用 with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+ 分詞形式。如：With the lights

17、 burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。i.作獨立成分：Generally speaking, girls are more careful. （三）-ed 分詞的句法功能：1. 作定語：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 注意：當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當于一個被動語態的定語從句。2. 作表語：The window is

18、broken. 注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被動）有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：boiled water（開水）fallen leaves（落葉）newly arrived goods（新到的貨）the risen sun（升起的太陽）the changed world（變了的世界）這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, re

19、turned, passed 等。3. 作賓語補足語：I heard the song sung several times last week. 有時過去分詞做 with 短語中的賓語補足語。如：With the work done, they went out to play. 4. 作狀語：Praised by the teacher, he felt proud.（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.（表示時間）Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.（表示條件）Though t

20、old of the danger, he still want to have a try.（表示讓步）三、非謂語動詞用法比較(一) 動詞不定式和動名詞作主語比較:動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動作，不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動作，特別是將來的動作。例如： _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old AThe walk BWalking CTo walk DWalk（Key：B）（二） 動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞作表語比較:1. 不定式和動名詞作表語的區別同作主語一樣。His job is building housesOu

21、r task now is to increase food production2. 動詞不定式和動名詞作表語說明主語的內容，現在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特征，過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態。The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customersThe most important thing is to put theory into practiceThe purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，not to make it more difficult

22、 （三） 動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語比較:1. 有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如：want，wish，hope，manage，de- mand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect 等。We agreed _ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet Ahaving met Bmeeting Cto meet Dto have met （Key：C）2. 有些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語，前文中已有提及I would appreciate _ back this afternoon A

23、you to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyou“'re calling（Key：C）3. 有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞，意義上無多大區別，如：love， like，hate，prefer，intend，start， continue 等。I intend to finishfinish- ing the task this morning4. 有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動名詞，但意義上有區別，如：forget to do something：忘記去做某事 forget doing something：忘記曾經做過某事這一類詞包括：for

24、get，remember， mean，regret，stop，try 等。（四） 動詞不定式、分詞作賓語補足語和主語補足語比較1. 有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語補足語或主語補足語，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn， allow，advise，permit，forbid 等。The patient was warned _ oily food after the operationAto eat not Beating not Cnot to eat Dnot eating（Key：C）2. 有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟分詞作賓語補足語或主語補足語，但意義不同，

25、如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have， make 等，且不定式不帶 to，但在被動結構中必須帶 to。不定式指動作的全過程；現在分詞指正在進行的動作的一部分，且表示主動意義；過去分詞指已經完成的動作，且表被動意義。Paul doesn't have to be made _He always works hard Alearn Bto learn Clearned Dlearning（Key：B）The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next yearAcarr