1、of whom和of which用法歸納1. of表示同位關系：即用于在 A+of+B結構，其中的A和B為同位關系。如：Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.她的兩個兒子， 者B在國夕卜 工作，他們每周都給她打電話來。Wd vetested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof.我們 已經測試過300種靴子，沒有一種是完全防水的。2. of表示整體與部分的關系：即用于"部分 +of+整體(which, who

2、m)”結構。如：He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.他和一隊人一起去了，其中沒有幾個人配有進行這樣一次登山的適當裝備。The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.公共 汽車大多數都已經擠滿了人，它們被憤怒的人群包圍著。I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students.我遇

3、至U了摘水果的人 們，其中有幾個人是大學生。3. of表示所屬關系：即of用于構成所有格。如：He' written a book the name of which I ' veorgotten.他寫了一本書，書名我給忘了。The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.那幢屋頂被損壞的房 子現在已經修好了。4. of與其他的詞構成固定搭配：即of與從句中的某個詞語構成固定搭配。如：He' snarried to a singer of whom you may have heard.他與位歌

4、唱家結了婚，你可能聽說過這個人。(介詞of與動詞hear構成固定搭配，意為“聽說” )注意：介詞of后面除接關系代詞 which, whom外，有時也可能是 whose。如：She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing.她有個玩具熊，它的兩只眼 睛都丟了。表示部分與整體 of which/whom在非限制性定語從句中，表示部分與整體”的關系時，用 of which/whom或者ofwhich/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具體數目或百分數，也可以是few, several, some,half, many, much, most,

5、 all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority 等。Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women.我校有 80 個教師，其中 50個是女的。He has lots of books, most of which are English ones.他有許多書，其中大部分是英語書。注意：這里的of which不能用whose代替，這與表示所屬關系的of which不同：The room th

6、e door of which （=whose door） is blue belongs to me. 門是藍色的那間房是我的。英語定語從句的3個重要概念：1 .定義：用來修飾某個名詞、代詞或整個句子的從句就叫做定語從句。如：The man you talked about is our headmaster.你們剛才所談論的那個人是我們的校長This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present.這是我父親送給我作為生 日禮物的單車。The tree whose leaves are red was planted last ye

7、ar.那棵葉子紅色的樹是去年栽的2 .先行詞：定語從句所修飾的詞就叫做先行詞，它一般是由名詞、代詞或句子充當。如：The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old.在舞臺上唱歌的那個男孩今年才九歲。（現行詞是名詞）Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group.任何愿意幫助他人的人者 B 歡迎來參加我們的組織。（現行詞是代詞）His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very muc

8、h. 他母親脫離了 危險，這件事情使他們家興奮不已。（現行詞是句子）3 .關系詞：引導定語從句的詞就叫做關系詞。根據關系詞的用法不同，關系詞又分關系代詞和關系副詞，其中關系代詞有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but 等，關系副 詞有where, when, why 等。關系詞既起連接先行詞與定語從句的作用，又做從句中的某個 句子成分。如：Li Lei is one of the students who are working very hard. 李蕾是個學習非常努力的學生。（弓I導詞who）There is nobody but knows you

9、 here.這兒沒有不認識你的人。（引導詞but）He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我們帶至U 了我們以前從未去過 的地方。（引導詞 where）of whom/which引導的定語從句：在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞作為一個整體，表示整體中的一部分，即表示“部分與整體”的關系時，用 of which / whom 或者of which / whom 都可以。但與表示所屬關系 不同，這里不能用 whose來代替of which。一、表示整體中的部分The buses, most of which were alread

10、y full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.公共汽車大多數都已經擠滿了人，它們被憤怒的人群包圍著。I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我揀起那些蘋果， 其中有一些傷 得很厲害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我買了打雞蛋，六個 在我失手掉了盒子時摔碎了。There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and

11、 the other of which is not quite. 只剩兩瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶沒完全喝完。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 這些 寶藏已送往大英博物館，其中有一些是失而復得的。二、表示所屬關系He' s written a book, the name of which I'他ve forgotten, 書名我忘了。句中的 the name of which=whose name。It was an agreement the

12、 details of which could not be altered. 這是項其細節不可更改的 協定。句中的 the details of which=whose details 。表示部分與整體of which/whomof which/whom 或者 of在非限制性定語從句中，表示“部分與整體”的關系時，用which/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具體數目或百分數，也可以是few, several, some,half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, t

13、he smallest, the majority 等。Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. 我校有 80 個教師，其中50個是女的。He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 他有許多書，其中大部分是英語書。注意：這里的of which不能用whose代替，這與表示所屬關系的of which不同：The room the door of which (=whose door) is blue belongs to me. 門是藍色的那間房是

14、我的在非限制性定語從句中，先行詞作為一個整體，表示整體中的一部分，即表示“部分與整體”的關系時，用of which / whom 或者of which / whom 都可以。但與表示所屬關系不同，這里不能用whose來代替of which。一、表示整體中的部分The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽車大多數都已經擠滿了人，它們被憤怒的人群包圍著。I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised.我揀起那些蘋果

15、，其中有一些傷得很厲害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box.我買了一打雞蛋，六個在我失手掉了盒子時摔碎了。There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite. 只剩兩瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶沒完全喝完。The treasure someof which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum.

16、 這些寶藏已送往大英博物館，其中有一些是失而復得的。二、表示所屬關系He s written a book, the name of which I ve forgotten. 他寫了一本書， 書名我忘了。句中的 the name of which=whose name 。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.這是一項其細節不可更改的協定。句中的 the details of which=whose details 。一、用法說明 介詞+whom只能指人；介詞+ which只能指物。如：Look, there

17、 comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour. 瞧，湯姆來啦，我等他等了一個小時。Last Saturdayevening, I went to Wu Dong s birt一、用法說明介詞+whom只能指人；介詞+ which只能指物。如：Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour.瞧，湯姆來啦，我等 他等了一個小時。Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dong's birthday party, in which I met

18、 a foreig ner named Jim.上周星期六的晚上我去參加了吳東的生日聚會，在會上我會到了一個叫吉 姆的外國人。She came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein. 她進入了房 間，房子的墻壁上有一張愛因斯坦的畫像。二、注意事項(1)有時，前面的介詞可移到定語從句的中間或后面，此時 whom可用who, that代替； which可以用that代替。而且 who, whom, which, that都可省略。如：The man with whom you talked just now i

19、s our manager. The man who you talke d with just now is our manager.你剛才與他談話的那個人就是我們的經理。He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him. He handed m e a pen, which I wrote down my address with for him.他遞給我一支鋼筆， 我就用那支鋼 筆給他寫下了我的地址。(2)當先行詞是時間、地點、原因從句時，介詞+ which一般在定語從句中分別做時間、地點、原因狀語，于是介詞+

20、which可以分別用 when, where, why代替。但若介詞+ which不是作時間、地點、原因狀語，則不能用when, where, why代替。如：Last week, I visited Shanghai, in which I have made several friends. Last week, I visited Shanghai, where I have made several friends.上周我參觀了上海，在刃BJL我叫上幾 個朋友。I will remember the day forever on which I won the first place

21、in the contest. I will remember the day forever when I won the first place in the contest.我斗哥永遠t己住我 在競賽中獲得第一名的那一天。三、介詞的選用介詞+關系代詞引導定語從句時，介詞往往受上下文的約束，究竟使用哪個介詞時得從 下面幾方面來進行考慮。(1)從先行詞跟介詞的搭配習慣出發。如：In front of my house, there is a tree, in which some birds are singing.我的房子前 有一棵樹，鳥兒正在樹上唱歌。(在樹上一般用介詞in)(2)從定語

22、從句中的動詞、形容詞對介詞的習慣要求出發。如： (from )The computer for which I paid 5,000yuan is made in Shenzhen.我花了五千元所買的 這臺電腦使深圳造的。(pay與for搭配)(3)從先行詞、定語從句中的動詞或形容詞兩方面同時考慮出發。如：Do you know the girl with whom the man talked just now?你認識跟那個男談話的 女孩嗎？ (talk究竟接to, with還是接about,這該由動詞及現行詞一起決定)(4)復合介詞+關系代詞。如：Go down this road, at

23、 the end of which you can see a high building and it is our o ffice building.沿著條路走，在路的盡頭你會看到一座高大的建筑，那就是我們的辦公大樓。(5)名詞+介詞+關系代詞。如：He has three children, one of whose children is studying abroad now. 他又三個小孩， 其中一個在國外讀書。注意：當定語從句的動詞與介詞是不可分割的固定搭配時，介詞不能放到關系代詞之前。如：She has a little daughter, who is looked afte

24、r by her grandma.就不能寫成： She has a little daughter, after whom is looked by her grandma.因為，look after 是不可分開的固 定短語。介詞+關系代詞(轉載)定語從句是中學階段英語學習的主要語法之一，也是高考題的命題熱點所在， 其中定語從句中關系代詞前介詞的判斷更是高考英語命題的一個高頻考點。下面，我們先來看看近兩年高考中部分定語從句中“介詞 +關系代詞”結構。01. Eric received training in computer for one year, B he found a job in

25、a big company.(遼寧)A. after thatB. after whichC. after itD. after this02. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _B_ they can be controlled on purpose.（ 重慶 ）A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which03. It is reported that two schools, _D_ are being built in my ho

26、metown, will open next year. （四川）A .they bothB. which bothC. both of themD. both of which04. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _D_ wanted to buy it （ 安徽 ）A. none of themB. both of whomC. none of whomD. neither of whom05. He was educated at the local high school, _A_ he went on to

27、 Beijing University.（ 江蘇 ）A. after which B. after thatC. in whichD. in that06. She was educated at Beijing University, _A_ shewent on to haveheradvancedstudyabroad. （全國II）A. after which B. from whichC. from thatD. after that07. We saw several natives advancingtowards our party,and one ofthemcameupto

28、 us_B_ we gave some bells and glasses. （湖南）A. to whichB. to whomC. with whomD. with which08. I was given three books on cooking, the first _B_ I really enjoyed.（浙江）A. of thatB. of whichC. thatD. which09. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was ， she had run

29、back in the direction _D_ she had come. （ 重慶 ）A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which對于 “介詞 +which / whom ”結構的考查，高考英語主要涉及以下幾個方面：1. 考查定語從句中謂語動詞的搭配習慣（1） 看定語從句中動詞與介詞的搭配Water is the natural medium in which fish live. 水是魚類賴以生存的自然環境。（注意搭配live in）The documents for which they were searching have b

30、een recovered. 他們找尋的文件已經找到了。（注意搭配search for）This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 這是一個我們可能長時間爭論的問題。（注意搭配argue about）I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。（注意搭配discuss sth with sb）注：有一些介詞為固定搭配的一部分，此時它們的位置應注意。如：The boy （whom） my

31、sister is looking after is getting better.不能說成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.（2） 看定語從句中形容詞與介詞的搭配（from ）He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. 他我要去參考一些我不熟悉的參考書。（注意搭配be familiar with）2. 考查先行詞與介詞的搭配習慣這類考題往往要根據具體的語境來選擇介詞。如：This is our classr

32、oom, in the front of which there is a teacher 這是我們的教室，前面 s desk.有老師的講臺。（注意搭配in the front of our classroom）I ' ll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me我永遠不會忘記她與我們告另1J的 那一天。（注意搭配on the day）3. 考查表示所屬關系的of which whomOn the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence, the meaning of which

33、I don老 t understand.師在黑板上寫了一個句子，句子的意思我不明白。（注意搭配the meaning of the sentence）4. 考查表示整體與部分關系的of which whomI have five English dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. 我有 5本英語詞典，其中最好的是朗文詞典。（注意搭配of the five dictionaries）The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry

34、crowd. 多數公共汽車已經上滿了人，周圍是一伙憤怒的群眾。（注意搭配most of the buses）I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好幾個是大學生。（注意搭配several of them）5. 考查表示同位關系的of which whomHer sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning. 她的兩個兒子都在國外工作，今天早上給她來了電話。（注意搭配both of her sons）【模擬

35、測試】用適當的介詞和關系代詞填空：1. Do you like the book she spent $10?2. Do you like the book she paid $10?3. Do you like the book she learned a lot?she often talks?4. Do you like the book 5. He built a telescopehe could study the skies.6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rive

36、rs, the second longest is the Yellow River.8. The tower people can have a good view is on the hill.9. The man I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most hadn t been cleaned for at leasta year.11. The workers, some stayed for four y

37、ears, came from different countries.12. The committee consists of 20 members, 5 are women.13. The book contains 50 poems, most were written in the 1930s.14. There are two left, one is almost finished, and the other is not.【參考答案】1. on which5. through which9. to whom13. of which2. for which6. under wh

38、ich10. of which3. from in which7. of which11. of whom14. of which, of which4. about which8. from which12. of whom限制性定語從句：限制性定語從句對先行詞起限制、修飾的作用，關系代詞有that,which,whom,who,whose 以及關系副詞when,where 等，沒有明顯的逗號把從句與主語分開，表達的意思為被修飾詞的一個定語。例句：Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?Where is the boo

39、k which I bought this morning?非限制性定語從句：作用相當于一種插入語或者對先行詞的一種解釋，和先行詞之間只有比較松散的關系，文字中常常用逗號將其與主句分開，用法其實與限制性定語從句極為相似，只是不能用that 做修飾詞。例句：This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.The building, in front of which sat a boy

40、, was a school.定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明 確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分 開，例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）2） 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如

41、：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 史密斯去年退休了，他曾經是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經讀了三遍。3） 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數，例如：He seem

42、s not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心 煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽，這就叫做蒸發。二、從形式上看，限制性定語從句與其先行詞緊緊相連，兩者沒有停頓；非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。從意義上講，限制性定語從句用來修飾先行詞，兩者密不可分；而非限制性定語從句僅僅對先行詞作補充性敘述或說明，兩者關系不那么緊密。由于兩種定語從句存在著這些區別，一般來說，限制性定語從句多半譯

43、成漢語的前置定語，修飾其后的先行詞，非限制性定語從句則往往譯成后置的并列從句。that不能引導非限制性定語從句。通常對定語從句處理如下：（ 1 ） 限制性定語從句譯成前置定語These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.這些居民區經常再現構成大多數居民的大量民族文化和價值觀念。（ 2 ） 非限制性定語從句譯成后置的并列分句In almost all developi

44、ng countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.幾乎所有的發展中國家經濟的發展都依賴于出口貿易的增長，而出口的增長又有助于創造更多的就業機會和提高人民的生活水平。但是，有時候因為意思上的關系，或者出于漢語句子結構上的考慮，要把限制性定語從句譯成后置的并列分句，而把非限制性定語從句譯成前置定語。（ 3 ） 限制性定語從句譯成后置的并列從句Each team plays ten or eleve

45、n games each season which begins in September and ends in November.每個隊每賽季參加十到十一場比賽，每個賽季九月份開始，十一月份結束。（ 4 ） 非限制性定語從句譯成前置定語He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust.他好象是散步之后回家去，因為他那早已過時的扣鞋上布滿了灰塵。（ 5 ） 有的定語

46、從句，從意義上看實際相當于一個狀語從句，表示原因，目的，結果，讓步等關系。這樣的定語從句應譯出漢語的偏正復句，但是要加上相應的連接詞以表明其與主句的關系。Norway is, quite naturally, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.挪威自然十分關切歐洲和大西洋國家的發展，因為這

47、些發展大大有助于維護世界上我們這一地區的和平和安全說明：關系代詞that 和關系副詞why 不能引導非限制性定語從句。三、下面是些例題，你做做看。一、 that 不能用來引導非限制性定語從句。如：【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that【解析】選Bo后半句為非限制性定語從句，盡管先行詞 noise屬于事物，也不能用that而要用which來 引導。 which 指代 noise ，在從句中作主語。二、除 which 外，還可用when ，

48、where， whose ， whom 等引導非限制性定語從句，且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語從句時相同。如：Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching.下個月即將來臨，屆時你們將在家鄉度暑假。（關系副詞when 指代表示時間的名詞next month ，并作從句的狀語。）She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳門去居住，在那里她有幾個密友。（關系副詞where 指代表

49、示地點的名詞Macao ，并在從句中作狀語。）【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very reasonable.A. which priceB. the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose【解析】選B。 whose 在從句中作表示所屬關系的定語，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物時，常可轉換為of which ；指人時常可轉換為of whom 。【考例三】In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm

50、,many people have gonehome.A. whose time B. thatC. on which D. by which time【解析】先行詞 5:30 pm 與 time 之間是一種同位關系，可用which 來作定語替代。從句中的完成狀態，常與 by 短語連用。故選D。三、在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞不能省略。如：He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother.他迫切地想到醫院去看望他的繼母，他把繼母當自己的親媽媽一樣愛戴。四、非

51、限制性定語從句的關系代詞which ，既可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整句的含義。如：【考例四】Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course,made theothers unhappy.A. who B. whichC. this D. what【解析】選B。指代“Dorothy總是高度評價自己在那場戲中所擔任的角色”的整個事件。【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,personally I doubt very much.A. i

52、t B. thatC. when D. which【解析】 表示時間的名詞October ， 用 “我個人非常懷疑”來修飾， 意思不通。應該修飾整個主句，表示對 “ Carol說在十月前能做好這項工作”懷疑。故選 D。五、引導非限制性定語從句時as 和 which 的差異：從句置于句首時，非限制性定語從句只能用as 引導，而置于句末時，兩者都可以使用。如：【考例六】is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What【解析】逗號表明為非限制性定語從

53、句。選B 。【考例七】is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A. Which B. AsC. That D. It【解析】答案為B 。與考例六同理。典型定語從句易錯題詳解 The factory was built in a secret place, around high mountains.A. which wasB. it wasC. which wereD. them were【易錯】 容易誤選A或B,將A、B中的which和it誤認為是其后句子的主語。【

54、分析】最佳答案是C， around which were high mountains 是一個由“介詞+which” 引出的非限制性定語從句，而在該從句中，主語是high mountains， around which 是表語，所以句子謂語應用復數 were,而不是用單數was。請做以下類例題目(答案均為C):(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around some fruit shops.A. which isB. it isC. which areD. them are(2) The murder happened in an old

55、building, beside the city police station.A. which areB. it isC. which isD. them are(3) Next month we ll move to a new building, next to a nice restaurants where wecan have Chinese food.A. which areB. it isC. which isD. them are A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked,“ aIshothsepriteal aroun

56、d I canget some medicine for my woundedhand?”A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what【易錯】 容易誤選 B,認為around是介詞，選 which用以代替前面的名詞hospital,在此用作介詞around 的賓語。【分析】最佳答案為Co以上語法分析并不算錯，但問題是，照此分析，此句的意思即為： 有沒有這樣一個醫院，我在它的附近可以買藥治我的手傷？這樣的語境顯然有點不合情理，因為人們通常是在醫院里面治傷，而不是在醫院附近治傷。此題選C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介詞，而是副詞，意為“在附近 ”；其后的where 引導定語從句用以修飾其前的地點名詞hospital,句意為：附近有沒有一家醫院，我可以去治我的手傷？ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What【易錯】容易誤選A ,認為此處應填一個形式主語。【