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1、第一節(jié) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):1、 由 when、 as soon as、 the minute 、 the moment 、 till 、 until 等引起的時(shí)間狀語從句, 以及由 if、 unless、 provided that 等引起的條件狀語從句常常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來的動(dòng)作,而主句則用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)。例: They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.2、 當(dāng)表示普遍的真理或者眾所周知的客觀事實(shí), 常常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。 例: The earth is round.地球是圓的。二
2、、一般過去時(shí):區(qū)分三個(gè)短語的用法:1、used to do sth:過去常常做某事。2、be/get used to doing sth:習(xí)慣做某事。3、be used to do sth:被用于做某事。三、一般將來時(shí):1、be to+動(dòng)詞原形:表示安排或計(jì)劃好了的動(dòng)作。例:The Third-Ring Road is to be opento traffic before National Day.2、be about to+動(dòng)詞原形:表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例: The lecture is about to begin.講座 即將開始。3、 一些表示動(dòng)作趨勢(shì),如開始、終結(jié),以及一些表示動(dòng)作方
3、向,如往來的動(dòng)詞, 常常 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按照安排將于將來發(fā)生的事情, 這類動(dòng)詞常見的有如: start, go, leave, come, arrive 等 。 例: We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我們明天動(dòng)身去北京。四、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):重點(diǎn)區(qū)分 when 和 while 引起的時(shí)間狀語的用法。When表示時(shí)間上的點(diǎn),在考試中其引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句多翻譯為“這時(shí)”,主句多用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句多翻譯為“正當(dāng)時(shí)”,該從句用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例: One of the guards was sleeping when the general cam
4、e in, which made him very angry.I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis. 五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):重點(diǎn)區(qū)分 have(has)been to: 某人去過某地, 表示一種經(jīng)歷, 強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài), 可以和 once, twice, often, never, ever 連用;Have(has) gone to :某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。此句型不能與上述時(shí)間狀語連用。 例: He has gone to America. 他已經(jīng)去了美國。 He has been to America twice.他去過美國
5、兩次。六、過去完成時(shí):1、 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另外一個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用過去完成時(shí)。2、It was the first/second/last time that ,在該句型,that 從句用過去完成時(shí)態(tài) 。 七、將來完成時(shí):常常標(biāo)志性地由 by 、 by the time 、 by the end of 引起一個(gè)表示將來時(shí)間段的時(shí)間狀語,主句用將來完成時(shí)態(tài)。第二節(jié) 感官動(dòng)詞、使役動(dòng)詞的用法及英語中??嫉膬蓚€(gè)句式結(jié)構(gòu)一、 感官動(dòng)詞的用法及其被動(dòng)語態(tài): 在英語中, 常見的感官動(dòng)詞有 “五看二聽一感覺” ( see、watch、look、notice> observe; hear、lis
6、ten to; feel),在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中用動(dòng)詞原形或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),如see sb do/doing sth,改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)則要加to,如sb be seen to do sth二、使役動(dòng)詞的用法及其被動(dòng)語態(tài):在英語中,常見的使役動(dòng)詞有make、let、have,在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中用動(dòng)詞原形做賓補(bǔ),如make sb do sth,改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)則要加to,如sb be madeto do sth,兩種形式都表示使/讓某人做某事的意思。例: We were made to study hardy.我 們被要求努力學(xué)習(xí)。三、英語中??嫉木涫浇Y(jié)構(gòu)一:sth need/ want/ require doin
7、g 某物需要(=sth need/want/require to be done )(止匕句式主語為物 )例: My room is a mess. It needs tidying up(整理).四、英語中常考的句式結(jié)構(gòu)二:have/get sth done請(qǐng)/讓別人做某事(have/get后接賓語為物)例:I have taken many photos. I'm going to get the film developed.五、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài),其構(gòu)成為:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去動(dòng)詞。例:The work must be finishedbefore lunch.這項(xiàng)工作必須在午
8、飯前干完。第三節(jié)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can、 could; may、 might; must、 need; should; ought to,對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ??计鋬煞矫娴膬?nèi)容,一是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于推測(cè)句型,二是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于虛擬語氣(該部分的講解放在虛擬語氣)一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于對(duì)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容推測(cè)的常見句型有:1、Can/may do sth:表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容的可能性的推測(cè);2、Must do sth :表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容的肯定性的推測(cè)。二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于對(duì)過去內(nèi)容推薦的常見句型:1、can/may have done sth:表示對(duì)過去內(nèi)容的可能性;2、must have done sth:表示對(duì)過去內(nèi)容的
9、肯定性的推測(cè)。例:1、 Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.第四節(jié)虛擬語氣虛擬語氣表示與客觀事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),由if虛擬條件從句和主句構(gòu)成。一、虛擬語氣的基本內(nèi)容根據(jù)虛擬與其這種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間不同,虛擬語氣的if虛擬條件從句與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞分別有三類構(gòu)成形式:假設(shè)類型If虛擬條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)
10、相反Did/wereWould/should do與過去事實(shí)相反Had doneWould/should have done與將來事實(shí)可能相反Were to do/did/should doWould/should do例:1、I wouldn't talk that way if I were Peter.2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost3、Jean doesn't want to work
11、 right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn 't be able to see her friends very often.4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.5、 Do you think there would be less conflict (戰(zhàn)斗、 斗爭) in the world if all people spoke the same language.6、 If Bob had
12、 come with us,he would have had a good time.二、 if 的省略形式(又稱虛擬語氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))在 if 虛擬條件從句中,如果謂語部分包含were, should , had 等詞,則可以把這些詞放到主語前,省略if ,構(gòu)成虛擬語氣的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。三、主句與從句時(shí)間不一致時(shí)虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成當(dāng)虛擬語氣的 if 虛擬條件從句和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),要根據(jù)各自表示的時(shí)間采用對(duì)應(yīng)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成形式。例: 1、 If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.2 、
13、 If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now. 四、主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成在英語中存在一些動(dòng)詞,表示建議、命令、要求等主觀的傾向,由這些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的 that 賓語從句中,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。這類常見的主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞有 “一堅(jiān)持、二命令、三建議、五要求” ,分別是:一堅(jiān)持: insist 二命令:order、 command 三建議:suggest、 advise( n advice ) 、 propose(提議、建議) 五要求: ask
14、、 demand、 require 、 request、 desire例: 1、 The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.3 、 His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out.同時(shí), 如果在題干中出現(xiàn)上面這些主觀傾向性動(dòng)詞的名詞和形容詞形式, 題干中從句部分的謂語動(dòng)詞也要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。考試中常見的詞匯有:order,command, suggestion, a
15、dvice , proposal , demand, request, desire, advisable, desirable。 五、wish that和if only引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成Wish that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和if only 引起的感嘆句都用虛擬語氣來表示一種沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,其中 wish that句型往往翻譯為:多么希望; if only表示的愿望較 wish that更強(qiáng)烈,常翻譯為但愿;要是就好了。兩者的用法基本相同。兩者的用法是:1、當(dāng)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時(shí),wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和ifonly引起的感嘆句中謂語動(dòng)詞采用的形式是:did/w
16、ere ;2、當(dāng)表示與過去的事實(shí)相反的一種愿望時(shí),wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和ifonly引起的感嘆句中謂語動(dòng)詞采用的形式是:had done;3、當(dāng)表示未來一時(shí)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種愿望時(shí),wish that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句和ifonly引起的感嘆句中謂語動(dòng)詞采用的形式是:would do 。六、 would rather 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成Would rather的意思是“寧愿、寧可”其引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(一般省去 that)通常用虛擬語氣表示一種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。我們可以假設(shè)A 、 B 是兩個(gè)人, 通過牢記一下句式來記住其用法:1、A would rather B did sth:表示與現(xiàn)在或
17、將來事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)。2、A would rather B had done sth:表示與過去事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)七、It is (high) time that句型中虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成It is (high) time that句型表示"早該是的時(shí)候了",在that從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞一般用 (did)例: 1、 It s high time we did something to stop traffic accident.2 、 Don t you think it is time you gave up smoking?八、 in case、 lest、 for fear
18、 that 引導(dǎo)的從句中虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成in case、lest、for fear that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句,表示憂慮或擔(dān)心,翻譯為"以防萬一”,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。例: 1、 Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with theelectric version.2、 I wrote it down in case I should forget it.九、含蓄虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成虛擬條件句有時(shí)不是通過if 虛擬條件從句明顯地表達(dá)出來,
19、而是隱含在副詞、 介詞短語或上下文中,這種情況稱作含蓄虛擬語氣。經(jīng)常標(biāo)志性地用于含虛擬語氣的介詞、副詞有:without (要是沒有),but for (要不是),otherwise (否則,要不然)。只要見到這幾個(gè)詞,所要選擇的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成多用 would have done 形式。例: 1、 Without your help, we would not have achieved so much.2、 But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.十、 as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成As if , as t
20、hough 翻譯為“好像” ,談?wù)摰耐遣豢赡芑虿徽鎸?shí)的情況,他們所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句要用虛擬語氣, 謂語動(dòng)詞采用的形式和 wish that 句型中謂語動(dòng)詞采用的形式相 同。十一、 it is+ 形容詞 +that 引導(dǎo)的從句中虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成在it is+形容詞+that引導(dǎo)的從句中,如果該形容詞表示“重要的、必須的、強(qiáng)制的” 、 者“驚奇的、令人不滿的",that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用 should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以 省略。1、用于表示“重要的、必須的、強(qiáng)制的”的形容詞常見的有: important、 vital (極重 要的) 、 critical ( 決定性的) 、 c
21、rucial( 決定性的) 、 necessary、 essentia(l 必不可少的) 、 urgent、 compulsory , obligatory (必須的) , imperative (必要的、緊急的)2、用于表示“驚奇的、令人不滿的”的形容詞常見的有:strange、 surprising 、 amazing,unthinkable、odd (奇怪的)、incredible (不可信的,不能相信的)、ridiculous。十二、虛擬與不虛擬的錯(cuò)綜混合一句話中,句子的一部分采用虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成形式,另一部分則采用與事實(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的某一種時(shí)態(tài),這樣就形成了虛擬與不虛擬的錯(cuò)綜混合的現(xiàn)象。在這
22、種情況下,最為常見的一個(gè)詞是but , 一般情況下在虛擬與不虛擬相混合的句子中, 由 but 引起的句子選擇與事實(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的某一種時(shí)態(tài),而不采用虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成形式。例: I would have come earlier, but I didn t know you were waiting. 我本來可以早些到, 但 我不知道你在等我。十三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于虛擬語氣記住以下句式及其含義:1、 should/ought to have done sth 本來應(yīng)該做某事而未做2、 should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth 本來不應(yīng)該做某事
23、而做了3、 need have done sth:本來需要做某事而未做4、 need not have done sth 本來不需要做某事而做了5、 could have done sth 本來能夠做某事而未做6、 could not have done sth 本來不能夠做某事而做了7、 might have done sth 本來可以做某事而未做8、 might not have done sth 本來不可以做某事而做了第五節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和用法1、動(dòng)詞不定式的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其否定式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一式(not) to make(not) to be made完
24、成式(not) to have made(not) to have been made進(jìn)行式(not) to be making2、動(dòng)詞不定式的語法功能動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞形式,由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。例:(1) Good-bye, Mr. Wang. I 'm pleased to meet you.(2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to do their best.3、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式當(dāng)不
25、定式的邏輯主語(一般情況下是動(dòng)詞不定式前面的名詞)是不定式所表示的動(dòng) 作的對(duì)象(或動(dòng)作的承受者)時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)式。例:(1) Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn 't expect the house to be decorated so well.(3) The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker.4、動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式當(dāng)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)的完成 式。例:(1) Judging from his manner at the part
26、y, he doesn't seem to have received much education.(4) The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now.5、動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)如果需要指出不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語)時(shí),要再不定式前用for加名詞(或代詞)表示。例:(1) It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish.(5) It is necessary for you to hand in the papers imme
27、diately.6、同一動(dòng)詞接不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別英語中有些動(dòng)詞既可以接動(dòng)詞不定式,又可以后接動(dòng)名詞,但是兩種形式所表達(dá)的意思卻是截然不同的。考試中常見的形式有: Stop to do :停下來去做另外一件事情 Go on to do :繼續(xù)去做另外一件事情Try to do :盡力去做某事Mean to do :打算做某事Remember to do:記得要去做事情 Forget to do :忘記要去做某事 Regret to do :不得不去做某事stop doing :停下正在做的事情go on doing :繼續(xù)做正在做的事情try doing :嘗試去做某事mean doing 意
28、味著某事remember doing :記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 forget doing忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事 regret doing后悔曾經(jīng)做過某事例:1、2、3、4、二、動(dòng)名詞The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest.Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy.You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like that?Don'
29、t forget to close the window before leaving the room.動(dòng)名詞即動(dòng)詞ing形式,在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語和定語。1、動(dòng)名詞的基本形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一時(shí)DoingBeing done完成時(shí)HavingHaving been done例:(1)、Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late.(2)、At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes
30、and handlinghis time.(3)、Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story.2、英語中后接動(dòng)名詞的常見動(dòng)詞有:Admit、 appreciate、 avoid (避免)、consider、 delay、 deny (否認(rèn)、拒絕)、enjoy、 escape finish > imagine> miss、practice> risk、suggest等。例: We shall appreciate hearing from you soon.3、英語中接動(dòng)名詞的常見
31、詞組有:Be accustomed to doing (慣常的,習(xí)慣于)、be used to doing(過去習(xí)慣),devote to doing (把奉獻(xiàn)、專用)、feel like doing、look forward to doing、object (反感) to doing > can't help doing > have trouble (in) doing、have difficulty doing 、have a hard timedoing 等。4、英語中后接動(dòng)名詞的常見形容詞有:Be busy doing , be worth doing 等。5、英
32、語中后接動(dòng)名詞的常見名詞有:There is no use doing > there is no point (意義)doing > there is no good doing > there is no need doing6、動(dòng)名詞的否定式動(dòng)名詞的否定式是在動(dòng)名詞前面直接加not。例:John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts.7、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)可使用形容詞性的物主代詞。例:(1)、 He forgot about my asking
33、 him to attend my wife 's birthday party.(2)、 I object to his making private calls on the office phone. 我反對(duì)他用辦公室的 電話打私人電話8、動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí),用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。例:(1)、I don't remember having ever said that.(2)、I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了這樣的事。9、動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式例:(1)、 No one avoid being
34、 influenced by advertisements.(2)、Susan was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.三、分詞1、現(xiàn)在分詞的具體形式:主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式DoingBeing done完成式HavingHaving been done過去分詞的形式:done2、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別以及分詞在句子中的語法功能1)、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)上。在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表 示主動(dòng)的意思,即現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的主語在邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系(現(xiàn)在分詞表示 的動(dòng)作是句子的主語發(fā)出來的);過去分詞表示被動(dòng)
35、的意思,即過去分詞與句子 的主語在邏輯上是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系(句子的主語是過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作的承受者, 或者可以說過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作所針對(duì)的對(duì)象是句子的主語);在時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞則表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。簡而言之,現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)、表進(jìn)行;過去分詞表被動(dòng)、表完成。這一原則要牢記。2)、分詞在句中的語法功能:分詞在句子中可以做狀語、補(bǔ)足語、表語和定語。其 中分詞作狀語的用法最為常考。3)、分詞的否定式實(shí)在分詞的前面加not。例:(1)、 Seeing on the top of hill, we find that the village seems very small. 現(xiàn)在分詞表
36、主動(dòng)做伴隨狀語。(2)、Seen from the top of hill, the village seems very small.過去分詞表被動(dòng)做伴隨狀語。(3)、She was sitting in an armchair reading a book.現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)做伴隨狀語。(4)、Damaged in the war, the bridge needs repairing now.過去分詞表被動(dòng)做伴隨狀語。(5)、Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well. 現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式表主動(dòng)做原因狀語。(
37、6)、We kept our fire burning all night to frighten the wolves. 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。4)、兩個(gè)經(jīng)??疾榈挠眠^去分詞形式做狀語的詞是convince和compare。例: They all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over.5)、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞的區(qū)別:在語法功能上,他們都可以做定語和表語,但是以ed形式結(jié)尾的形容詞修飾人,以ing形式結(jié)尾的形容詞修飾物。例:(1)、She told me that it was the mos
38、t delighting gift her daughter had received. (2)、My parents are pleased with my progress.6)、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式和過去分詞的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式( being done)表示 在進(jìn)行著的被動(dòng),過去分詞(done)表示完成了的被動(dòng)。例:(1)、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person being interviewed answers the questions.(2)、Standing on the bank, the
39、children watched the ship being loaded with all kinds of goods.(現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式)(3)、We found the eggs eaten by the snake.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)雞蛋被蛇吃了。(過去分詞表示動(dòng)作的完成和結(jié)果)3、分詞與句子主語在邏輯關(guān)系上的一致性現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),過去分詞表被動(dòng),分詞與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系常常是三級(jí)英語出 題的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。例:(1)、 Feeling tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.(2)、Arriving
40、 at the bus stop, he found a lot of people waiting there.4、分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)句子前后兩部分的主語指代事物不一致(簡稱主語前后不一致),又需要其中一個(gè)部分作狀語時(shí),往往把該部分形成名詞 /代詞+分詞(n./pron.+doing/done )的形式,這種形式被稱作分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部, 當(dāng)名詞 / 代詞與分詞是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),用現(xiàn)在分詞;當(dāng)名詞/代詞是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),用過去分詞。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)常做原因狀語或伴隨狀語,是考試重點(diǎn)。例: ( 1 ) 、 The plane crashed, its bombs expl
41、oding as it hit the ground.( 2 ) 、 Weather permitting, we ll go to the Summer Palace.5、 with 結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語With 結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語,其構(gòu)成是: with+ 名詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/動(dòng)詞不定式/形容詞/介詞結(jié)構(gòu), 由于經(jīng)常考查 with+ 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞這種形式, 所以放在這里講解, 并且要明確何時(shí)用 with+ 名詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu), 何時(shí)用 with+ 名詞 +過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu); 如果分詞與with 后面的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;如果分詞與with 后面的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,則用過去分詞。例: (
42、 1 ) 、 He walked across the meeting room with everyone looking at her.( 2 ) 、 With the old man leading the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.( 3 ) 、 With the novel published, the writer becomes a famous person.( 4 ) 、 With the matter to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow, we l
43、eave the company.( 5 ) 、 With the price so high, they still determine to buy the car.( 6 ) 、 With the book in the hand, the teacher came in the classroom.第六節(jié) 各種從句一、 名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句。 如果一個(gè)句子在一句話中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、或者表語,那么該句子就被稱作主語從句、賓語從句或者表語從句。名詞性從句是三級(jí)英語考試的重點(diǎn),我們應(yīng)該明確以下幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容:1、主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句都用陳述語序,二不用疑問語序。
44、2、應(yīng)對(duì)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句的題型,我們要牢記整體性原則 ,即首先要保證從句的完整性,一般要添加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接代詞、連接副詞或者從屬連詞使從句完整,然后才能在主句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或者表語。3、考試中常見的從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞有:從屬連詞:that (只起連接句子的作用,不具任何意義), if , whether;連接代詞: what , whatever, who , whoever, whom , whomever , whose;連接副詞: when, where, how, why例: ( 1 )、 Who let out the news remained unknown.
45、(It remained unknown who let out the news.) 誰泄露了那個(gè)消息仍舊無人知道。( 2)、 When we ll start is not clear. ( It is not clear when we ll start. )我們何時(shí) 出發(fā)還不清楚。( 3 ) 、What I saw two men crossing the street.( 4 ) 、What the press reported was not the way the event happened( 5)、 I dont doubt that he is telling the tr
46、uth.( 6 ) 、Can you tell me what it is about the city that makes peopleloveitso much?( 7 ) 、The people at the party were worried about Janet becauseno one wasawareof where.( 8)、 He was a man of fine character in all points except that he was rather.( 9)、 The reason I don t go there was that I got a n
47、ew job.( 10)、This is what he wants.這就是他想要的東西。( 11) 、 The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.4、在下列情況下不能用if ,而用 whether1) 、后面直接跟or not : I wonder whether I ll catch the last bus or not. 我不知道我能否趕上末班車2) 、引導(dǎo)主語從句:Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 我們勝利也好,失敗也好,對(duì)我來說都
48、是一樣的。3) 、后跟不定式: He didn t tell me whether to go or stay. 他沒有告訴我是走還是 留下。4) 、前面有介詞: He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.他提出我們能否籌集到必要的資金這個(gè)問題。、定語從句在復(fù)合句中起定語作用的從句叫作定語從句,被修飾或者限定的那個(gè)次叫作先行詞。 定語從句分為兩種: 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句緊跟在先行詞后面, 不用逗號(hào)和先行詞分開的定語從句叫作限定性定語從句; 而用逗號(hào)和先行詞分開的定語從句叫作非限定性定語從句
49、。1、引導(dǎo)定語從句 ude 關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括:關(guān)系代詞:that、 which 、 whose、 who、 whom 、 as;關(guān)系副詞: when 、 where 、 why關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中都充當(dāng)一定的成分。2、 which 指物, who 或者 whom 指人, whose 表示所屬關(guān)系, 這些關(guān)系代詞既可用于限定性定語從句,又可用于非限定性定語從句; that 既可以指人,又可以指物,但是只能用于限定性定語從句。例: ( 1) 、 The company official who I thought would be fired received a raise.( 2) 、 T
50、he investigation, whose results will soon be published, was made by john.( 3) 、 An old friend from abroad, whom I was expecting to stay with, telephone me from the airport.( 4) 、 I dont like the way that/in which you speak.3、 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句: 如果先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞,一般用when,如果先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,一般用 whe
51、re,但是也應(yīng)注意例外的情況; 如先行詞是reason, 則用 why 。 關(guān)系副詞相當(dāng)于介詞加關(guān)系代詞例: ( 1) 、 The time will come when man can fly to outer space freely.( 2) 、 I will never forget the ten years which we both spent in the little village.( 3) 、 I ll never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood.( 4) 、 I ll never forg
52、et the village which I visited last year.( 5) 、 I don t know the reason why (for which ) he did that.4、先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子,這時(shí)定語從句一般用which或as來引導(dǎo),修飾整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。 Which 一般只能置于句中或句末,而as 的位置比較靈活。例: ( 1) 、 He has made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.2) 2) 、 He was awarded a
53、 gold medal, which his whole family considered a great honor.3) 、 As we all know, the earth is round.5、“名詞(代詞)+of+which/whom "意思上等于 whose+名詞,表示所屬關(guān)系,一般出現(xiàn)在非限定性定語從句。例: ( 1) 、 We ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely water proof( 2) 、 The United States is composed of fi
54、fty states, two of which are separated from the others by land or water.6、當(dāng)先行詞由the same或such修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用as指代前面作為先行詞的人或物,形成 "the same as", "such as" 結(jié)構(gòu)。例:It wasn t such a good dinner as she had promised us.7、 當(dāng)先行詞由形容詞的最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或the only/next/very 等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用 that 而不用 which 。例: ( 1) 、 Th
55、is is the most interesting film that has been shown in this theater.( 2) 、 This is the very bike that I am looking for.8、 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all , anything , nothing , everything , something 等時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用 that 而不用 which 。例: I couldn t find anything that satisfies my needs.9、 關(guān)系代詞前帶介詞的定語從句: 如果關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做了動(dòng)詞詞組的賓語。有些
56、動(dòng)詞詞組所包含的介詞可以提到關(guān)系代詞的前面。例:Before her marriage, she spent a considerable (相當(dāng)?shù)模?time in that very part of shanghai to which she belonged.三、同位語從句常跟在 fact , news , idea, hope, belief , thought , plan , evidence 等名詞的后面,由連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的從句稱為同位語從句, that 在同位語從句中不做任何成文, 這是與定語從句的區(qū)別,同位語從句對(duì)前面的名詞起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用。例: ( 1) 、 Wou
57、ld the news that he failed to pass the exam bother you?( 2) 、 I had no idea that you were here. 我沒有想到你會(huì)在這里。四、狀語從句在主從句復(fù)合句中起狀語作用的從句叫狀語從句。常見的狀語從句有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、方式、比較、目的、結(jié)果。(1) 、時(shí)間狀語從句常用的連詞有:when, whenever (無論什么時(shí)候),ever since, untilhardly - when/no sooner - than/no sooner .than/as soon as/the moment/the minute (一就一)。例: ( 1 ) 、 No sooner had they got the goods covered up than it started raining hard.( 2 ) 、 Sh
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