1、The stage of the project cost managementAbstractProject cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost manage

2、ment of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy,1、 Project cost management Even under the WTO and Ch

3、ina's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the &q

4、uot;super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, s

5、tage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures

6、 to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits. 2、 the status of construction cost management Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Perf

7、ormance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fix

8、ed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on. 3、 engineering cost management cost management union With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota man

9、agement system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic e

10、ntities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy. In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this envi

11、ronment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for th

12、e system approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role. As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior

13、 pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology,First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts

14、 and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals. Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of co

15、st management and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. 4、The decision-making phase of the

16、project cost management Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts

17、to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At thi

18、s stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control. China's current stage of the project cost for the proje

19、ct management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for deci

20、sion-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, es

21、timated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something. The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understa

22、nding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of t

23、he project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role. 5、In the stage of construction

24、 project units in engineering cost managementIn the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of invest

25、ment. At present, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will

26、be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the bea

27、rd works. 5.1Bidding construction unit bidding systemTherefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects: 5.2 construction stageImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of

28、 the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for

29、setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds. A realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and relia

30、bility. Capital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the bu

31、rden of interest and repayment pressure. To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds. Taking extensive investig

32、ation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurat

33、e and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level. The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect o

34、wners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primar

35、y means of control design, Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it de

36、termines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total proj

37、ect cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: As the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of th

38、e works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction pl

39、ans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cos

40、t, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender docu

41、ments to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on. 2設計階段的工程造價控制長期以來,我國建筑控制很有效,因此,控制工程造價具有重要意義, 但工程造價的主要方法是控制設計。目前大部分的業主在設計階段很少工程的成本控制,而他們認為成本的設計不會有太大的影響,這是不對的,相反的,設計階段的工程造價控制是最重要的一步。因為它決定了工程設計、施工方法、材料和設備的種類,優化設計階段的程序或小的變化, 工程造價將會產生重大影響,設計階段的工程造價控制項目總成本

42、的70% 。以下是如何控制工程從設計到管理。2.1 作為業主,必須重視設計設計選定的質量水平直接影響產品質量的設計水平, 而設計產品質量的水平,直接影響定價的工程量。不同的設計單位對同一項目的設計是不同的。同一項目的不同設計研究院工程之間某些方面的工程造價就存在分歧之間,我們假設設計由兩個不同的設計院設計, 施工圖完成后,所要求的咨詢單位成本做預算。當然不同設計院的項目的總成本是絕對不一樣的, 大部分兩者的差異超過10% ,甚至超過30% , 而不一定是成本高,比設計成本低,良好的設計往往是成本低,我們都知道,每個人有不同的設計風格,不同層次的設計作品自然 因此選擇設計單位,是管制的第一步。通

43、過招標選擇設計單位,是一個很好的方法,在招標文件中詳細說明這方面的要求,成本控制目標等等。否則,在以后的設計過程中設計單位會提出增加成本的設計要求；通過招標項目的設計進入市場,為選擇最好的設計單位。2.2 提倡設計招投標和設計優化戰役模式設計單位評估由專家組成, 按照適用,經濟,美學原理和先進技術, 結構合理,以滿足建筑節能和環保的要求,綜合評價的優點,規劃設計, 擇優確定中選方案。 成功的投資計劃估計將接近一般建設工程范圍內的投資。 這意味著兩個設計合約,將幫助設計方案的選擇和競爭機會,以確保獲選設計 先進的技術,獨特的新穎性,適應性,以及控制工程造價。設計單位要努力提高自身素質,該項目設計

44、巧妙構思, 當代降低工程成本上動腦筋,以提高設計質量, 力爭把設計階段的工程造價控制批準的投資上限。 2.3 加強設計階段以加強監督專員,以確定一個合理的設計, 成熟的技術,減少在施工階段主要設計變化和在節目中, 在有效控制了工程造價將扮演一個角色。工程的設計,如果工程監理介入排除不利因素,一般可排除80%的錯誤。 在整個建設過程中的成本控制,在開始施工時盡量節約投資20%,關鍵施工階段的識別和控制成本。 監督的設計階段,包括: 設計院的設計圖紙和說明,協助業主處理不同設計方案的經濟, 資本開支與發展的初步估計,以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用。與業主,監理,包括： 根據設計院提供的設計圖紙和說

45、明,協助業主處理不同的設計方案經濟,資本支出發展的初步規劃,以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用；與業主不同的設計方案, 需要計算自己的材料和設備進行成本分析和研究, 對設計人員的費用,以協助他們在投資限額范圍內設計,以節省投資。尋求一次性投資少,經濟好的設計方案,取得最合理的經濟指標。2.4積極推動所謂的上限限額設計 即使批準的設計任務書和投資估算,在保證功能要求的前提下。初步設計和概算控制, 據初步批準的預算總額為設計和施工圖設計控制。而每一個專業,每一個都有一個門檻設計的一個目標。在設計過程中,設計師要進步多方案,優化設計, 確保設計在技術上是先進,合理,創新,時尚,而不是打破限制投資的目標,

46、 從而杜絕了工程設計,提高安全系數和設計標準, 或只考慮技術可行性的計劃,而非經濟理性的現象, 這項工程的費用,以確保有效控制。 又稱價值工程的價值分析,是一種現代科學管理技術, 是一個新的技術經濟分析的是產品的功能分析,以節約資源,降低成本的目的,一個有效的方法。它彌補了傳統的成本管理單純強調降低成本和質量管理只強調改善質量缺陷,建設,有利于解決長期存在的時間長,浪費大,質量差,成本高的問題。價值工程法一般分為三個步驟：評估的面向對象技術和經濟評分評分；計算對象的技術和經濟指標; 計算幾何設計的物體,平均從比較中選擇最佳的設計。 3 建設項目實施階段的單位工程造價管理控制工程成本,是合理的

47、該項目達到質量標準的前提下,在投資決策階段, 設計及建造階段的項目,把項目審批出現在管制范圍內,力爭在各項建設工程合理使用人力, 物力和財力資源,以取得良好的投資效益和社會效益。 項目成本控制和管理是一個動態的過程。動態的市場經濟,使投資在確定與控制變得更為復雜,這將要求施工單位對工程造價管理的項目貫穿整個過程中,它必須有一個全面的焦點。執行階段的項目。實施階段的工程造價管理是實施全過程項目管理。項目實施階段的工程造價管理可分為三個部分：投標管理施工管理和結算管理。 3.1 招標施工階段的施工單位招標制度控制工程造價的有效手段,申辦組織,可以提高成本效益的工程,并確保工程質量, 縮短建設周期,

48、投資回報, 施工單位可充分利用招標的手段,有效控制成本。 施工編號10月7部令發布了“合同與施工合同定價管理” 明確指出,在工程招標使用庫存。這就要求建設單位進行招標, 在招標文件中,不僅包括通常的內容如債券投標前附表,招標債券合同的條件、合同協議條款、合同格式、技術規格、圖紙、招標文件及其他參考格式,還必須提供工程清單招標作為參考文件的重要組成部分。 建設單位在招標文件中的工程量清單, 按照國家或地方頒布的規則的計算方法,統一的項目劃分, 統一計量單位,統一的工程計算規則按設計圖紙加以計算和統計安排,取得名單。 數量應遵循的籌備工作客觀,公正,科學,合理的原則。編寫者必須有一定的知識的工程設

49、計和施工經驗, 以及材料與機械施工技術全面的科學知識,為了計算容積的工程無重大遺漏。此基礎上,必須符合國家規定的工程計算規則與分包工程處工程單位,并按照設計圖紙,設計必不可少的愛情招標文件規定計算量的項目應該有一個綜合測試,作品必須簡單,雖然不露出現錯誤定價項目,要保證正確的工程。應該要求的不同等級分開工程部,情況則有所不同, 我們可能有不同的價格,為項目分開。這就要求編寫清單編制人員,認真研究設計圖紙, 分析招標文件中包括的工作內容及不同的技術要求, 大家熟悉的過程,并到現場認真調查,預計,以使施工的情況下,會對價格項目得以打破。此外, 因為項目清單計算數額的項目是不完整的工程,并考慮利益施

50、工單位,顯然付出代價相同的總體價格 該工程量清單的數量,實際建設是一個具有實際意義。 在評價和審查的投標應做的單位,個人總報價和綜合評估價格不符合要求的個體顯示物價符合要求, 與最低總價不能解釋單一,價低。投標人往往知道總成本,以維持相同的情況下, 該計劃很可能會改變較小的項目,以降低價格。變化可能較大項目的價格上升,以達到竣工結算工程,將增加為目的。我們也做價格和相應數量的工程技術綜合評估的大批量項目注重價格分析。價格會做與工作內容,施工計劃,是一個全面的技術評價過程中, 因而傾向于選擇施工單位。建設施工階段的合同成本控制基礎。簽訂嚴密的施工合同,同時加強施工合同管理,可以保證合同價是合理的

51、, 合法性,減少履行合同的糾紛,維護雙方利益的合同,有效地控制了工程投資費用。 在簽約前,做好管理合同文件, 合同及補充合同協議。工作往來等單一內容提出了延長合同,并解釋完整必須得到維護, 除了建立了技術檔案,執行合同的動態分析分析結果采取積極主動的措施。 施工階段的施工方案,是基于預算或建安工程合同價的目標,控制工程造價。現階段養護余地小,但可能性是浪費很大。從而控制成本的項目給予足夠的重視。 3.2.1 建筑計劃加強技術經濟比較施工方案是施工組織設計進行了重新的工作內容,合理的施工方案,縮短建設工期,確保三峽工程質量, 提高經濟效率,施工方案正確,從技術和經濟評價進行了比較, 通過定性和定

52、量分析,質量,時間,成本三項技術和經濟指標,是理智的, 并有效地使用人力,物力和財力,取得較好的經濟效益,良好的施工管理人員之間的關系, 全面成本管理是一個重要途徑。 3.2.2 嚴格涉及更改項目預算控制在概算內施工造成的變化,原因有很多,包括工程設計不良,使工程合同與圖紙不符規定；當前市場供應的材料不符合標準規格的設計要求。這些問題已離開初級工程造價的因素。因此,在施工過程中,我們必須加緊海關變化通過任何更改設計,擴大建設規模,提高設計標準,增加建設內容, 最好實行“分級控制,限額簽證”制度。有權變更設計,尤其是涉及到成本的設計變更,必須經設計單位, 建設單位現場代表,監理工程師共同簽字,并

53、應提前這種變化,減少損失, 因為已完成或部分完成的項目將進行拆除工作的內容, 這勢必造成重大變更損失。因此,建設單位應指派工程造價管理專業人員常駐施工現場,掌握在任何時候控制工程造價的變化。 3.2.3 工程現場簽證手續通過嚴格控制建設項目的監督制度, 建立專門的部門, 專業人員使用的專業項目管理,以避免項目管理人員只是簽證不是經濟帳的現象。投資失控造成嚴重后果，嚴重改變簽證程序,要采取建設,監理方、工地代表共同簽名的方式,以確保變更,簽證的真實性,合法性, 經濟和避免欺詐的現象,由此產生的糾紛。 在施工過程中,建設單位要加強現場施工管理, 督促施工方按圖施工,嚴格控制變更的談判,代用材料,

54、現場簽證,以及各種預算外額外勞動力成本的必要修改,應做一次后發生變化的及時變化,計算的工作量和費用的情況發生了巨大變化,以把握在任何時候項目的費用水平,以避免積壓的工作,真正的工程造價。 施工單位代表到現場監督,做好記錄,特別是隱蔽記錄和簽證, 減少結算及格現象。不少工程現場簽證是沒有這么嚴重,給工程帶來了非常大的麻煩, 導致相當大的經濟損失, 現場簽證的嚴格管理,施工階段的工程成本控制的關鍵。 3.2.4 工程量清單,嚴格審查對項目的審查清單監理工程師名單的措施來控制工程。工程量清單提供的措施清單,是為了完成建設項目, 發生在施工前和工程施工過程中技術,生活,安全等方面的非工程實體。在這個階

55、段,因為許多項目都是在施工圖及施工現場不完善的招標等到施工招標的工程設計和現場實況,有更好的機會。監理工程師地址收集第一手資料,逐項考核鑒定,不作修改。 3.2.5 控制材料消耗,合理確定材料價格工程造價控制材料價格的控制是主要的, 材料費在工程中往往占有很大的比重,一般占預算費用的70% 。占直接成本的80%。有必要在施工階段嚴格按照合同金額材料控制, 材料訂定合理價格,以有效地控制工程造價。市場經濟物資供應各種渠道,品種及價格范圍的材料, 施工單位預算管理和外勤人員應密切注意市場行情 隨著工程進度的現場,市場, 另一方面,在信息化建設和物資竣工決算提供了有力依據。 3.2.6 科技與經濟一

56、體化,加強投資控制有效地控制了投資,從組織,技術,經濟,合同,并采取其他措施。因此,施工單位必須加強管理工程和技術人員的“經濟”的理念、教育質量, 培養務實的工作作風,施工方以幫助改善建筑設計,合理的安全,財政和物質資源。加快工作進度,提高工程質量。施工遇到問題,及時與設計師聯系,選擇既經濟和科學潛力的解決方案, 克服所造成的浪費指揮,給予應有的重視投資保護, 負責工程技術相結合的經濟官員,從招標,合同談判, 成本預算,簽訂支付工程進度的竣工決算,成本分析, 整個過程管理,嚴格控制工程造價。 3.2.7 做好結算價格的評估完成項目竣工結算施工企業按照與合同規定的內部完成,由承辦單位, 經驗收質

57、量標準,并符合合同要求, 對建設單位,最后結算價的工程。竣工后的結算審核批準建設項目工程造價的基礎。 結算完成第一階段的工程造價控制。一段很長的時間,完成了施工圖紙結算預算,是成本管理的問題得以解決。因此,審計工作的完成解決是一項非常重要的工作,應著重做好以下幾個方面的工作：1）審計的準確輸出。這個項目的竣工審計決算審計中,最重要和最復雜的, 其中最細致的工作,要計劃完成的項目, 更改設計和施工工地為基礎, 固定的,嚴格按照規定的工程計算規則逐項審核, 為防止建設工程竣工結算故意夸大產量,以增加項目的成本。 2）檢查正確性。審查中列出的價格與固定價格一致,其名稱、規格、計量單位,其內容與單位估

58、價表的價格換算。3）審查費標準與固定成本施工期間及工程造價的政策。 4結論總之,工程造價控制是一個全過程控制, 應該說,每個環節都不能自滿,而且每一個環節也很重要。隨著中國加入世貿組織,是中國的投資主體多元化,投資方對降低成本,控制成本, 提高投資效益日益重視。因此,改變原有工程造價估算，概算，預算，合同價格，結算價，決算完成搬遷的。缺乏連續性的情況下, 以完善的控制水平，發展控制系統的投資項目, 投資建設項目,可以促進我國社會主義市場經濟發展,適應全球經濟一體化進程。原文已完。下文為附加的原創公文，如不需要，下載后可以編輯刪除，謝謝！副縣長在2016年縣政府全體會議上的講話 按照會議安排，我

59、就今年分管工作簡要講5個方面： 一、強化調度管理，著力抓好項目建設。一方面，要著力抓好全縣項目調度管理。每季度召開一次經濟運行分析、項目調度會議，及時查改問題，抓好宏觀經濟運行調控管理和主要經濟指標月度監測預警，確保全縣經濟運行健康有序，項目建設順利推進。要抓爭取。緊盯爭取項目資金增長10%、謀劃儲備項目150項、向上申報80項以上、爭取到位60項以上的目標，繼續嚴格落實責任目標考核制，深謀細研國家、省市的戰略意圖和政策導向，用足用好政策，主動爭搶，爭取讓更多項目擠進上級的大盤子。要趕進度。按照3月上旬全面開工，6月份完成一半以上實物工作量，11月底圓滿完成年度建設任務的總體要求，健全完善重點項目推進和督查考核機制，落實重大項目分析報告制度，特別是對43個千萬元以上項目，縣發改局要堅持每周一報告，每月一分析，每季一調度，及時研究解決具體問題，全力加快建設進度。要嚴管理。嚴格執行項目建設基本程序，切實落實好立項、設計、評審、用地、規劃、開工許可、竣工驗收以及“四制”管理要求，主要負責同志要