1、Measurement of Radiation: Instrumentation&TechniquesPart TwoThe Physics of RadiologyOperational amplifiers IRRVVfi)(0RIVVie)(0RIVGGVVieGRGGRRVVffi) 1(0)/(0RRVVfi)(0RRGVGVVfieExample. Suppose the amplifier of Figure has an open loop gain of 105 and an input voltage of 1.0 volts is applied to the

2、circuit. Let R = 1.0 M, and Rf = 10.0 M. Calculate the output voltage and the error voltage. VV0 .100 . 10 .100 . 10Output voltage Error voltage mVGVVe1 . 010/1050Practical Devices for Measuring Radiation 1.Position the center of the ion chamber with its buildup cap at the point where one wishes to

3、determine the exposure rate.2. Set the electrometer to measure current.3. Ground the sensitive lead of the electrometer with switch S and use the zero adjustment to null the reading. Open S and observe the leakage current, IL.4. Open S and turn on the unit. A steady current reading should appear on

4、the electrometer. Observe it for a few seconds and record its average value I. If I is large compared with IL the calibration is complete. If it is not, an attempt should be made to reduce the leakage current by carefully cleaning insulation at the end of the cable.5. The exposure rate is Nx(IIL). 6

5、. This should now be corrected for temperature and pressure A calibration can equally well be performed using the electrometer as a charge measuring device and the same answer should be obtained. One would proceed as follows: 1. Set the electrometer to measure charge.2. Ground S and null the device,

6、 open S.3. Turn on the unit for 10 s and measure the charge Q1.4. Ground the electrometer and readjust the zero, open S.5. Turn on the Unit for 70 s and measure a charge Q2.6. The Charge produced in the ion in 1 min is Q2-Q1.7. Measure the leakage QL in 1 min with the machine off. It should be negli

7、gible compared to Q2-Q1. If it is not, clean the insulator. Guarded Construction1、the central electrode, as before, is imbedded in a good insulator、insulator is covered with a thin layer of graphite and surrounded by a metal braid、covered by a sheath of insulation and another metal braid、finally cov

8、ered by a rubber sheathCondenser Chambersconducting layer of carbon on the inside of the hollow insulator, the outer metal shield that is connected to the conducting layer of carbon on the inside wall of the ion chamber)(21VVCQ)(21VVNXXthe Victoreen R-meter Townsend BalanceQCV Farmer dosimeter Types

9、 of Ion Chambers and application ABSOLUTE DOSIMETRY precisely known calibration factor a stable ion chamber Farmer type dosimeter BUILDUP MEASUREMENTS the dose to the surface of the skin thin walled chamber BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENTS explore the edges of a beam cylindrical ion chamber of small diamet

10、er DOSE TO PERSONNEL the condenser type STRAY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS condenser types with high sensitivity and big volumeLEAKAGE relevant errors in measurementsSTEM IONIZATION ISOTROPIC RESPONSE MONITORS CORRECTION FOR INVERSE SQUARE LAW 2122ffBASummary Operational amplifiersPractical devices for me

11、asuring radiationTypes of ion chambersstructureprocedureprinciplesClassification and error)/(0RRVVfi)(0RRGVGVVfieExample. Suppose the amplifier of Figure has an open loop gain of 105 and an input voltage of 1.0 volts is applied to the circuit. Let R = 1.0 M, and Rf = 10.0 M. Calculate the output voltage and the error voltage. BEAM PROFILE MEASUREMENTS explore the edges of a beam cylindrical ion chamber of small diameter DOSE TO PERSONNEL the condenser type STRAY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS condenser ty