1、On Emily Dickinsons Poems of Death06 Deng Heyan1.0 Background Information 1.1 Cultural BackgroundEmily Dickinson, also know as Emily Elizabeth Dickinson, the American best-know female poet, was one of the greatest author in American literature. She born on December 10, 1830 into Calvinist family of

2、Amherst, Massachusetts and on may 15, 1886.Emily Dickinson took her last breath at the age of 56. In 19th century, Transcendentalism arose in American. It was a rebellion against the solemn Calvinism. Man was capable of approaching the Supreme Being through individual efforts of self-reliance. The T

3、ranscendentalists believed that all beings in the world were subordinate to one being, which they termed as “Over Soul”. The idea of “Over Soul” was the core of the Transcendentalism. Dickinson read Emerson appreciatively, who became a pervasive and, in a sense, formative influence over her. As Geor

4、ge F. Whicher notes, "Her sole function was to test the Transcendentalist ethic in its application to the inner life"（ David Marr，1988 ）. Conrad Alken called Dickinson “the most perfect flower of New England Transcendentalism.”（Hu, J, 2001） Emersons Transcendentalism had great influence up

5、on Dickinsons significance of death poems, which may be classified into the following aspect: her pursuit of immortality and the soul and the gradual skepticism towards God.Emily Dickinson is not in total agreement with Emerson's transcendentalist views. I believe her poems lack the ebullience o

6、f Emerson's writings. However, like Emerson, her poems exhibit the significance of disqualifying society's "dos and don'ts" (i.e. traditional rules) and, instead, confirming the importance of an individual's soul and morals. One can see that Dickinson has lived by these vie

7、ws not only in her poems, but also in her life. For example, she was an educated woman. As such, she refused to be inferior in a male-dominated society. Like Emerson, she believed that "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist." For instance, in her poem, "Much Madness is divinest

8、 Sense-," she explains how the rule of the majority can become a form of tyranny in her image of "handled with a chain." One can see how true this image was in recent history. When the Grand Old Party wanted Bill Clinton out of office, they used their majority rule to repress the mino

9、rity's rights, in turn, becoming tyrants. She also strongly believed that "the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude." Although this image might be realistically difficult, it is none the less true. Moreover, in her poem

10、 "The Soul selects her own Society," Dickinson shows us that no matter what, she will never do what society expects from her as long as it is not in agreement with what she wants. She shows us that she has selected her own place of seclusion, "The Soul selects her own society" an

11、d by no means will a "divine majority" extract that freedom of seclusion from her even if "an Emperor be kneeling upon her Mat." She will "shut the door.Present no more.close the Valves of her attention-Like Stone." Nothing can stir Dickinson's secluded lifestyle du

12、e to her strength of character and inner spirit. In fact, her seclusion and knowing that she is safe with a strong spirit keeps her sane. She believed that without her seclusion, she will inevitably go mad. She shows us this concept in her poem "I felt a funeral, in my brain." Dickinson de

13、scribes how madness takes over her body when "Mourners to and fro/Kept treading-treading-till it seemed/That Sense was breaking through." The mourners represent society invading her seclusion. As they invade, her sense of reason breaks through, meaning it leaves her until a "Plank of

14、Reason" breaks during her burial. As such, we know that Dickinson, to survive, needs her individuality. This was what Emerson preached in "Self-Reliance." He preached that the only way to find value in life was through one's soul. Emily Dickinson disqualified society and reiterate

15、d the importance of individualism was not in existence, people would die of insanity .Emily Dickinson attempted to change the 19th centurys view of ones life and ones soul.1.2EmilyDickinsons contributionEmily Dickinsons entire life was spent in her house except a couple of trips to Washington D.C. a

16、nd Philadelphia. And there she led an inactive life of a recluse without being married .There are 1,775 poems the created in her life .Most of them were written in the late years just before her death. Covering the theme of her personal feeling and experiences which were far away from society .Short

17、 as they are, the poems are full of fresh and strange images as well as profound concern about the nature and the essence of human beings. During the time in American history known as the, several poets began to stray from the traditional methods of writing poetry. Among these poets were Walt Whitma

18、n and Emily Dickinson. While the writer's led drastically different lifestyles and had drastically different styles of writing, the messages they presented through their writing were often surprisingly similar. Whitman's poem "Song of Myself, No.6" and Dickinson's poem "Th

19、is quiet Dust was Gentlemen and Ladies" are examples of pieces which, on the surface, appear completely different, but in fact contain several similarities. Indeed, several similarities and differences can be found between these two poems. While these works by Whitman and Dickinson are differen

20、t in many ways, a few similarities can be found between the two. The most obvious of these similarities involves the themes and subject matter. Both poems present the idea that life is a continuous and constant circle and that no one is ever really dead as long as he is remembered. Each also suggest

21、s that Earth is a living thing which all humans are a piece of in both life and death. Another likeness which can be found in these two poems is the imagery used by the authors. Through Whitman's detailed and vivid description, he allows the reader to form a clear picture of the scene in his hea

22、d. Likewise, Dickinson use of personification causes the poem to come alive in the reader's mind. Indeed, by observing the themes and imagery found in these two poems, one can see that they do contain some similarities. Though these similarities do exist, there are also several quite obvious dif

23、ferences between the two. The most noticeable distinguish involves the length of the poems. While Whitman's "Song of Myself" is quite lengthy, giving detailed and wordy descriptions, Dickinson's "This quiet dust was Gentlemen and Ladies" is much more concise and to the po

24、int. While Whitman tends to leave little to the imagination, Dickinson uses very few, carefully selected words, forcing the reader contemplate the meaning of the poem and create his own image of the scene being described. Another outstanding difference between these poems is the rhyme scheme and met

25、er used. Whitman's poem contains no obvious meter or rhyme, but is written freely and without any apparent structure. Dickinson, on the other hand, uses a slant rhyme scheme, as well as an obvious meter. Without a doubt, the styles of writing used by Dickinson and Whitman in these poems contain

26、several differences. Different from Whitman, who keeps his eye n society at large . Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual. Her poems are endless or all-inclusive catalogues. Dickinsons poetry is concise direct and simple, she was a courageous experimentalist. Her poetry abounds in tell

27、ing images a salient feature of her technique was a severe economy of expression. She became with Stephen Grane the precursor of Imagist movement. Her poetry is a clear illustration of her religious-ethical and political-social ideals. Her basic tone was tragic. Surely both of these authors will for

28、ever be remembered for their contributions to the American literature of the 1800's and to the poetry of today.2.0The Influences on Dickinson Poems of Death Up from ancient time to the present century, the theme of death has been a permanent topic and has carried peoples emotions or understandin

29、gs towards the complex life. From the Chinese ideologist Laozi to Socrates and to Ernest Hemingway, death has been described as a mystery that attracts and challenges human beings.But what interests the people of the world is that how the theme of death could be managed by Emily Dickinson who led is

30、olated life till her death she held the conventional ideology and understanding on death and even carried it forward to a great height with her unique ideas, creative imagination and astonishing perceptive power. Emily Dickinson wrote about 1,800 poems and nearly one-third of her poems were about de

31、ath, this theme lies at the center of her poetic world. There are some factors that affect her thought and theme. First, it related to her personality. Her poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys, and illustrated the fact that one could take a single household an inactive

32、 life. Form here we can know that she is imaginative, creative, attentive, original though she is solitary, reclusive.2.1The death of her belovedThe later years of Dickinsons life were primarily spent in mourning because of several deaths within the time frame of a few years. Emilys father died in 1

33、874, her nephew Gilbert died in 1883, and both Charles Wadsworth (Emilys lover) and Emilys mother died in 1882. Over those years, many of the most influential and precious friendships of Emilys passed away, and that gave way to the more concentrated obsession with death in her poetry. As a result of

34、 Emily Dickinsons life of solitude, she was able to focus on her world more sharply than other authors of her time contemporary authors who had no effect on her writing. Emily was original and innovative in her poetry. Many of her poems were completed and written on scraps of paper, such as old groc

35、ery lists. Eventually when her poetry was published .They were grouped into classes friends, nature, love, and death. Many of Emily Dickinsons poems that were written about death reflect on how she felt about it and how it was an influence in her life. Because death was occurring so often in the lif

36、e of Emily Dickinson, I have chosen to write about the influence of it in her poetry. Two poems in which have been found, “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” and “The Bustle in a House”, can be associated with each other by one of the aforementioned categories: death.Many of the poems written by Em

37、ily Dickinson reflect on how she felt about death because it was such an influence in her life. Because she lost close people to her such as her mother, father, nephew, lover, and many friends, Emily took advantage of her talents to write poetry as a way to express her feelings towards death; reader

38、s of her poetry can see the influences her life had on what she wrote about. Authors of poetry often write to express such feelings that they have about their life. Whether it is to have a hobby, do something for leisure time, or to express ones feelings, everyone has their own motive.2.2 ReligionOn

39、e of the major reasons for Emily Dickinson interest in death, then, was its close relation with religion, as she viewed it the relationship between death and religion became for her, in fact, a circular one. Her basic feelings about immortality were ones of doubt and apprehension. Then, it is becaus

40、e her religious-ethical and political-social ideas. Calvinism, with its doctrine of predestination and its pessimism pressured her during her childhood and adolescence and colored her works so that her basic tone is tragic.The Impact of Christianity on Emily Dickinson, doubtlessly, the very signific

41、ance of Emily Dickinsons exploration of death is the meaning of death. She explains in her poems, while the times in which she lived in a period when Christianity was having a deeper impact on peoples mind than ever. Though all her family members were pious religious believers, Emily Dickinson could

42、nt completely accept the Christian doctrine after being enlightened by the Transcendentalist forerunner-Ralph Waldo Emerson. Of course, this kind of rebellions woman is nothing but a heretic in peoples eyes. But she basically agreed on the principle of Christianity on death, which says that man is b

43、orn with is saved will go up to heaven and the others will go down to hell. So, death is the very key moment to decide ones way up or down. In this sense, her own words could be accounted for the idea that death is somehow the hyphen that connects the limited life and the permanent death. In her min

44、d, ones soul only takes seconds to travel through one world to another world, and death is not an end but a bridge to the permanent life. (Zhu Gang,2003; P294) Her understanding of death is quite a Christian one Death only means the end of ones temporary life but a new permanent life that begins wit

45、h no sin. Another proof is the influence from Bible because many of her poems resemble hymns in form. One of the important things that religion dose is that it makes loss, mortality, and especially death meaningful. Puritans preach that death is the most important problem in life and they try to thi

46、nk about what death means .Dickinson worked at the answer to this fundamental question. As a puritan, she thought that she would understand what life mean if she could understand what death mean. She faced the same problem like that of Anne Bradstreet, but Dickinson did not answer it in the same way

47、, as she was not sure whether there is a heaven.Dickinson enjoyed the King James Version of the Bible, as well as authors such as English writers William Shakespeare, John Milton, Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot, and Thomas Carlyle, Dickinsons early style shows the strong i

48、nfluence of Barrett Browning, Scottish poet Robert Browning, and English poets John Keats and George Herbert. In the early stages of her career, Dickinsons handwritten lyrics imitated the formalities of print, and her poetic techniques were conventional, but she later began to attend to the visual a

49、spects of her work. For example, she arranged and broke lines of verse in highly unusual ways to underscore meaning and she created extravagantly shaped letters of the alphabet to emphasize or play with a poems sense. She also incorporated cutouts from novels, magazines, and even the Bible to augmen

50、t her own use of language. Although few of Dickinsons poems were formally published during her lifetime, she herself “published” by sending out at least one-third of her poems in the more than 1,000 letters she wrote to at least 100 different correspondents2.3PersonalityEmily Dickinson's unusual

51、 character and style has made her become one of the world's most famous poets. In her poems, she expresses her feelings about religion, nature, death and love. Her poems tell a great deal about her lifestyle, which was very secluded and withdrawn from society. Dickinson's prosperous family e

52、xpected her to live as a Christian, and someday have a family of her own (Lit 927). Dickinson, however, rebelled against this traditional way of life, as she developed and lived by her own personal beliefs. She never tells if she believes in the existence of God, but she does tell that she disagrees

53、 with the church in the poem "Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church." She explains in this poem that any worshiping that she does happens in her own home. In many of her poems, Dickinson expresses her interest in nature, by comparing it to human behavior. This is evident in "Nature is

54、 a Haunted House," when she explains the advice that Dickinson gives: Man must come out of his puny self, which is a jar, and become a well, which is a form of awakened consciousness, in order to reach the dimension of the sea which is his real self, his freedom. (41). She also gives advice in

55、"nature is what we see" by implying that like nature, humans can not predict things in life that seem to be going well, to always remain they way they are. (42). Along with the natural way of life comes death, which seems to have fascinated Dickinson. "Because I did not stop for death

56、- He kindly stopped for me- The Carriage held but just ourselves and immortality," ( Kher 212). In this poem, the carriage symbolizes onward movement and continuity (213). When Dickinson mentions "eternity" in this poem, she seems to imply that human beings are immortal, and that deat

57、h is merely a pause. The thing that sets Dickenson apart from anyone else is her individuality. It has inspired many people the way that she lived the life that she wanted to live. The poem "I'm Nobody! Who Are You?" describes her well in the sense that she never did what society wante

58、d her to do. In this poem, she sarcastically implies that she is "nobody," because to be "somebody," she would have to do what everyone else did. This poet was without a doubt, a true individual that was never afraid to express her true feelings about life.Emily Dickinson was a v

59、ery smart person, but she was very strange acting. For example, I read her poem " I Felt a Funeral in my Brain." This poem is very unique in a way because it shows how she thinks in her everyday life. Emily Dickinson always thought about death and committing suicide, but in her life she wa

60、s afraid to die or to kill herself. In her poem in the first stanza it talks about how she is thinking about how she has died and her body is taken to a funeral home where her family and friend are mourning over her. In the second stanza where it is talking about the service that is taking place. What I got from that part was that body was being viewed there was a preacher up their giving everyone's last goodbye and in the s