1、AcknowledgementsThanks for giving me this chance to achieve this thesis. I also show my great appreciation to I can make the conclusion for my four years education. Through writing this paper, I have gotten more knowledge and translation skills than I supposed. Id like to show my appreciation to the

2、 following individuals because they have devoted constantly to the completion of this paper.First, I wish to show my thanks to my supervisor Hu Xuekun sincerely. Since I started this paper he has been patiently providing support and guidance for me. At the same time, he gave me lots of immediate and

3、 valuable feedback. This thesis could not have been completed if I dont have his great assistance.Then, the same sincere thanks are also extended to the other teachers during my four years university life, for their everlasting support in my life and my essay respectively.Whats more, I extend much t

4、hanks to my roommates and friends. I gratefully acknowledge that the discussion with them while correcting this thesis is helpful. They gave me a lot of advice and help. I would like to give my sincere thanks for their help and support with my paper.Finally, I also want to give my wholehearted thank

5、s to those excellent writers who have published thesis that provide me with much inspiration and materials.AbstractThere exist great differences in Chinese and Western culture, which can cause great difficulties to the literary translation. The thesis starts with the connection instructed by Skopos

6、theory between translation and cultural differences and summarizes common problems about literary translation in the current situation. At the same time, the thesis analyzes some reasons about improper translation from different perspectives and discusses some principles and methods in the translati

7、on of literary works. All in all, cultural differences can influence the literary translation to a large extent. And its important to obey one basic principle: translation should accurately and clearly convey the information of culture differences and the corresponding culture they contain so as to

8、achieve a strongly acceptable and expressive translation. In a word, the thesis is aimed at making efforts to standardize the literary translation, which is valuable and meaningful for learning cultural differences. And it is very helpful to effectively avoid cultural conflicts, and then it can furt

9、her spread the profound Chinese language culture to the whole world.Key Words: communication; culture difference; literary translation摘 要中西方文化存在的巨大差異給文學(xué)翻譯造成了極大困擾，本文以翻譯與中西文化差異的聯(lián)系開題，且于目的論的指導(dǎo)下總結(jié)了當(dāng)今文學(xué)翻譯所普遍存在的問(wèn)題。同時(shí)，本文從不同的視角下分析了人們翻譯不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑桑懻摿宋膶W(xué)翻譯的原則及方法。總之，文化差異在很大程度上影響著文學(xué)翻譯。遵循準(zhǔn)確清晰的傳遞有關(guān)文化差異的信息以及他們所包含的對(duì)應(yīng)文化，以

10、此提高翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性這個(gè)基本原則是很重要的。概括地講，本文旨在使得文學(xué)翻譯更加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)文化差異也十分有意義，可以有效的避免文化沖突，也有助于中國(guó)語(yǔ)言文化推向全國(guó)。關(guān)鍵詞：交際；目的論；文學(xué)翻譯Contents1. Introduction2. Skopos theory2.1 The Meaning of Skopos Theory2.2 The Principles of Skopos Theory3. The Most Prominent Cultural Differences Between the East and the West3.1 Regional Difference

11、s3.2 Differences in Customs and Habits3.3 Differences in Religious Beliefs3.4 Differences in Historical and Cultural Background4. Cultural Differences and Literary Translation.4.1 The Importance and Purpose in Translation of English Literary Works4.2 The Internal Relationships Between Cultural Diffe

12、rences and Literary Translation4.3 The Subjectivity of Translators5. The Influence of Cultural Differences on Literary Translation5.1The Influence of National Cultural Background on Literary Translation5.2The Influence of National Thinking Mode on Literary Translation5.3The Influence of Geographical

13、 and Cultural Differences on Literary Translation5.4The Influence of Different Values on Literary Translation6. The Strategies of Translation6.1 Domesticating Translation and Foreignizing Translation6.1.1 The Meaning of Domesticating Translation6.1.2 The Meaning of Foreignizing Translation6.2 The Us

14、age of Translation Strategies.7. ConclusionIntroductionThe famous American translator Eugene A. Nida once said: “As far as the truly successful translation is concerned, getting familiar with two kinds of cultures is much more important than mastering two kinds of languages, because words can be onl

15、y meaningful in the specific cultural backgrounds.” (Ding 10) As a tool of language communication, translation is not only a language conversion process, but also a process of cultural transplantation. To a large extent, it is closely related to cultural factors. The possibility of translation is ba

16、sed on a common culture, while the limitation of translation is based on cultural personality. The influence of the factors of cultural differences on translation should not be underestimated. In this paper, I will analyze and discuss the restriction and influence of cultural difference on translati

17、on from the geographical environment, living habits, consuetudinary differences, religious beliefs and historical allusions and so on. And I will point out that it is not enough for people to just understand the language itself in the translation of cross-cultural communication. We must be familiar

18、with the original language culture and a number of various factors which constitute the culture. Only in this way can we achieve the real sense of in-depth understanding of the primitive meaning. Finally, we can reproduce the original styles and features smoothly.I also introduce some translation th

19、eories in this paper. And I introduce domesticating translation and foreignizing translation from the perspective of teleology briefly. When translators translate literary works, they should not only focus on the differences between West and East, but also pay attention to their choice of translatio

20、n methods and skills so as to make the translation easier to be accepted by the readers.2. Skopos TheoryWhen discussing the translation of literature, people will more or less resort to the Skopos Theory for its practical approach on dealing with cultural block in any kind of literature. Given that

21、Skopos Theory plays a significant role in handling cultural factors, this part will offer more details about this study.2.1 The Meaning of Skopos TheoryThe Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and that oriented mo

22、re functional and sociocultural concept of translation. In our mind, translation has a purpose, and the word “Skopos”was from Greek. Its used as the technical term for the purpose of translation.Skopos theory thinks that everything in the world is determined by a certain purpose. On the question abo

23、ut how to explain the things and phenomena of the world and the relationship between them, Skopos theory holds that the purpose is the gist of pre-defined things, phenomenal existence and development. Skopos theory has two main forms of expression, namely, external teleology and internal teleology.2

24、.2 The Principles of Skopos TheorySkopos theory is the main theory of translation, which breaks the frame of traditional equivalence-based linguistic translation theory. According to Skopos theory, the translators should obey these three following principles: Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity

25、 rule.The translation must comply with the “intratextual coherence” and the “intertextual coherence”. The former indicates that the translation must be internally coherent, and it is acceptable and understandable for the recipients of the translation. The latter illustrates that the translation and

26、the original articles should also be coherent. After the three principles are put forward, the criteria for judging the translation are no longer “equivalence”, but whether the translation can achieve the desired goal adequately or not. The highest law of translation is “Skopos rule”, that is, if th

27、e purpose of translation is different, the strategies and methods adopted are also different. For the controversy of alienation and domestication, teleology has made a very good explanation. Whether it adopts the translation of the alienation or naturalization, all depends on the purpose of translat

28、ion. The rule of coherence means that the translation must conform to the intra-textual coherence standard, that is, the translation is readable and acceptable. Fidelity rule refers that the original articles and the translation should have the inter-lingual coherence. This means being faithful to t

29、he original in other translation theories, but the degree of faith and form depends on the purpose of the translation and translators understanding of the original.3. The Most Prominent Cultural Differences Between the East and the WestSince there are huge and prominent differences existing in cultu

30、re between the ease and the west, people, to a large extend, will find it difficult getting into the culture of the opposite side either from language or written works. So in this section, the thesis will offer some specific examples, like idioms and proverbs, to give a clear picture for illustratin

31、g those differences in a comprehensive way.3.1 Regional DifferencesOne side of soil and water brings up one side of culture, and one kind of culture affects one side of economy and creates a mode of society. Different social structures and development level of the natural geographical environment, n

32、ational customs, economic and political situations give birth to different characteristics and reflect distinctive regional culture. “Territory” is the geographical background of cultural formation, and the scope can be big or small. Different regions will form different mirrors, thus reflecting dif

33、ferent regional culture. The national culture is different and everyone has its own characteristics, but in essence there is no merit point, no national culture is born excellent or bad.Regional culture, in the process of its formation, is closely related to its area, natural conditions, geographica

34、l conditions, geographical environment and other aspects. This is combined with various aspects in the area, forming a certain characteristic regional culture. In the process of cultural formation, different ethnic groups will show different attitudes towards a same phenomenon or thing. In English t

35、ranslation, the regional culture differences should be paid more attention to. If the translators cant be accurate and objective in understanding the areas regional culture, they will cause certain confusion and misunderstanding in translation activities, which will directly affect the quality of En

36、glish translation.For example, Chinas geographical environment has formed the characteristics of teeming with bamboo in China. In China, we use a lot of metaphors with bamboo, but many Western countries do not produce bamboo, so it is rare to use the bamboo as metaphor. So in China, we often use “雨后

37、春筍” to describe a rapid development of something or a large number of production while English is used as “l(fā)ike mushroom”. Another example is the saying “first thing has been done in the chest” in Chinese ,we usually use“胸有成竹”to express while others use “have a card up ones sleeve” to describe it in

38、 English.3.2 Differences in Customs and HabitsIn the process of the formation of custom and culture, this is not only be related to the living ways and daily life of local people, but also closely related to the regions politics, economy, culture, art and so on. At the same time, customs and habits

39、can largely reflect the national characteristics of the region. And the process of a nations formation and development of language use must reflect the local customs and habits. Only in this way can we achieve the purpose of language communication. So in the translation of English culture, if we jus

40、t understand the literal meaning blindly, we can never achieve the effect of cultural exchanges.Sometimes different customs and habits will have influence on translation work. For example, in most Southeast Asia areas such as China and Thailand, “elephant” has always been a symbol of auspice. In Met

41、aphors, “elephants” are mostly positive and honorable. While the western culture, on the contrary, thinks that the elephant is a big and useless animal. So the elephant in English often refers to a large and useless thing. Because of the differences of Chinese and western customs, we also should pay

42、 more attention to translating some Chinese proverbs and idioms, such as the saying“情人眼里出西施”，which we translate into English as “beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” In translation, westerners don not know the beauty in ancient China. However, if we translate it into a name, westerners will not be

43、 able to understand its meaning. So it will be more reasonable to translate the“西施” into “beauty”.3.3 Differences in Religious BeliefsIn the process of cultural development, religious beliefs, as an important part of human culture, include both external religious beliefs and local religious beliefs

44、in its specific implementation process. Different people have different regions, culture and ethnic so that they have different religious beliefs.The religious beliefs play a unique role in the social development.There are different religious beliefs between the west and the east.For China, up to no

45、w, it gradually has formed the Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity and Confucianism as the main body of the basic pattern. And Christianity is the main belief in the western countries. In the translation work, we should pay attention to the religious beliefs because the different cultural backgrou

46、nds will have the influence on translators. For example, in A Dream in Red Mansions chapter 6, granny Liu entered Rong-guo mansion and said “謀事在人，成事在天。” About this idiom, English translator David Hawkes translated it as “Man propose, God disposes.” Chinese famous scientist, Mr. Yang Xianyi translate

47、d it as “Man proposes, heaven disposes.” The differences between these two translations are that God is Christian appellation of God, and Heaven is the meaning of “老天爺”in china. If we used God in the translation, it will make people mistakenly believe that granny Liu has the Christian faith, so here

48、 using “heaven” is more accurate.3.4 Differences in Historical and Cultural BackgroundTranslation is not only a way of language communication but also the cultural exchanges between two countries, so the translation must be combined with the cultural backgrounds of the two countries. Only in this wa

49、y can we achieve a real communication between the two languages. In English and Chinese, they have different understanding to color. Yellow is seen as a statue of color in Chinese, for example, it has been associated with honor and glory since ancient times, “Yellow” means nobleness and right and it

50、 is the symbol of the emperor while in English, “yellow” means cowardice, suspicion, etc. Red is the most powerful color in Chinese culture, expressing passion such as positive meaning, red billboard and so on. But in English, red is the color of danger, such as “red ruin” (fire). White in Chinese c

51、ulture is both the meaning of light and a symbol of death, such as weddings and funerals. In western cultures, white means purity and perfection, because white is the holiest color in Christianity. So in the west, the wedding is called “white wedding”. Religion also has a great influence on the form

52、ation of language, and this point we have mentioned before.Cultural background refers to the national unique characteristics of language. For example, on the basis of historical events, the original writers describe its people, culture, religions, custom and value and so on. Each era has its unique

53、religious custom and religious beliefs, which form a variety of traditions, habits, beliefs and geographical environment of life. The relationship with other peoples constitutes a different cultural color. Every nation has its own cultural background, for example, Muslims kindly give you a green hat

54、. In their cultural background, green represents nobleness and health, but because you do not understand the Muslim cultural backgrounds, you will think you are insulted if you wear a green hat and this will be easy to lead to unnecessary misunderstandings as your cultural background is different fr

55、om theirs. In the translation of the cultural comparison, Professor Wang Zuoliang has said that The translator must be a true cultural person, he must master two languages. If people do not understand the language of the social culture, nobody can really master a language.4. Cultural Differences and

56、 Literary Translation.Needless to say, the culture of a specific region will gradually produce some of the literary works in years, which can be regarded as representatives of an era or a nation. These literary works, however, reveal some of its cultural characteristics between the lines and thus ca

57、use some difficulties for foreigners to fully understand. To get it solved in a way, this section will mainly focus on every subject related to this phenomenon and meanwhile, get to the essence behind this problem, achieving a better solution in the future translation of literary works.4.1 The Impor

58、tance and Purpose in Translation of English Literary WorksLiterary translation is a kind of behavior which translates a language of the literature works into another language. This is an interactional relationship between literary translation and literature receivers. The real translation is closely

59、 related to the genres of literary works. Only when people working on translation have a good command of the features of original language and target language can they make a real literary translation and demonstrate its original style. (Liu 203) Literary translation is to use another language tool to convey the original artistic conception, make readers get inspired and feel the sense of beauty like reading the original book when they are reading the