01TherewasonshopinthetownofMufulira，whichwasnotoriousforitscolorbar.Itwasadrugstore.WhileEuropeanswereservedatthecounter，alonglineofAfricansqueuedatthewindowandoftennotonlywerekeptwaitingbut，whentheirturncametobeserved，wererudelytreatedbytheshopassistants.OnedayIwasdeterminedtomakeapublicprotestagainstthiskindofthing，andmanyoftheschoolboysinmyclassfollowedmetothestoreandwaitedoutsidetoseewhatwouldhappenwhenIwentin.

Isimplywentintotheshopandaskedthemanagerpolitelyforsomemedicine.AssoonashesawmestandingintheplacewhereonlyEuropeancustomerswereallowedtostandheshoutedatmeinabastardlanguagethatisonlyusedbyanemployedwhenspeakingtohisservants.IstoodatthecounterandpolitelyrequestedinEnglishthatIshouldbeserved.ThemanagerbecameexasperatedandsaidtomeinEnglish，“IfyoustandtheretillChristmasIwillneverserveyou.”

IwenttotheDistrictcommissioner'soffice.FortunatelytheDistrictCommissionerwasout，forhewasoneoftheoldschool；however，IsawayoungDistrictOfficerwhowasafriendofmine.HewasveryconcernedtohearmystoryandtoldmethatifeverIwantedanythingmorefromthedrugstoreallIhadtodowascometohimpersonallyandhewouldbuymymedicineforme.Iprotestedthatthatwasnotgoodenough.Iaskedhimtoaccompanymebacktothestoreandtomakeaprotesttothemanager.Thishedid，andIwellrememberhimsayingtothemanager，“HereisMr.KaundawhoisaresponsiblememberoftheUrbanAdvisoryCouncil，andyoutreathimlikeacommonservant.”Themanagerofthedrugstoreapologizedandsaid，“Ifonlyhehadintroducedhimselfandexplainedwhohewas，then，ofcourseIshouldhavegivenhimproperservice.”

Ihadtoexplainonceagainthathehadmissedmypoint.WhyshouldIhavetointroducemyselfeverytimeIwentintoastore…anymorethanIshouldhavetobuymymedicinebygoingtoaEuropeanfriend？Iwanttoprovethatanymanofanycolor，whateverhisposition，shouldhavetherighttogointoanyshopandbuywhathewanted.1.“Colorbar”inthefirstparagraphcomesclosestinmeaningto___.

A.abarwhichispaintedindifferentcolors.

B.thefactthatwhiteandblackcustomersareservedseparately.

C.abarofchocolatehavingdifferentcolors.

D.acounterwherepeopleofdifferentcolorsareservedwithbeer.

2.Thewriterwas，atthetimeofthestory，___.

A.ablackschoolteacher

B.anAfricanservant

C.ablack，butafriendofEuropeans

Darichblack

3.Themanagerofthedrugstoreshoutedatthewriterinabastardlanguagebecause___.

A.hehadn'tlearnedtospeakpoliteEnglish.B.hethoughtthewriterwouldn'tunderstandEnglish.

C.thatwastheusuallanguageusedbyEuropeanswhenspeakingtoAfricans.

D.thatwastheonlylanguagehecouldspeakwhenhewasangry.

4.Inthethirdparagraph，“hewasoneoftheoldschool”means___.

Ahebelievedintheage-oldpracticeofracialdiscrimination.

B.hewasaveryoldman.

C.hegraduatedfromanold，conservativeschool.

D.hewasinchargeofanoldschool.

5.Whydidn'tthewriterwaitatthewindowofthedrugstorelikeotherblackAfrican？

A.Becausehethoughthewaseducatedandshouldbetreateddifferently.

B.Becausehethought，beinganimportantperson，heshouldnotbekeptwaiting.

C.Becausehethoughthiswhitefriendswouldhelphimout.

D.Becausehewantedtoprotestagainstracialdiscrimination.2Lookatthekeyboardofanystandardtypewriterorcomputer."Q,""W,""E,""R,""T"and"Y"

arethefirstsixletters.Whodecidedonthisarrangementoftheletters?Andwhy?

Peopletriedforcenturiestoinventthetypewriter.In1714inEngland,HenryMill

filedapatentforamachinecalledAnArtificialMachineorMethodfortheImpressingor

TranscribingofLetters,SinglyorProgressivelyoneafteranother,asinWriting,whereby

allWritingwhatsoevermaybeEngrossedinPaperorParchmentsoNeatandExactasnottobe

distinguishedfromPrint.Thatmachineprobablydidn'tsellbecausenoonecouldremember

itsname!

ThefirstpracticaltypewriterwaspatentedintheUnitedStatesin1868byChristopher

LathamSholes.Hismachinewasknownasthetype-writer.Ithadamovablecarriage,alever

forturningpaperfromlinetoline,andakeyboardonwhichtheletterswerearrangedin

alphabeticalorder.

ButSholeshadaproblem.Onhisfirstmodel,his"ABC"keyarrangementcausedthekeys

tojamwhenthetypistworkedquickly.Sholesdidn'tknowhowtokeepthekeysfrom

sticking,sohissolutionwastokeepthetypistfromtypingtoofast.Sholesaskedhis

brother-in-lawtorearrangethekeyboardsothatthecommonestletterswerenotsoclose

togetherandthetypebarswouldcomefromoppositedirections.Thustheywouldnotclash

togetherandjamthemachine.ThenewarrangementwastheQWERTYarrangementtypistsuse

today.Ofcourse,Sholesclaimedthatthenewarrangementwasscientificandwouldaddspeed

andefficiency.Theonlyefficiencyitaddedwastoslowthetypistdown,sincealmostany

wordintheEnglishlanguagerequiredthetypist'sfingerstocovermoredistanceonthe

keyboard.

Theadvantagesofthetypewriteroutweighedthedisadvantagesofthekeyboard.Typists

memorizedthecrazyletterarrangement,andthetypewriterbecameahugesuccess.Bythe

timetypistshadmemorizedthenewarrangementoflettersandbuilttheirspeed,typewriter

technologyhadimproved,andthekeysdidn'tstickasbadlyastheyhadatfirst.

1.Weknowfromthepassagethattheinventorofthefirstpracticaltypewriteris_____.

A.HenryMill

B.ChristopherLathamSholes

C.Sholes'brother-in-law

D.AllbertEinstein2.TheauthorthinksthemachineinventedbyHenryMillcouldnotbesoldbecause_____.

A.itwasdifficultforpeopletoacceptnewthings

B.thereweregreatdisadvantagesofthekeyboard

C.themachinecouldnotbedistinguishedfromprint

D.thenameofthemachinewastoolong3.SholesdecidedtheQWERTYarrangementofthekeyboardinorderto_____.

A.arrangethelettersinalphabeticalorder

B.causethekeystojamwhenthetypistworkedquickly

C.solvetheproblemofthekeysjamming

D.competewith"ABC"keyarrangement4.ItisinferredthattheQWERTYarrangementofthekeyboard__.

A.isthemostscientificarrangement

B.addsspeedandefficiencyoftypists

C.keepsthetypistfromtypingtoofast

D.iseasyfortypiststomemorize5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.TheArrangementofTheLettersonKeyboard

B.TheStoryofChristopherLathamSholes

C.HowtoInventTheTypewriter

D.TheFirstPracticalTypewriter3AscientificpanelconvenedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendedguidelinesonFridayfordoctorsconductingclinicalstudiesofSARSpatients.Thepanelurgeddoctorstoapplytheguidelinesinanalyzingthemassesofpotentiallyusefulinformationaboutvarioustherapiesthatwerecollectedinthisyear’sepidemic.Muchofthatinformationhasnotbeenpublishedoranalyzed.

“Itisamatterofurgencytogetbetteranalysisandreview,”saidDr.SimonMardel,aWHOofficialwholedthetwo-daymeetingthatendedonFriday.HesaidthousandsofpotentialtherapiesandcompoundshadbeentestedsofarasresearcherstrytodeterminetreatmentsforSARS,orsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome.“WerecognizethathavingnotreatmentforSARSishinderingourabilitytocontrolanepidemicinsomanyways.”Hesaid.

Intheepidemicearlierthisyear,varioustreatments,likedrugstofightthevirusorstrengthentheimmunesystem,aswellastraditionalChinesemedicine,weredeliveredunderemergencyconditions,inwidelydifferentsettingsandcountriestopatientssufferingfromvaryingstagesoftheillness.Thoseconditions—generallywithoutstandardizedmeasurementsorcontrolledsituations—havemadeithardtointerpretresults.

Standardsupportivetherapylikenursing,andinseverecasestheuseofmechanicalrespirators（呼吸器）tohelppatientsbreathe,isthemainstay（重要支持）ofSARScare,andhelpedmanypatientssurvive.ButdoctorsstilldonotknowhowbesttotreatSARSpatientswhohavebreathingdifficulties.Dr.Mardelsaid.Onemethodisinvasiveventilation.Asecondmethodinvolvesblowingoxygenintothelungsthroughamask.Bothcarrytheriskoftransmittingthevirustohospitalemployees.Withoutproperanalysis,thepanelwasunabletosaydefinitivelywhichtreatmentworkedbest,orwhichcausedthemostharm.“Thereisalackofsharedinformation,”Dr.Mardelsaid,notingthatalotofdatahavenotbeenpublished.

Thepanelalsoagreedonguidelinesthatwouldallowdoctorstoconductquickandsafeclinicaltrials,aprocessthatgenerallytakesyearstocomplete.TheworldHealthOrganization,aUnitedNationsagencydidnotreleasetheguidelines.Dr.Mardelsaidtheywereflexiblebecausenooneknewwhere,whenandinwhatsettingSARSwouldreturn.Expertsinmanycountrieshavealreadylistedthetreatmentstheywanttotest,andthehealthagencyisleavingthesedecisionstoindividualnations.

1.Guidelinesrecommendedbythescientificpanelcanbeusedfor_____.

A.gatheringpotentiallyusefulinformationaboutvarioustherapiescollected

B.conductingclinicalstudiesofSARSpatients

C.determiningtreatmentforSARS

D.publishingalltheinformationaboutSARS2.Accordingtothepassage,itisdifficulttointerprettheresultsofcertaintreatmentsforSARSbecause_____.

A.patientswereindifferentcountries

B.patientsweregivenmedicinesinwidelydifferentsettings

C.patientswereatdifferentstagesoftheillness

D.theseconditionshadnostandardizedmeasurementsorcontrolledsituations3.Accordingtodoctors,thetwomethodstotreatSARSpatientswhohavebreathingdifficultiesboth_______.

A.carrytheriskofinfectinghospitalemployees

B.areeffectiveincuringpatientswhohavebreathingdifficulties

C.don’truntheriskoftransmittingthevirustohospitalemployees

D.provetoworkeffectivelyandcausenoharm4.AccordingtoaWHOofficial,Dr.Mardel,theguidelineswereflexiblebecause_____.

A.SARSwouldreemergeinpoorcountries

B.nooneknewwhere,whenandinwhatsettingSARSwouldreturn

C.SARSwouldnotappearindevelopedcountries

D.nooneknewwhetherSARSwouldreturnornot5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.SARS,aDreadfulDisease

B.NoGoodMethodstoTreatSARS

C.SARSWillReturnOneDay

D.HealthPanelRecommendsNewGuidelinesonSARS04Inrecentyears,teachersofintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudieshavebeenfacingadilemmanonexistentafewdecadesago,whenhardlyanytextsinthatfieldwereavailable.Today,excellentanthologies（文選）andotherintroductorytextsexist,andbooksonindividualAsianAmericansarepublishedalmostweekly.Evenprofessorswhoareexpertsinthefieldfinditdifficulttodecidewhichofthesetoassigntostudents;non-expertswhoteachinrelatedareasandarelookingforwritingsforandbyAsianAmericantoincludeinsurveycoursesareinanevenworseposition.

Acomplicatingfactorhasbeenthecontinuinglackofspecializedone-volumereferenceworksonAsianAmericans,suchasbiographicaldictionariesordesktopencyclopedias.SuchworkswouldenablestudentstakingAsianAmericanstudiescourses(andprofessorsinrelatedfields)tolookupbasicinformationonAsianAmericanindividuals,institutions,history,andculturewithouthavingtowadethrough（費力旳閱讀冗長或艱深旳材料）mountainsofprimarysourcematerial.Inaddition,givensuchworks.AsianAmericanstudiesprofessorsmightfeelmorefreetoincludemorechallengingAsianAmericanmaterialintheirintroductoryreadinglists,sincegoodreferenceworksallowstudentstoacquireontheirownthebackgroundinformationnecessarytointerpretdifficultorunfamiliarmaterial.

1.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

A.respondingtoacriticism

B.describingacourseofstudy

C.discussingaproblem

D.evaluatingapastcourseofaction2.The“dilemma”(Line2,Para.1)canbestbecharacterizedasbeingcausedbythenecessitytomakeachoicewhenfacedwitha______.

A.lackofacceptablealternatives

B.lackofstrictstandardsforevaluatingalternatives

C.preponderanceofbadalternativesascomparedtogood

D.multitudeofdifferentalternatives3.Biographicaldictionariesanddesktopencyclopediasare_____

A.primarysourcematerials

B.introductorytexts

C.excellentanthologies

D.referencematerials4.WhichofthefollowingisimpliedabouttheintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudiesafewdecadesago?

A.Therangeofdifferenttextbooksthatcouldbeassignedforsuchcourseswasextremelylimited

B.Thetextsassignedasreadingsinsuchcourseswereoftennotverychallengingforstudents

C.Studentsoftencomplainedaboutthetextsassignedtotheminsuchcourses

D.Suchcourseswereofferedonlyatschoolswhoselibrarieswererichinprimarysources5.Accordingtothepassage,theexistenceofgoodone-volumereferenceworksaboutAsianAmericanscouldresultin______.

A.increasedagreementamongprofessorsofAsianAmericanstudiesregardingthequalityofthesourcesavailableintheirfield

B.anincreaseinthenumberofstudentssighingupforintroductorycoursesinAsianAmericanstudies

C.increasedaccuracyinwritingsthatconcernAsianAmericanhistoryandculture

D.theinclusionofawiderrangeofAsianAmericanmaterialinintroductoryreadinglistsinAsianAmericanstudies05Asyouallknow,theUnitedStatesisacountryonwheels.Nearlyeightmillionnewcarsaremadeeachyear;fourhouseholdsoutoffiveownatleastoneear,andmorethanaquarterhavetwoeach.Yetyou’llbesurprisedtolearnthatsomeofthecar-ownersevensufferfrommalnutrition（營養不良）.

In1968,anation-widesurveyofmalnutritionwasmadeforthefirsttime.Itfoundthat10millionpeoplearesufferinginhealththroughinadequatefeeding;thecausesoftheirplight（困境）werevaried.Unemploymentoveralongperiodshouldbeconsideredasthemainfactor.Andunemployment,strangetosay,ninetimesoutoftenresultsfromautomation,bothinindustrialandagriculturalareas.Forexample,intheruralSouthwhenacottonplantationsuddenlycutsitsforcefrom100peopletothree,theproblemtohelpthedisplacedarises.Soisthecasewithindustrialautomation.Infact,probably2millionjobsaremadeunnecessaryeachyearinthewholecountryasaresultoftheautomationprocess,thusmakingunemploymentachiefsocialconcern.Accordingtogovernmentstatistics,thenumberofpeopleunemployedwasover5percentfortheperiodfrom1958to1963.InJuly1981,itroseto7.8percent.Asamatteroffact,ithaslongbeenknownthatevenduringthemostprosperousperiodstherehavebeenpeoplewithoutenoughtoeat.SoIthinkthat’swhyPresidentKennedysaidinhisinaugurationspeechin1961,ifthegovernmentdidnothelpthepoor,itcouldnotsavetherich.

In1966,theSocialSecurityAdministrationcalculatedthatafamilyoffourneededanincomeof$3,355ayeartobeabovethelineofpoverty.Andin1977,theaveragepovertylineofthecountrywasslightlymorethan$6,200annualincomeforanon-farmfamilyoffour.AccordingtotheSocialSecurityAct,familiesofthatsizebelowpovertylineareeligibletoreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram.Theaverageweeklypaymentofbenefitsnowisequivalentto36percentoftheworker’snormalwage.Andthenumberofpeoplewhoreceivegovernmentbenefitsisincreasing.In1973,socialinsurancepaymentsbygovernments,mainlytooldagepensionersandpeoplewhohadlosttheirjobsorwereoffworkthroughillness,amountedto$86,000million.Thosenotfullyqualifiedforinsurancepaymentsreceived$29,000millioninpublicaid.

Butproblemsstillexist.Manypeoplearenotreachedbytheanti-povertyprogram,becauselocalauthoritiesandagenciesdonotwanttoplaytheirpartordonotgavetheresourcestodoso.Somepoorpeoplewillnotaccepthelpforvariousreasons.Ofcourse,therearesomemoreimportantfactorswhichlieinthestructureofthesociety,butIdon’tconsideritnecessarytodigintothemhere.Yetwewillperhapsagreethatsocialwelfareprogramshavesolvedtosomeextenttheproblemsoffeeding,clothingandhousingthosebelowthepovertyline.Onthewhole,itperhapsmightbesaidthatAmericanpeoplearelivingabetterlifethanpeopleinmostothercountries.

1.TheUnitedStatesiscalledacountryonwheelsbecause______.

A.aboutone-fourthAmericansowntwocars

B.abitoveroneoutoffourhouseholdsaretheownersoftwocars

C.nearly8millionnewcarsdriveinthecountryeveryyear

D.80%Americanshaveatleastonecar2.Accordingtoa1968survey,tenmillionAmericansfoundthemselvesinadifficulthealthsituationchieflydueto_______.

A.inadequatefeeding

B.malnutrition

C.unemployment

D.automation3.Theauthoruse”thedisplaced”(Line9,Para.2)torefertothosewhoare_______.

A.unemployed

B.disabled

C.sick

D.poor4.Theword“eligible”(Line6,Para.3)issynonymouswith“_______”

A.necessary

B.urgent

C.needed

D.worthy5.Americansarelivingabetterlifethanthoseinmostofothercountriesbecause,tosomedegree,_____.

A.manyAmericansreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram

B.somepoorpeoplecanreceivehelpforsomereasonorother

C.thereistheanti-povertyprogramintheU.S.

D.socialwelfareprogramshavesomemeasuresettledtheproblemsofthosebelowthepovertyline.06Feministsociolinguists(社會語言學家),overthecourseofthelastfewdecades,haveconductedstudiesthattheybelievesupporttheconclusionthatwomenareroutinelydiscriminatedagainstinEnglish-speakingsociety.Theypointtothewordsusedtodescribewomen,aswellasthewordsusedtodescribesocietyasawhole,asindicationsthattheEnglishlanguage,andthereforetheEnglish-speakingculture,isslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales.

ThewordsusedtodescribewomenareusedasinstrumentbyfeministsociolinguiststodenoteaninherentsexismintheEnglishlanguage.Wordpairssuchasmasterandmistressandsirandmadam,theyclaim,epitomizesuchsexism.Allofthewordsinquestiononceheldpositiveconnotationsbut,whilethemasculine(男性旳)formshaveretainedtheirrespectableassociations,thefeminineformshaveundergonepejorationandnowimplysexualpromiscuity(混雜)andothernegativecharacteristics.FeministresearchersassumethatsuchpejorationindicatethatthestatusofwomeninEnglish-speakingsocietyisrelativelylow.

Theseresearchersalsofindfaultwiththeuseofmasculinewordstodescribeunisexentities.Forexample,theyfeelthatthereisnothinginherentlymainlyaboutmankind,thebestmanforthejob,orthecommonman.Similarly,theuseofsuchconstructionsasthe“theaveragestudentsisworriedabouthisgrades”indicatetotheseresearchersaninherentsexisminEnglishthatisreflectiveoftheculturesinwhichtheyareproduced.

CarolynJacobson,authorofNon-sexistLanguagehasproposedasolutiontothisconundrum(難題).Sheadvocatestheeliminationofallsexedwordsinfavorofgender-neutralterms.Nolongershouldwerefertoactorsandactressesorwaitersandwaitresses,assuchdichotomies(男女有別)allowforthepossibilityofnegativeconnotationsbeingassociatedwiththefemininedesignation.Likewise,shebelievesthatphrasessuchasmankindshouldgivewaytohumankindandthattheuseofthemasculinepronounasthedefaultshouldbeabandonedinfavorofneutralconstructions.Thus,whensexismiseliminatedfromtheEnglishlanguage,theculturewillbemoreamenabletohedeliveranceofwomenaswell.1.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto_____

Acompareandcontrastideologyinvariouscultures

Bproveacommonlyheldbelieftobewrong

Cdescribeaproblemandapossiblesolution

Danalyzethehistoricaloriginsofamodernsituation2Accordingtothepassage,gender-neutralconstructionsshouldbeadvocatedbecause_____

AtheeliminationofsexismintheEnglishlanguagewillprecedetheeliminationofsexismintheculture

Btheyaremoregrammaticallysoundthansexedstructures

Cunisextermsarelessawkwardincasualspeech

Dsex-specifictermsalwayscarrynegativeconnotations3Theauthorreferstomankind,thebestmanforthejob,andthecommonmaninorderto_____

AdemonstratethesuperiorityofmalesinEnglish-speakingsociety

Bprovideanexampleofspeechthatisslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales

Clistthecharacteristicsofthefeministsocialinguistmovement

DdiscountthenotionthattheEnglishlanguagediscriminatesagainstwomen4Theword“perjorationmostprobablymeans_____

Anegativeconnotation

Bpositiveconnotation

Csexualcharacteristic

Drespectablecharacteristic5Infavorofgender-neutralterms,whichofthefollowingwordscanbeusedtodescribeunisexentities?

Amankind

Bchairperson

Csuperman

Ddragonlady07Oneofmyfavoriteposters1says,“Lifeisatest.Itisonlyatest.Hadthisbeenareallifeyouwouldhavebeeninstructedwheretogoandwhattodo.”WheneverIthinkofthishumorousbitofwisdom2,itremindsmetonottakemylifesoseriously.

Whenyoulookatlifeanditsmanychallengesasatest,orseriesoftests,youbegintoseeeachissueyoufaceasanopportunitytogrow,achancetodiscovermoreaboutlife.Whetheryou'rebeingbombarded（襲擊；責問）withproblems,responsibilities,eveninsurmountable（不能克服旳，不能超越旳）difficulties,whenlookedatasatest,youalwayshaveachancetosucceed,inthesenseofrisingabovethatwhichischallengingyou.If,ontheotherhand,youseeeachnewissueyoufaceasaseriousbattlethatmustbewoninordertosurvive,you'reprobablyinforaveryrocky6journey.Theonlytimeyou'relikelytobehappyiswheneverythingisworkingoutjustright.Andweallknowhowoftenthathappens.

Asanexperiment,seeifyoucanapplythisideatosomethingyouareforcedtodealwith.Perhapsyouhavemuchpressurefromyourparentsoryouhaveademanding7boss.Seeifyoucanredefinetheissueyoufacefrombeinga“problem”tobeingatest.Ratherthan8strugglingwithyourissue,seeifthereissomethingyoucanlearnfromit.Askyourself,“Whyisthisanissueinmylife?Whatwoulditmeanandwhatwouldbeinvolvedtoriseaboveit?CouldIpossiblylookatthisissueanydifferently?CanIseeitasatestofsomekind?”

Ifyougivethisstrategyatryyoumaybesurprisedatyourchangedresponses.Ithasbecomefarmoreacceptabletometoacceptthingsastheyare.1.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardslife?

A.Hetakeshislifeseriously.

B.Heconsiderslifeastest.

C.Heknowswheretogoandwhattodo.

B.Hethinkslifeisfullofhumorouswisdom.2.Whenyoubegintoconsiderlifeasatest,youwillfind_____.

A.youarebombardedwithproblemsandresponsibilities

B.theresultofthetestissogoodthatyouaredelighted

C.youhavemanyopportunitiestogrow

D.youhavetogotoschooltotaketestseveryday3.WhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUEaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Whenyoulookatlifeasatest,youhaveachancetoovercomeproblemsyouface.

B.Whenyoutakelifeseriously,youaremorelikelytosucceedandbecomehappy.

C.Whenyouseeeachproblemasaseriousbattle,youhavemorechancetosurvive.

D.Wheneverythingisworkingoutjustright,youcanknowhowoftenithappens.4.Itisimpliedfromthepassagethatyou'dbetterlookatlifeasatestwhen_____.

A.youtrytogetthemeaningoftheposter

B.yourparentsgiveyoumuchpressure

C.youarecarryingoutanexperiment

D.youareinarockyjourney5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.MyFavoritePoster

B.TakeLifeSeriously

C.FaceChallengeofLife

D.LifeIsOnlyATest08ThemodenworldonlyrecentlyreachedtheYanomano,anativepeopleoftheAmazonbasin.Shelteredbythickrainforest,theYanomanolivedaself-containedexistenceuntilgoldwasdiscoveredintheirjunglehomeland.Minersflockedintotheforests,cuttingdowntreesandbringingdiseaseandshotthoseYanomanowhowouldnotgetoutoftheway.Injustsevenyearsfromtheearly1980s,thepopulationfell20percent.

HandsAroundtheWorld,anativeAmericanculturalassociation,saystheYanomanoarebelievedtobethemostculturallyintactpeopleintheworld.Theywearloincloths,usefiresticksanddecoratetheirbodieswithdyefromaredberry(槳果).Theydon’tusethewheelandtheonlymetaltheyuseiswhathasbeentradedtothembyoutsiders.WhenaYanomanodies,thebodyisburnedandtheremainingbonescrushedintoapowderandturnedintoadrinkthatislaterconsumedbymournersinmemoryofthedead.

AHandsAroundtheWorldreportsaysthatinSouthAmericanotonlyaretheculturesandtraditionsindangerofdisappearing,butsometribesareindangerofextinction.“TheYanomanoisawell-knowntribethatisrapidlylosingitsmembersthroughthedestructionofWesterndisease,”thereportsays.Beforeillegalgoldminersenteredtheirrainforest,theYanomanowereisolatedfrommodernsociety.

TheyoccupydensejunglenorthoftheAmazonRiverbetweenVenezuelaandBrazilandarecataloguedbyanthropologists(人類學家)asneo-indianswithculturalcharacteristicsthatdatebackmorethan8,000years.Eachcommunitylivesinacircularcommunalhouse,someofwhichsleepupto400,builtaroundacentralsquare.

ThoughmanyYanomanomenaremonogamous,itisnotunusualforthemtohavetwoormorewives.AnthropologistsfromtheUniversityofWisconsinsaypolygamyisawaytoincreaseone’swealthbecausehavingalargefamilyincreaseshelpwithhuntingandcultivatingtheland.Thesemarriagesresultinashortageofwomenforothermentomarry,whichhasledtointer-tribalwars.

EachYanomanomanisresponsibleforclearinghislandforgardening,usingslash-and-humfarmingmethods.Theygrowplantains,atypeofbananaeatencooked,andhuntgameanimals,fishand