Unit4

SpaceExplorationDiscoveringUsefulStructures

Bytheendofthisperiod,youwillbeableto…1.identifyandanalyzetheusageofinfinitivesasadverbialsandattributes;2.mastertheusageofinfinitivesasadverbialsandattributesthroughself-studyandpractice.3.useinfinitivestodescribespacefactsandeffortstoexplorespace.LearningObjectivesLookatthefollowingsentencesandfocusontheitalicisedinfinitives.Inpairs,discusstheirfunctionsandmeanings.1.Scientistsworkhardtofindanswers.2.Theymakevehiclestocarrybravepeopleintospacetofindoutthesecretsoftheuniverse.3.However,somescientistsweredeterminedtohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.4.YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace.5.America’sNASAspaceagencylaunchedVoyager1on5September1977tostudydeepspace.6.Thesedisastersmadeeveryonesadanddisappointed,butthedesire

toexploretheuniverseneverdied.目的狀語目的狀語定語定語目的狀語定語Lead-in主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)意

義一般式進(jìn)行式完成式完成進(jìn)行式

動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前表示謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前且一直持續(xù)到謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendonetohavebeendoingLead-in1.Wemustfindapersontodothework.2.Therearelotsofinterestingthingstosee.3.Theygottheordertoleavethecity.

動(dòng)詞不定式作定語通常放在名詞、代詞或不定代詞的后面作后置定語。

動(dòng)詞不定式作定語一般與所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系、或同位關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系動(dòng)賓關(guān)系同位關(guān)系一、不定式作定語的位置和關(guān)系Rules1.Sheisthefirsttoadmitthatmuchofhissuccessisduetohisgoodlooks.2.TomistheonlystudenttogotoShanghaiinhisclass.3.Theytakealotoftroubletofindtherightpersontodothejob.當(dāng)名詞被序數(shù)詞或theonly,thenext,thelast,theright修飾，且該名詞是作定語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用不定式主動(dòng)形式作定語。二、不定式作定語（名詞被特定詞修飾）三、不定式作定語與特定名詞連用1.Hehadnochancetotakeabiteofbiscuit.2.Hemadeanattempttobeadmittedtothebigcompany.3.Agoodteachermusthavetheabilitytomakehimselfunderstood.4.Theywanttokeepapromisetobalancethefederalbudgetby2011.5.Weappreciateyoureagernesstoreceiveyourdevice.有些名詞常跟不定式作定語，如：dream,ambition,desire,determination,

wish,decision,chance,promise,plan,time,attempt,effort,ability,eagerness等。Rules四、不定式作定語（有…要做的事情）Usuallyontheweekend,wehavealotofhomework______.Asaseniorthreestudent,thereisalotofhomework______.Withsomuchhomework______,weneedtostayathome.五、不定式作定語（表將來）下周舉行的會(huì)議很重要。Themeeting__________nextweekisofgreatimportance.即將到來的節(jié)日是緬懷先人的好時(shí)機(jī)。Thefestival________isagoodtimeforyoutohonoryourancestors.tobeheldtocometodotodotodoRules1.Givemeasuitablepentowritewith.2.Hismotherislookingforahousetolivein.3.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.4.Hereisapieceofpaperforyoutowriteon.作定語的動(dòng)詞不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。六、不定式加介詞作定語Rules1.Ihavealotofthings

todotomorrow.2.Pleasegiveme

something

todrink.3.Hewillshowyoutherightpathtotake.在一些固定句型中，動(dòng)詞不定式作定語用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義，如have/get/give/showsth.todo。在此類句型中，不定式與前面的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，和句中另一個(gè)名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。

拓展與補(bǔ)充①Idoalotofthings.②Idrinksomething.③Youtaketherightpath.

NoticeTheairport______________(complete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea.2.Wearehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision__________(make)atthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.3.Volunteeringgivesyouachance_________(change)lives,includingyourown.

4.Thestudentsarelookingforwardtohavinganopportunity_________(explore)

societyofreal-lifeexperience.5.Ihavealotofreadings___________(complete)beforetheendofthisterm.tobecompletedtobemadetochangetoexploretocompleteExercises6.Theplay______________(produce)nextmonthaimsmainlytoreflectthe

localculture.7.Theability_________(express)anideaisasimportantastheideaitself.

8.It’simportantforthefigures____________(update)regularly.9.Birds’singingissometimesawarningtootherbirds______(stay)away.10.It’sstandardpracticeforacompanylikethisone_________(employ)a

securityofficer.tobeproducedtoexpresstostaytobeupdatedtoemployExercises1.Tobeawinner,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.2.Firemenhadtobreakthedoordowntoreachthepeopletrappedinside.3.MoreTVprogrammeswereproducedtoraisepeople'sconcernoverfoodsafety.4.To/Inordertogetagoodseat,hearrivedearly.5.Thebusstoppedatthestopsoastopickuppassengers.不定式作目的狀語，可用inorderto/soasto

代替，有時(shí)為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)目的，加強(qiáng)語氣，還可將這個(gè)詞組置于句首，但soasto一般不用于句首。(1)置于句首時(shí)只用todo/inordertodo。如用于表示否定,用inordernottodo或soasnottodo形式。(2)不定式作目的狀語可轉(zhuǎn)換為sothat/inorderthat或so...that...引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句。一、不定式作目的狀語Rules一句多譯我們將召開會(huì)議來討論這種不健康的生活方式。①We’llholdameeting_____________________theunhealthylifestyle.②We’llholdameeting_____________________theunhealthylifestyle.③We’llholdameeting_____________________theunhealthylifestyle.④________________________theunhealthylifestyle，we’llholdameeting.⑤________________theunhealthylifestyle，we’llholdameeting.todiscussinordertodiscusssoastodiscussInordertodiscussTodiscussRules1.Hewokeuptofindeverybodygone.

2.Hearrivedatthetrainstation,onlytofindthetrainhadalreadyleft.3.Sheistootiredtodothejob.4.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.5.Willyoubesokindastoopenthewindow?不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果；有時(shí)也可用onlyto,too...to,enoughto,so/such...asto來表示結(jié)果狀語。InfinitiveasadverbialRules1.Iamsoexcited

tobehere!2.Iammorethandelighted

tobewithyou!3.Sheisproud

tohavewonthefirstplace.4.Heisglad

tobeinvitedtothemeeting.

不定式作原因狀語，常用于“主語+be+adj.

+todo…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，此類形容詞多是glad,excited,disappointed,shocked等表示喜怒哀樂的形容詞。InfinitiveasadverbialRulesHerushedback,onlytofindthebookmissing.Jackhasmadesuchgreatprogress,makinghisparentsveryhappy.不定式（短語）作結(jié)果狀語，表示意料之外的結(jié)果的發(fā)生。現(xiàn)在分詞（短語）作結(jié)果狀語，多表示自然而然的結(jié)果，即句子謂語和結(jié)果狀語之間有直接的因果關(guān)系。拓展與補(bǔ)充Notice1._________(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you’dbetterkeepthiscardathand.2.Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only_______(find)itdidn’tfit.3.Groupactivitieswillbeorganisedafterclass_________(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.4.Georgereturnedafterthewar,only__________(tell)thathiswifehadlefthim.5.Thismachineisveryeasy___________(operate).Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.6.Wewereastonished________(find)thetemplestillinitsoriginalcondition.Tomaketofindtohelptobetoldtooperate