專題10自然和宇宙探索(解析版)

【材料來源：TheNewYorkTimesMay27,2024]

RiversofLavaonVenusRevealaMore

VolcanicallyActivePlanet

Witnessingtheblood-redfiresofavolcaniceruptiononEarthismemorable.Buttoseemoltenrockbleedout

ofavolcanoonadifferentplanetwouldbeextraordinary.ThatisclosetowhatscientistshavespottedonVenus:

twovast,sinuouslavaflowsoozingfromtwodifferentcomersofEarth'splanetaryneighbor.

"Afteryouseesomethinglikethis,thefirstreactionis'wow'JsaidDavideSulcanese,authorofastudy

reportingthediscoveryinthejournalNatureAstronomy.

EarthandVenuswereforgedatthesametime.Botharemadeofthesameprimevalmatter,andbotharethe

sameageandsize.SowhyisEarthaparadiseoverflowingwithwaterandlife,whileVenusisascorchedhellscape

withacidicskies?

Volcaniceruptionstinkerwithplanetaryatmospheres.Onetheoryholdsthat,eonsago,severalapocalyptic

eruptionssetoffarunawaygreenhouseeffectonVenus,turningitfromatemperate,waterloggedworldintoanarid

desert.

Tobetterunderstanditsvolcanism,scientistshopedtocatchaVenusianeruptionintheact.Butalthoughthe

planetisknowntobesmotheredinvolcanoes,anopaqueatmospherehaspreventedanyonefromseeingan

eruption.

Inthe1990s,NASAusedcloud-penetratingradartosurveymostoftheplanet.Butbackthen,therelatively

low-resolutionimagesmadespottingfreshmoltenrockatroublesometask.

Byusingmodemsoftware,scientistshavenowfoundtwounambiguouslavaflows.

【譯文欣賞】

金星上的熔巖河揭示了一顆火山活動更加活躍的行星

在地球上目睹火山爆發時的血紅色火焰令人難忘。但在另一顆行星上看到熔巖從火山中噴涌而出，更

是非同尋常。這幾乎就是科學家們在金星上發現的情況：在這個地球鄰居的行星表面上，兩股巨大的熔巖

流從兩個不同的角落里蜿蜒流出。

這一發現已發表在《自然-天文學》(NatureAstronomy)期刊上。這項研究的作者達維德?蘇爾卡內塞

（DavideSulcanese）說："當你看到這樣的場景時，第一反應就是‘哇‘。"

地球和金星誕生于同一時期。兩者由相同的原始物質構成，年齡和大小也相同。那么，為什么地球是

一個充滿水和生命的天堂，而金星卻是一個天上下酸雨的焦土地獄呢？

火山噴發改變了行星的大氣層。有一種理論認為，很久以前，幾次世界末日般的火山噴發引發了失控

的溫室效應，使得金星從一個氣候溫和、水源豐富的世界變成了干旱的沙漠。

為了更好地了解金星上的火山活動，科學家們希望能夠捕捉到火山噴發的畫面。然而，盡管人們知道

金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大氣層讓人們無法看到火山爆發。

20世紀90年代，美國國家航空航天局（NASA）使用穿透云層的雷達勘測了金星的大部分區域。但在

當時，圖像分辨率較低，要發現新鮮的熔巖十分困難。

如今，借助現代軟件，科學家們發現了兩處清晰可見的熔巖流。

【詞匯積累】

1.witness/'witnss/v.目擊

2.molten/'moultsn/adj.熔化的；鑄造的；熾熱的

3.extraordinary/ik'stroTds.neri/adj.非凡的；特別的；離奇的；特派的

4.sinuous/'smjuss/adj.蜿蜒曲折的

5.ooze/u:z/v.滲出；滲透

6.fbrge/fbirdj/v.鍛造（金屬）

7.primeval/praimi:vol/adj.原始的；初期的（等于primaeval）

8.overflow/.ouvorflou/v.溢出；擠滿了人；過度延伸；淹沒

9.scorched/sko:rtft/adj.燒焦的

10.arunawayeffect/'rAns.weifffekt/失控

11.eons/'i:a:nz/n.萬古；永世

12.waterlogged/'woitsr.lo^d/adj.澇的，浸滿水的，吸絕水的

13.arid/'send/adj.干旱的；不毛的，［農］荒蕪的

14.smothered/'smAdord/insth被某物裹著

15.op叫ue/ou'peik/adj.不透明的

16.cloud-penetrating/klaud'penitreitig/adj.穿越云層的

17.troublesome/'trAbslssm/adj.令人煩惱的；討厭的；令人痛苦的

18.unambiguous/,Anaem'bigjuss/adj.意思清楚的；明確的

【長難句分析】

原句

Butalthoughtheplanetisknowntobesmotheredinvolcanoes,anopaqueatmospherehaspreventedanyonefrom

seeinganeruption.

譯文

然而，盡管人們知道金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大氣層讓人們無法看到火山爆發。

分析

+一[主句：anopaqueatmospherehaspreventedanyonefromseeinganeruption]

I

+一[讓步狀語從句：Butalthoughtheplanetisknowntobesmotheredinvolcanoes]

I

+--[主語:theplanet]

I

+--[謂語:isknown]

I

+--[不定式短語：tobesmotheredinvolcanoes]

I

+-[介詞短語:involcanoes]

(-)

(2024?河南?模擬預測)NewSpaceMissionsin2024

ESA'sHeramission

TheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)planstolaunchitsHeraspacecraftinOctoberonamissiontoreturnto

anasteroid(小行星)systemvisitedbyNASA'sDARTspacecraftin2022.Heraisdesignedtocollectdataonthe

targetedsystem,calledDidymos.ThespacecraftisexpectedtocloselyexaminethephysicalpropertiesofDidymos

andmeasuredetailedeffectsofDART'scrash.

EuropaClipper

NASAhopestolaunchitsEuropaClippermissioninOctober.Thisorbiterisdesignedtocarryoutclose

examinationsofJupiter'smoonEuropa.Specifically,themissionwilllookforsignsthattheicymoonmighthold

therightconditionstosupportlife.NASAsaystheorbiterwillflyinorbitaroundJupiterandperformrepeated

closeflybysoftheicymoon.

Boeing'sStarlinertestflight

NASAandBoeinghavesaidtheyplantolaunchthefirstcrewedtestflightofthecompany'sStarliner

spacecraft.NASAsaysitistargetingMay2024tohaveStarlinerreadyforflight.Thelaunchdateistobesetlater.

ThespacecraftcompleteditsfirstunscrewedflighttesttotheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)lastMay.But

BoeinghasexperiencedseveraltechnicaldifficultieswithStarlinerduringthemissionandhasworkedwithNASA

tofixtheproblemsasitpreparesfortheplannedcrewedflight.

SpaceXStarshiptest

SpaceX,anotherNASA'spartner,hasbeensuccessfullyusingitsrocketsandspacecrafttotransport

astronautsandmaterialstotheISSsince2020.Butthecompanywillbeseekingasuccessfultestflightin2024for

itssuper-heavyStarshipspacecraft.

SpaceXexperiencedtwofailedStarshiptestsin2023一oneinAprilandtheotherinNovember-which

resultedinexplosions.TheAprilexplosioncausedmajordamagetothelaunchstructureinthestateofTexas.

SpaceXhassaidithasbeenexaminingtheissuesrelatedtotheexplosionsandplanstocarryoutanothertestof

Starshipassoonaspossible.ButitwillhavetowaituntiltheUSFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)completes

itsinvestigationofthelaunchsitedamageandapprovesanewtest.

1.WhichofthefollowingplanstocollectdataaboutDidymos?

A.NASA.B.FAA.C.SpaceX.D.ESA.

2.WhenisEuropaClipperscheduledtolaunch?

A.InApril.B.InMay.C.InOctober.D.InNovember.

3.WhatdoweknowaboutSpaceXStarship?

A.Thedateforitsthirdtestflightisunclear.

B.IthassucceededinsendingastronautstotheISS.

C.Thereasonforitsfirstfailurehasbeenidentified.

D.Itssecondtestflightdamagedthelaunchstructure.

【答案速查】1.D2.C3.A

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應用文。文章主要介紹了2024年的四個太空任務。

1.細節理解題。根據"ESA'sHeramission”部分中“Heraisdesignedtocollectdataonthetargetedsystem,called

Didymos.(Hera被設計用來收集目標系統Didymos上的數據。)”可知，歐洲航天局(ESA)計劃收集有關

Didymos的數據。故選D。

2.細節理解題。根據“EuropaClipper”部分中“NASAhopestolaunchitsEuropaClippermissioninOctober.(H

國宇航局希望在10月份發射'EuropaClipper，任務。戶可知，EuropaClippe預計將于10月份發射。故選C。

3.細節理解題。根據"SpaceXStarshiptest”部分中"SpaceXexperiencedtwofailedStarshiptestsin2023一onein

AprilandtheotherinNovember-whichresultedinexplosions.TheAprilexplosioncausedmajordamagetothe

launchstructureinthestateofTexas.SpaceXhassaidithasbeenexaminingtheissuesrelatedtotheexplosions

andplanstocarryoutanothertestofStarshipassoonaspossible.ButitwillhavetowaituntiltheUSFederal

AviationAdministration(FAA)completesitsinvestigationofthelaunchsitedamageandapprovesanew

test.(SpaceX在2023年經歷了兩次失敗的星際飛船測試——一次在4月,另一次在11月——導致爆炸。4

月份的爆炸對德克薩斯州的發射結構造成了重大破壞。SpaceX公司表示，它一直在調查與爆炸有關的問題，

并計劃盡快對星際飛船進行另一次測試。但它必須等到美國聯邦航空管理局(FAA)完成對發射場損壞的調

查，并批準進行新的測試。)”可知，SpaceX前兩次星際飛船測試都失敗了，第三次試飛的日期尚不清楚。

故選Ao

??;0。?，

原句

SpaceX,anotherNASA'spartner,hasbeensuccessfullyusingitsrocketsandspacecrafttotransportastronauts

andmaterialstotheISSsince2020.

譯文

SpaceX,另一家NASA的合作伙伴，自2020年以來一直成功地使用其火箭和航天器將宇航員和物資運

送到國際空間站。

分析

+--[主句：SpaceXhasbeensuccessfullyusingitsrocketsandspacecrafttotransportastronautsandmaterialsto

theISSsince2020]

I

+--[同位語：anotherNASA'spartner]

I

+—[動詞短語：hasbeenusing]

II

|+-[副詞：successfully]

II

|十一[賓語：itsrocketsandspacecraft]

|[不定式短語：totransportastronautsandmaterialstotheISS]

[時間狀語：since2020]

1.missionn.任務2.spacecraftn.宇宙飛船

3.asteroidn.小行星4.targetedadj.目標的

5.examinev.檢查6.measurev.測量

7.orbitern.軌道飛行器8.crewedadj.有人操作的

9.explosionn.爆炸lO.launchsiten.發射地點

（二）

（2024,山東日照?二模）Disabledastronauts-in-traininghavecompletedazero-gravityflight25,000ftabove

Earthtohelpunderstandhowspacesuitsandspaceshipscanbemademoreaccessible.

Thegroupof14,whowerefromfivedifferentcountries,includingAustralia,Brazil,Germany,Spainand

theUS,wasmadeupofscientists,engineersanddoctors.Theyhavemobility,visionandhearingdifficulties.

Thegroundbreakingtrip,organizedbyAstroAccess,happenedonaZero-GaircraftinHouston,Texas.It

camejustweeksaftertheEuropeanSpaceAgency（ESA）announcedthatformerParalympianrunner,JohnMcFall,

wouldbepartofthe2022ESAAstronautClass.ThemissiontookoffandlandedatEllingtonAirport,nexttothe

HoustonSpaceportandtheNASAJohnsonSpacecenter-hometotheUShumanspaceflighttraining.

Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft,thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres（拋物線演習），allowingthe

crewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessibleforthosewithdisabilities.

Onegrouptestedasetoftactilegraphics（觸覺圖形）tobeaddedtocabinwallsthatwouldallowbothblind

crewmembersandshort-sightedcrewmemberstomaintainasenseofdirectionduringemergenciesandhelpthem

findemergencydeviceinzerogravityifthelightswentoff.ThoseworkingwiththeBlindandMobilityCrewwere

abletodemonstratethatadisabledpersoncanindependentlygetintoalaunchseatandsafelyfastenthefive-point

seatbelt,provingthatdisabledpeoplecansafelyjoinspacemissions.Thehard-of-hearingandblindcrewsworked

withSonyandSonicCloudtohelpimprovespeechunderstandingsystemsonboard,usingSonicCloud's

innovativesoundpersonalizationsoftware.

MattGohd,CEOofZero-GCorporationsaid:"FromourtimewithStevenHawkingtoourrelationshipwith

AstroAccess,Zero-Gbelievesthattheonlylimitsyouhavearetheonesyouplaceonyourself.Wearehonoredto

sharethisamazingexperienceandthefirststepstospacewiththisextraordinarygroupofindividuals.Spaceshould

beopentoeveryone.9,

4.Whatistheideabehindtheflight?

A.Spacetravelcanbeaccessibletoeveryone.

B.Spacetravelwillbecomeapopularindustry.

C.Spacetravelcandevelopaspiritofadventure.

D.Spacetravelwillbegoodforuniverseexploration.

5.Whatwasspecialabouttheflight?

A.Ithadaformerathleteonboard.B.Itwasdesignedfbrdisabledpeople.

C.Itwasthefirstzero-gravityflightever.D.Itgotfinancialaidfromdifferentcountries.

6.Whywerethetestsconducted?

A.Tomakepreparationsfortheflight.

B.Toenhancespeechunderstandingsystems.

C.Tobettertheskillsofthedisabledinusinglaunchseats.

D.Toevaluatethepossibilityofspacetravelfbrthedisabled.

7.WhatmessageisconveyedinMattGohd'swords?

A.Greatmindsthinkalike.B.Unityisstrength.

C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Anythingispossible.

【答案速查】4.A5.B6.D7.D

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇新聞報道。文章報道了14名殘疾宇航員在AstroAccess組織的幫助下，完成了一

次離地球25000英尺的零重力飛行訓練，這次飛行旨在測試和改進宇航服和宇宙飛船的設計，以便讓殘疾

人更容易進入太空。

4,推理判斷題。根據第一段"Disabledastronauts-in-traininghavecompletedazero-gravityflight25,000ftabove

Earthtohelpunderstandhowspacesuitsandspaceshipscanbemademoreaccessible.（殘疾宇航員在訓I練中完成

了離地球25000英尺的零重力飛行，以幫助了解如何使宇航服和宇宙飛船更容易使用）”和最后一段中“Space

shouldbeopentoeveryone.（太空應該向所有人開放）”可推知，這次飛行是為了讓殘疾宇航員也可以進行太空

旅行，其背后的理念是每個人都可以進行太空旅行。故選A項。

5.細節理解題。根據第二段"Thegroupof14,whowerefromfivedifferentcountries,includingAustralia,Brazil,

Germany,SpainandtheUS,wasmadeupofscientists,engineersanddoctors.Theyhavemobility,visionand

hearingdifficulties.（這14人來自澳大利亞、巴西、德國、西班牙和美國等5個不同的國家，由科學家、工程

師和醫生組成。他們行動不便，視力和聽力都有障礙）”可知，這次飛行的特殊之處在于它是為殘疾人設計的。

故選B項。

6.細節理解題o卞艮據第四段“Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft,thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres（拋

物線演習），allowingthecrewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessibleforthosewith

disabilities.（在爬升到2.5萬英尺的高度時，飛行器開始了18次拋物線飛行，讓工作人員測試需要什么才能

讓殘疾人更方便地前往太空）”可知，測試的目的是評估殘疾人太空旅行的可能性。故選D項。

7.推理判斷題。根據最后一段MattGohd所說的話"FromourtimewithStevenHawkingtoourrelationshipwith

AstroAccess,Zero-Gbelievesthattheonlylimitsyouhavearetheonesyouplaceonyourself.Wearehonoredto

sharethisamazingexperienceandthefirststepstospacewiththisextraordinarygroupofindividuals.Spaceshould

beopentoeveryone.（從我們與史蒂芬?霍金的時光到我們與AstroAccess的關系，Zero-G相信你唯一的限制

就是你對自己的限制。我們很榮幸能與這群非凡的人分享這一驚人的經歷，并邁出了進入太空的第一步。

太空應該向所有人開放）”可知，MattGohd認為人僅受限于自己施加的限制，只要不對自己設限，任何人都

可以進行太空旅行。由此可知，他認為一切皆有可能。A.英雄所見略同；B.團結就是力量；C.事實勝于

雄辯。故選D項。

原句

Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft,thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres（拋物線演習），allowingthe

crewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessibleforthosewithdisabilities.

譯文

在爬升到2.5萬英尺的高度時，飛行器開始了18次拋物線飛行，讓工作人員測試需要什么才能讓殘疾

人更方便地前往太空。

分析

+一[主句：thevehiclebegan18parabolicmanoeuvres]

I

[狀語:Onclimbingtoaheightof25,000ft]

I

+--[伴隨狀語：allowingthecrewstotestoutwhatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessiblefor

thosewithdisabilities]

I

[賓語：thecrews]

I

+--[不定式短語:totestout]

I

+—[賓語從句：whatwasneededtomaketripstospacemoreaccessiblefbrthosewith

disabilities]

HE??

1.astronautn.宇航員2.zero-gravityn.失重狀態

3.mobilityn.行動能力4.visionn.視力

5.groundbreakingadj.開創性的6.manoeuvren.演習

7.tactileadj.觸覺的8.graphicsn.圖形

9.fastenv.系緊10.personalizationn.個性化

（三）

（2024-內蒙古包頭?三模）Asmuchasweliketothinkaboutnatureembodyingbalance,theuniverseis

actuallyfilledwithimbalance,too.Lefstakethesupernova（超新星）forexample.Twostarsorbiteachother.One

ofthestarsisolder,calleda“whitedwarf/'whiletheotherstarisabityounger.Theirmutualgravitational

interaction（相互弓|力相互作用）pullsmaterialofftheyoungerstaranddumpsitontothesurfaceofthewhite

dwarf.Ifenoughmaterialfallsontothedwarf,thestuffdumpedontothewhitedwarfbeginsto"burn".

Iftheconditionsareright,youalwaysburnupthesameamountofmaterialthatgetsadded.Ifthedonorstar

isdumpingtoomuchmaterialontothedwar￡theburningrunsoutofcontrol.Itconsumesnotjustthenewmaterial

onthewhitedwarfssurfacebutthewholeofthedwarfstaritself.Somuchenergyisreleasedsoquicklythatthe

starfindsitselfwildlyoutofbalance.Inaninstant,itbecomesasuper-hotballofunbalancedpressure,BOOM!A

supernovaisbom.

Closertohome,asimilarbutdifferentkindofprocesshappensinvolcanoes.Volcanoesarebomwhen

magma（熔巖）fromdeepintheEarthmakesitswayslowlytothesurfacethroughcracksintheplanet?scrust（地

殼）.Theheatfromthemagmabuildsupamassivepressureimbalanceinsidethemountain.Ifsthatimbalancethat

drivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruptionthatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayandsendsash15milesintothesky.

Buthere5sthething:Supernova,volcanoesandallthoseotherexplosionsintheuniversearenotjust

awesomesights.Theyareallessentialplayersincosmic（宇宙的）evolution.Supernovacreatealotoftheelements

inyourbodythatareessentialtolife.Nosupernova,noyou.Andvolcanoesareessentialtoevolutionoftheplanet,

includingthecyclingofgreenhousegaseslikeCO2thatmakeEarthhabitable.Novolcanoes,noyou.

8.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thedonorstar^^refertoinparagraph2?

A.Theyoungerstar.B.Theolderstar.

C.Thesupernova.D.Thewhitedwarf.

9.Whatfactorleadstoboththebirthofsupernovasandvolcaniceruption?

A.Hotmagma.B.Burningmaterial.

C.Unbalancedpressure.D.Gravitationalinteraction.

10.Whatcanwelearnabouttheexplosionsintheuniverseinthelastparagraph?

A.Theyevolveasplayers.B.Theycreatehumanbodies.

C.Theyareawesomesights.D.Theyarenecessarytolife.

11.Inwhichsectionofawebsitecanyoufindthispassage?

A.Profile.B.Science.C.Health.D.Economy.

【答案速查】8.A9.C10.D11.B

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要以超新星的誕生和火山爆發為例介紹了宇宙中不平衡的現象，

這些爆炸不僅是令人敬畏的景象，也是宇宙進化的重要參與者，是生命所必需的。

8.詞句猜測題。根據第一段中“Oneofthestarsisolder,calleda"whitedwarf,“whiletheotherstarisabit

younger.Theirmutualgravitationalinteraction（相互引力相互作用）pullsmaterialofftheyoungerstaranddumps

itontothesurfaceofthewhitedwarf.（其中一顆恒星較老，被稱為"白矮星"，而另一顆恒星稍年輕一些。它們

的相互引力作用將物質從年輕的恒星上拉下來，并將其傾倒到白矮星的表面）”可知，稍年輕一些的恒星上的

物質會因為相互引力作用而被傾倒在白矮星的表面上，再結合畫線詞所在句“Ifthedonorstarisdumpingtoo

muchmaterialontothedwarf（如果供體恒星向矮星上傾倒了太多的物質）“可知，此處的thedonorstar”供體恒

星”指的是上文提到的稍年輕一些的恒星。故選A項。

9.細節理解題。根據第二段中"Somuchenergyisreleasedsoquicklythatthestarfindsitselfwildlyoutofbalance.

Inaninstant,itbecomesasuper-hotballofunbalancedpressure,BOOM!Asupernovaisbom.（如止匕多的能量釋

放得如此之快，以至于這顆恒星發現自己嚴重失去了平衡。瞬間，它變成了一個壓力不平衡的超級熱球，

轟！——顆超新星誕生）”和第三段中“Theheatfromthemagmabuildsupamassivepressureimbalanceinsidethe

mountain.IfsthatimbalancethatdrivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruptionthatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayand

sendsash15milesintothesky.（巖漿的熱量造成了山體內部巨大的壓力不平衡。正是這種不平衡導致了火山

爆發，火山爆發撕裂了無數噸的巖石，將火山灰噴向15英里外的天空）”可知，壓力不平衡導致了超新星的

誕生和火山的爆發。故選C項。

10.推理判斷題。根據最后一段"Buthere5sthething:Supernova,volcanoesandallthoseotherexplosionsinthe

universearenotjustawesomesights.Theyareallessentialplayersincosmic（宇宙的）evolution.Supernovacreate

alotoftheelementsinyourbodythatareessentialtolife.Nosupernova,noyou.Andvolcanoesareessentialto

evolutionoftheplanet,includingthecyclingofgreenhousegaseslikeCO2thatmakeEarthhabitable.No

volcanoes,noyou.（但事情是這樣的：超新星、火山和宇宙中所有其他的爆炸不僅僅是令人敬畏的景象。它

們都是宇宙進化的重要參與者。超新星為你的身體創造了許多生命所必需的元素。沒有超新星，就沒有你。

火山對地球的進化至關重要，包括使地球適合居住的二氧化碳等溫室氣體的循環。沒有火山，就沒有你）”可

知，宇宙中的爆炸是宇宙進化的重要參與者，超新星為人體創造了許多生命所必需的元素，火山爆發促進

了地球上溫室氣體的循環。由此可知，這些爆炸是生命所必需的。故選D項。

11.推理判斷題o通讀全文，尤其是第一段中“Asmuchasweliketothinkaboutnatureembodyingbalance,the

universeisactuallyfilledwithimbalance,too.（盡管我們喜歡認為自然體現了平衡，但宇宙實際上也充滿了不

平衡）”可知，文章主要以超新星的誕生和火山爆發為例介紹了宇宙中不平衡的現象，這些爆炸不僅是令人敬

畏的景象，也是宇宙進化的重要參與者，是生命所必需的。因此，文章屬于科學范疇，可能出自網站的科

學部分。故選B項。

?。1@。?I

原句

IfsthatimbalancethatdrivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruptionthatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayand

sendsash15milesintothesky.

譯文

正是這種不平衡導致了火山爆發，火山爆發撕裂了無數噸的巖石，將火山灰噴向15英里外的天空

分析

這個句子為強調句，強調uthatimbalance。

+--[主句：IfsthatimbalancethatdrivestheBOOM,thevolcaniceruption]

I

+--[同位語：thevolcaniceruption]

I

十一]定語從句:thatripsazilliontonsofrocksawayandsendsash15milesintothesky]

HE??

1.embodyv.體現2.imbalancen.不平衡，失衡

3.orbitv.環繞4.gravitationaladj.引力的

5.interactionn.相互作用6.dumpv.傾侄ij

7.consumev.消耗8.magman.熔巖

9.crackn.裂縫10.cosmicadj.宇宙的

（四）

（2024-河南開封?三模）AlthoughSirIsaacNewtondidnotemployhisreflectingtelescopetouncover

novelastronomicalphenomena,hediduseittocompletelytransformhowweviewtheworldweliveinandthe

universeasawhole.

Reflectingtelescopesusemirrorstobendlightandenlargeimages,distinguishingthemfromrefractors（折

射望遠鏡）thatrelyonlenses.Theirsimplicityinconstructionandabilitytoachievemuchgreatersizesthan

refractorshaveledtoatransformationinourastronomicalknowledgeandourcomprehensionoftheuniverse.

Aslightpassesthroughglass,variouscolorsorbandsarerefractedatvaryingangles,leadingtochromatic

aberration（色差）andconsequently,distortedimageswhenviewedthroughalens.InthetimeofNewton,the

technologyforproducingglassandlenseswasstillveryprimitive,andthechallengesassociatedwithchromatic

aberrationhadnotbeenadequatelyaddressed.Todaywecanmakelensesthathavealmostnochromaticaberration

butwecan'tmakethemverylarge.Asthesizeofalensincreasessignificantly,itbecomesextremelyheavy,

causingitsownweighttodistortthelensandconsequentlyruintheimagequality.

Newton'stelescopesolvedtheseproblems.Amirrordoesn'tallowlighttopass.Itsimplybouncesallthe

lightoffthesurface.Thismeansthere9snochromaticaberration.Plus,becauseweonlyneedtobouncelightoffthe

surface,wecansupporttheentiremirroronabase,reducingitsweight.Thisallowsustobuildmuchlargermirrors

withoutanydistortion.

WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalleywithpredictingthecomet's

orbit,whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniversethroughthe

useofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory.

TheoriginaltelescopeconstructedbyNewtonispreservedandmaintainedbytheRoyalSocietyofLondon.

ItisshowcasedinLondonandoccasionallyembarksoninternationaltoursasanelementofexhibitions.

12.WhatdoweknowaboutNewton9sreflectingtelescope?

A.Ithasacomplexstructure.

B.Itreliesonmirrorsinsteadoflenses.

C.Itcanmaketheimagesmallerthanarefractor.

D.IthelpedNewtonuncovernovelastronomicalphenomena.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"distorted“meaninParagraph3?

A.Confused.B.Twisted.C.Evident.D.Vivid.

14.WhatproblemsdidNewton'stelescopemanagetosolve?

A.Issueswithimagequality.B.Restrictionsonthesize.

C.Challengesoflensmaking.D.Limitsoflightpassingangles.

15.Whatistheauthor5spurposeofmentioningGalileoandHalley?

A.Tostateafact.B.Toraiseapoint.

C.Toexplainaconcept.D.Tomakeacomparison.

【答案速查】12.B13.B14.A15.D

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了牛頓發明的反射望遠鏡使用鏡面而非透鏡來聚焦光線,

避免了由于色差導致的圖像失真問題，提高了望遠鏡的性能，使我們的天文學知識和對宇宙的理解發生了

轉變。

12.細節理解題。根據第二段中“Reflectingtelescopesusemirrorstobendlightandenlargeimages,distinguishing

themfromrefractors（折射望遠鏡）thatrelyonlenses.（反射望遠鏡使用鏡面來讓光線轉彎并放大圖像，將其與

依靠透鏡的折射望遠鏡區別開來）”可知，牛頓的反射望遠鏡依靠鏡子而不是透鏡來工作。故選B項。

13.詞句猜測題。根據畫線詞的上文“Aslightpassesthroughglass,variouscolorsorbandsarerefractedatvarying

angles,leadingtochromaticaberration（色差）（當光線穿過玻璃時，各種顏色或波段以不同的角度折射，導致

色差）”和下文"imageswhenviewedthroughalens（通過鏡頭觀看的圖像）“可推知，色差會讓圖像扭曲失真，畫

線詞意思應該是“扭曲的"，與Twisted意思相近。故選B項。

14.細節理解題。根據第四段“Newton'stelescopesolvedtheseproblems.Amirrordoesn'tallowlighttopass.It

simplybouncesallthelightoffthesurface.Thismeansthere5snochromaticaberration.Plus,becauseweonlyneed

tobouncelightoffthesurface,wecansupporttheentireminoronabase,reducingitsweight.Thisallowsusto

buildmuchlargermirrorswithoutanydistortion.（牛頓的望遠鏡解決了這些問題。鏡子不允許光線通過。它只

是把所有的光從表面反射回來。這意味著沒有色差。另外，因為我們只需要將光線從表面反射出去，我們

可以將整個鏡子支撐在一個底座上，從而減輕了它的重量。這使我們能夠建立更大的鏡子沒有任何失真）”可

知，牛頓的望遠鏡成功解決了圖像因色差以及重量問題而質量不佳的問題。故選A項。

15.推理判斷題。根據第五段“WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalley

withpredictingthecomet5sorbit,whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehension

oftheuniversethroughtheuseofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory.（伽禾!|略發現了木星周圍的衛

星，哈雷預測了彗星的軌道，而牛頓所做的是通過使用他的望遠鏡和萬有引力理論，將數學、天文學和我

們對宇宙的理解聯系在一起戶可知，與伽利略、哈雷相比，牛頓雖然沒有發現新的天文學現象，但是卻做到

了將數學、天文學和人們對宇宙的理解聯系在一起。由此推知，作者提到伽利略、哈雷的目的是做比較。

故選D項。

原句

WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalleywithpredictingthecomet5s

orbit,whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniversethrough

theuseofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory.

譯文

伽利略發現了木星周圍的衛星，哈雷預測了彗星的軌道，而牛頓所做的是通過使用他的望遠鏡和萬有引

力理論，將數學、天文學和我們對宇宙的理解聯系在一起。

分析

+--[主句：whatNewtondiddowastieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniverse]

I

+--[主語從句：whatNewtondiddo]

I

+-[系動詞：was]

I

+--[表語：tieinmathematics,astronomyandourcomprehensionoftheuniverse]

I

+一[方式狀語：throughtheuseofhistelescopeandhisuniversalgravitationtheory]

I

[狀語從句：WhileGalileoiscreditedwiththediscoveryofmoonsaroundJupiterandHalleywith

predictingthecomet9sorbit]

HE??

1.reflectingtelescopen.反射望遠鏡2.noveladj.新奇的

3.astronomicaladj.天文的4.phenomenan.現象

5.transformv.改變6.refractorn.折射望遠鏡

7.lensn.鏡片8.chromaticaberrationn.色差

9.distortedadj.扭曲的10.bouncev.反彈

（五）

（2023模擬）EatinginSpace

Imaginegoingcampingformorethanaweekwithseveralofyourclosefriends.Youwouldmakesureyou

haveplentyoffoodandtheequipmenttocookand