閱讀理解之議波文

2023年高考英語【熱點?重點?難點】專練（新高考專用）

新高考閱讀理解兩年（2021-2022）之體裁和主題內容統計

年份語篇卷別體裁主題內容

I卷應用文文學概論課程評分辦法

A篇

n卷應用文兒童博物館團體游

I卷說明文以實際行動減少食物浪費

2022B篇

U卷記敘文新型閱讀體驗

新高

I卷新聞報道養雞提升老年人幸福感

考卷C篇

n卷說明文使用Textalyzer（短信監控器）的技術來監控司機在開車

I卷說明文飲食變化帶來發音變化

D篇n卷說明文鍛煉對于心臟的好處

I卷應用文羅馬的四個旅館

A篇

n卷應用文約克郡的四個活動

I卷記敘文介紹鋼琴翻頁的職業

B篇

2021n卷記敘文作者照顧老虎

新高

I卷說明文濕地破壞，保護環境

考卷

C篇

II卷記敘文捐資助學

I卷說明文情商是品質還是技能

D篇

n卷說明文機器人監測牧牛的健康狀況

兩年閱讀理解考得最多的文體是“說明文”，其次為“記敘文”，再次為“應用文”，而“議論文”

則沒有涉及。在“三新（新課標新教材新高考）”背景下，2023年是否要考“議論文”體裁的閱讀理解，我

們將拭目以待。不過，新高考兩年未考，不等于將來不考。本著“未雨綢繆、有備無患”的精神，對于

議論文的閱讀理解解題我們還是要予以關注的。

熱點解讀

議論文是作者對某個問題或某件事情進行分析、評論，表明自己的觀點、立場、態度、看法和主張

的一種文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或是駁斥別人的錯誤觀點，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點

為主要目的。議論文一般有論點、論據和論證三個要素。論點明確且正確，論據充分，論證合乎邏輯，

結構層次清晰。議論文的題材多樣化、知識化，它包括社會科學的多個領域，涵蓋文化、歷史、文學、

科學和教育等各個方面，以及和自然科學交叉的學科。

議論文，有論點，有事實。作者往往根據一些很普通的事實，通過嚴謹的思維，縝密的推理得出一

個具有普遍性或前瞻性的觀點。該類文章邏輯性非常強，命題人往往從事實的有關細節以及文章的主旨

或作者想表達的意圖等方面著手，考查考生的批判性思維和辯證思維的能力。

議論文常見的設題方式四種題型都有可能涉及到。主旨大意題主要考查考生對議論文全篇思想內容

的理解；細節理解題雖然可以通過直接的查找的方法找出答案，但要注意選項中與文章的細微差別，避

免擴大、縮小乃至于誤讀作者的本意；推理判斷題和作者觀點態度題的解答一般是建立在對議論文中心

立場的基本把握上，在此基礎上推斷出作者的“言外之意”、未言明的思想內涵以及篇章結構。

滿分技巧

一、抓論點，找論據

議論文體裁的閱讀理解主要考查考生對論點及論據的把握。因此在解題時，考生應該抓主題句的方

法來把握文章主旨，弄清作者的觀點。一般來說，作者的論點通常在文章的首段被引出，接著是對這一

論點的邏輯推理和論證，最后得出結論。考生還應該注意的是：作者在對論點論證的過程中，每一段的

首句通常都是該段的主題句（也可能出現在段落的中間或末尾）。把握全文論點、弄清論證各段的主題句、

理解文章層次、找出中心論點的位置是理解議論文的關鍵。

二、析結構，理脈絡

借助下列兩個“了解”分析文章結構，以便厘清文章脈絡。

1.了解篇章結構的組織形式。從段落組織方式上講，常見的篇章結構有三種：總分式結構（總一分；

總一分一總；分一總）、并列式結構（段落之間是平行關系，并且相對獨立）、對照式結構（結構形式上是一

正一反）、遞進式結構（幾個段落之間屬于遞進關系）；

2.了解文章的論證結構和方法。從論證結構上講，常見的議論文結構有以下兩類:Putforwardaquestion

—>Analyzethequestion—>Solvethequestion即"提出問題、分析問題、解決問題（或得出結論）”的結構；

Argument/Idea^Evidence—>Conclusion/RestatingtheideaBP”論點、論據、結論/強調論點”的結構。從論

證方法上講，常用的論證方法有：歸納，即通過分析個別事物，尋找共同點，再得出結論；并列，即幾

個論據之間是平等的關系；遞進，即幾個論據之間是遞進的關系；對照，即把兩種事物加以對比，分析、

說明，得出結論；駁論，即闡述別人的錯誤觀點，逐條批駁，闡明觀點。

三、細揣摩，善推理

體會文章語言特點，仔細揣摩作者寫作態度，善于進行推理判斷。能否正確把握作者的觀點和態度

是體現閱讀能力的重要方面。一般來說，對作者的總的態度和傾向，必須在通讀全文，掌握了論點和論

據后，方能做出判斷。在判斷作者觀點態度時，考生應注意，有時候作者的觀點和態度并不是明確地表

達出來的，需要我們認真體會。做推理判斷時，一定要遵循邏輯規律，以事實為依據進行合理的推理。

【經典考例1］（引用原題號，以下同）

（2021?全國高考甲卷D篇）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewant

togobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmore

intelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthis

isnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissionto

thegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferent

colororbelief~~theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythat

membersoftheirgender（性另lj）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:

Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart."Canourplanet

affordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:

absolutelynot.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtosee

flashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）like

gender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefrom

thosewith''intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangethe

world.^^

12.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors9standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?

A.They'reunfair.B.They'reconservative.

C.They'reobjective.D.They'restrict.

13.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?

A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.

C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs

14.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?

A.Improvedglobalcommunication.B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.

C.Acceptanceofvictors5concepts.D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.

15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck

【經典考例2】

（2020?天津卷D篇）Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethe

differencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihave

neverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.The

twobelongtogether.

Together,thesedeephumanurges（馬區策力）countformuchmorethatambition.Galileowasnotmerely

ambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltothe

ground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,tcWhy?Why?Why?”

Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon'thavetobelearned.Wearebomwiththemandneedonly

recapturethem.

“Thegreatman,^^saidMencius（孟子），“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild'sheart.^^Yetmostofusdoloseit.

Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestful

average.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecomer,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.

Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethink

howterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowaken

ourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.

Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn't

arrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,

writingbooksonflowerarrangement.

Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven'tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon't;there

areonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven?tanytime?That'sgood,becauseit'salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhoget

thingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTomsCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?

RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedher

firstpictureswhenshewas78.

Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou'llneverbemorealive

thanyouareatthismoment.

51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto.

A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparison

C.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument

52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?

A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.

C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.

53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?

A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.

C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.

54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?

A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.

B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.

C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.

D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.

55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?

A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContentedB.ReflectionsonHumanNature

C.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearn

限時檢測

（題目序號高考真題用原序號，其余仿新嵩考閱讀理解D篇）

每篇答題時間不超過8分鐘

Passage1

（2022?北京卷D篇）Quantum（量子）computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensending

mearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.Fve

alsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeas

someonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.

Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanies

haveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantum

machinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.^^This

isthesortofhype（炒作）thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan'tkeep.

“What'snew,^^Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputing

researchers.^^

Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,

thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork'spotential.Ifresearcherscan'tkeeptheirpromises,

excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshave

gonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,

Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“'quantum'standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn'tbeabletounderstand.^^

AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.

AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.Healsoansweredmyquestions

aboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson'sconcernsabouthype,buthesays

thoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.

Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm"byaverylargemargin（幅度）“tobuildinga"usefiil”

quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.^^

Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparing

whatwearedoingwithothers.^^

CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition"byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon'tknow.

I'mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,just

asItrustJohnson.

31.RegardingJohnson'sconcerns,theauthorfeels.

A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited

32.WhatleadstoTaylor5soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?

A.Hisdominanceinphysics.B.Thecompetitioninthefield.

C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum.D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.

33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone“inParagraph3mostprobablymean?

A.Open.B.Cool.C.Useful.D.Resistant.

34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?

B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?

C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?

D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?

Passage2

（2022?吉林省吉林市模擬預測）Nobusinesswouldwelcomebeingcomparedtogambling（賭博）.Yetthatis

whatishappeningtomakersofvideogames.Foryearsparentshavecomplainedthattheirchildrenare"addicted”

totheirvideogamesandsmartphones.Today,however,evenmoredoctorsareusingtheterm.OnJanuary1this

year,"gamingdisorder”——inwhichgamesareplayeduncontrollably,despitecausingharm-gainedrecognition

fromtheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）.

Aregamesreallyaddictive?Psychologistshavedifferentopinions.Thosewhodon'tthinksosaythatthisis

justanothermoralpanic.Similarwarningshavebeengivenabouttelevision,rock'n'roll,jazz,comicbooks,

novelsandevencrosswordpuzzles,butitturnsoutthattheyarenotasharmfulasexpected.

However,supportersarguethatgamesdevelopershavethemotivationandthemeanstodesigntheir

productstomakethemextremelyattractive.Foronething,thebusiness-modelhaschanged.Intheolddays

gameswereboughtonceandforall.Butthesedays,gamesarefreeandmoneyisearnedfrompurchasesof

in-gamegoods,whichtiesplaytimedirectlytorevenue（收益）.Foranother,games-makerscombine

psychologicaltheoryanddata,whichhelpsthemmaximizetheplaytime.Smartphonesandmodemvideogame

machinesusetheirpermanentInternetconnectionstosendgameplaydatabacktodevelopers.Inthisway

productsareconstantlyadjustedtoencourageplayers9spending.Thebiggestspendersareknownas“whales”,a

termthatoriginatedincasinos（賭場）.

Thegamingindustryshouldrealizethat,intherealworld,ithasaproblem,andthatproblemisgrowing.

NowthatgamingaddictioncomeswithanofficialWHOrecognition,diagnoseswillbecomemorecommon.

Anyway,beingputtogetherwithgamblinginthepublicmind,whetheritisfairlyornot,willnotdotheindustry

anygood.

32.WhatdoweknowfromParagraph1?

A.Itisnotsuitabletocomparevideogamestogambling.

B.Parentscomplainabouttheirchildren'saddictiontogambling.

C.Moredoctorsareagainsttheuseoftheterm"addicted”.

D.Gamingaddictionwasofficiallyrecognizedasadisease.

33.Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“moralpanic^^inParagraph2mean?

A.Wrongjudgmentonhowharmfulsomethingis.

B.Troublecausedbysomeone'simmoralbehavior.

C.Socialprogresscausedbyscienceandtechnology.

D.Panicduetothegapbetweentherichandthepoor.

34.Whatdogamesdevelopersdotomakegamesattractive?

A.Theydon'tchargeplayersforin-gamegoods.

B.Theyadjustproductsbasedonreceiveddata.

C.Theykeepplayers5videogamemachinesupdated.

D.Theyrewardbigspenderswithauniquetitle.

35.1nthelastparagraph,theauthoraimsto.

A.offerasuggestionB.makeapredictionC.giveawarningD.putforwardasolution

Passage3

(2022?上海市復興高級中學高三期中)Weareencounteringreal-worldexamplesofhowAIcanharm

humanrelations.AsdigitalassistantssuchasAlexaorSiribecomepopular,wearebecomingaccustomedto

talkingtothemasthoughtheywerealive;writinginthesepageslastyear,JudithShulevitzdescribedhowsome

ofusarestartingtotreatthemasfriendsandtherapists.ShulevitzherselfsayssheconfessesthingstoGoogle

Assistantthatshewouldn'ttellherhusband.Ifwegrowmorecomfortabletalkingtoourdevicesaboutour

secrets,whathappenstoourhumanmarriagesandfriendships?Designersandprogrammerstypicallycreate

deviceswhoseresponsesmakeusfeelbetter-butmaynothelpusbeself-reflectiveorthinkoverpainfultruths.

AsAIgoesdeeperintoourlives,wemustfacethepossibilitythatitwillpreventouremotionsanddeephuman

connects.

Besides,wewillfightwithsomeotherchallenges.Theageofdriverlesscars,afterall,isuponus.These

vehiclespromisetosubstantiallyreducetheexhaustionanddistractionthatputhumandriversindanger,thus

preventingaccidents.Butwhatothereffectsmighttheyhaveonpeople?Drivingisaverymodernkindofsocial

interaction,requiringhighlevelsofcooperation.Iworrythatdriverlesscars,bytakingawayfromusanoccasion

toexercisethisability,couldcontributetoitsdecline.

Notonlywillthesevehiclesbeprogrammedtotakeoverdrivingdutiesandhencetoremovefromhumans

thepowertomakemoraljudgments(forexample,aboutwhichpedestriantohitwhenacrashisinevitable),they

willalsoaffecthumanswithwhomthey'vehadnodirectcontact.Forinstance,driverswhohavesteeredawhile

alongsideanautonomousvehicletravelingatasteady,invariantspeedmightdrivelessattentively,thus

increasingtheirlikelihoodofaccidentsoncethey'vemovedtoapartofthehighwayoccupiedonlybyhuman

drivers.Alternatively,experiencemayrevealthatdrivingalongsideautonomousvehiclestravellinginperfect

accordancewithtrafficlawsactuallyimproveshumanperformance.

Eitherway,weshouldbecarefultolaunchnewformsofAIwithoutfirsttakingsuchsocialspillovers一or

externalities,asthey'reoftencalled-intoaccount.Wemustapplythesameeffortthatweapplytothehardware

andsoftwarethatmakeself-drivingcarspossibletomanagingAFspotentialeffectsonthoseoutsidethecar.

Afterall,weinstallbrakelightsonthebackofyourcarnotjust,orevenprimarily,foryourbenefit,butforthe

sakeofthepeoplebehindyou.

32.Whatcanbeinferredabouthumanrelationshipsfromthefirstparagraph?

A.Wewillfeelcomfortablespeakingtoothersonline.

B.AIwillleadtoshallowinter-personalrelationships.

C.AIwillenablepeopletocommunicatemorewithothers.

D.Wewillbemoreself-reflectiveininteractionthankstoAL

33.Inparagraph2,thephrase“itsdecIine^^referstothedeclinein.

A.drivers5interactionwiththecars

B.drivers9exhaustionanddistraction

C.ourabilitytocooperatewithotherswhiledriving

D.ourabilitytodealwithemergencieswhiledriving

34.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofdriverlesscars?

A.Theymaybebetteratmakingmorejudgmentsthanhumandrivers.

B.Theyneedtovarytheirspeedtomakecontactwithhumandrivers.

C.Theymaymakehumandriversinothercarsdrivemoresafely.

D.Theyneedtoforcehumandriverstoconcentrateinthecar.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagreewith?

A.Brakelightsonthebackofourcarareinstalledmainlytowarnusofdanger.

B.Weshouldfigureouthownewtechnologyaffectspeoplebeforedevelopingit.

C.Itishardtosaywhysocialspilloverswillworkintermsofself-drivingcars.

D.Moreeffortshouldbemadetoadvancethehardwareandsoftwareofdriverlesscars.

Passage4

（2022?湖南高三階段練）Asmanyofficeworkersadapttoremotework,citiesmayundergofundamental

changeifofficesremainunder-utilized.Whowillbenefitifworkingfromhomebecomesthenorm?

Employersarguetheymakeconsiderablesavingsonrealestatewhenworkersshiftfromofficetohome

work.However,thesesavingsresultfrompassingcostsontoworkers.

Unlessemployeesarefullycompensated,thiscouldbecomeavariantofparasitic（變異的）capitalism,

wherebycorporateprofitsincreasinglyrelyonextractingvaluefromthepublic-andnowpersonal-realm,rather

thanongeneratingnewvalue.

Thoughemployersarebackedbyachorusofremoteworkadvocates,othersnotetheloneliness,reduced

productivityandinefficienciesofextendedremotework.

Ifworkingfromhomebecomespermanent,employeeswillhavetodedicatepartoftheirprivatespaceto

work.Thisrequirespurchasingdesks,chairsandofficeequipment.

Italsomeanshavingprivatespaceded