20XX年6月Therearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies,Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat’swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted“biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors”asallplayingtheirparts.Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontributetoviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.Thetroublecomeswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality(因果關系).SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:“Atthistime,wellover1,000studies...pointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren.”Freedom-of-speechadvocatesaccusedthesocietiesofcateringtopoliticians,andevendisputedthenumberofstudies(mostwerereviewarticlesandessays,theysaid).WhenJonathanFreedman,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofToronto,reviewedtheliterature,hefoundonly200orsostudiesoftelevision-watchingandaggression.Andwhenheweededout“themostdoubtfulmeasuresofaggression”,only28%supportedaconnection.Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread‘aggressive’or‘non-aggressive’wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?TheintentofthenewHarvardCenteronMediaandChildHealthtocollectandstandardizestudiesofmediaviolenceinordertocomparetheirmethodologies,assumptionsandconclusionsisanimportantstepintherightdirection.Anotherappropriatestepwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.21. Whyistheresomuchviolenceshowninmovies,TVandvideogames?A)Thereisalotofviolenceintherealworldtoday.B)Somethinghasgonewrongwithtoday’ssociety.C)Manypeoplearefondofgunplayandbloodshed.D)Showingviolenceisthoughttobeentertaining.22. Whatistheskeptics(Line3.Para.3)viewofmediaviolence?A)Violenceontelevisionisafairlyaccuratereflectionofreal-worldlife.B)Moststudiesexaggeratetheeffectofmediaviolenceontheviewers.C)Acausalrelationshipexistsbetweenmediaandreal-worldviolence.D)Theinfluenceofmediaviolenceonchildrenhasbeenunderestimated.23. Theauthorusestheterm“alarmists”(Line1.Para.5)torefertothosewho________.A)usestandardizedmeasurementsinthestudiesofmediaviolenceB)initiatedthedebateovertheinfluenceofviolentmediaonrealityC)assertadirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandaggressivebehaviorD)useappropriatemethodologyinexaminingaggressivebehavior24. Inrefutingthealarmists,theauthoradvanceshisargumentbyfirstchallenging________.A)thesourceandamountoftheirdataB)thetargetsoftheirobservationC)theirsystemofmeasurementD)theirdefinitionofviolence25. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedebateconcerningtherelationshipbetweenthemediaandviolence?A)Morestudiesshouldbeconductedbeforeconclusionsaredrawn.B)Itshouldcometoanendsincethematterhasnowbeensettled.C)Thepaststudiesinthisfieldhaveprovedtobemisleading.D)Hemorethanagreeswiththeviewsheldbythealarmists.PassageTwoYou’reintroubleifyouhavetobuyyourownbrand-nameprescriptiondrugs.Overthepastdecade,pricesleapedbymorethandoubletheinflationrate.Treatmentsforchronicconditionscaneasilytop$2,000amonth-nowonderthatoneinfourAmericanscan’saffordtofilltheirprescriptions.Thesolution?Aheartychorusof“OCanada.”Northoftheborder,wherepricecontrolsreign,thosesamebrand-namedrugscost50%to80%less.TheCanadianoptionisfastbecomingapoliticalwake-upcall,“Ifourneighborscanbuydrugsatreasonableprices,whycan’twe?Eventowhisperthatthoughtprovokesanger.“Un-American!”And-thepropagandists’trumpcard(王牌)—“Wreckourbrillianthealth-caresystem.”Supersizedrugprices,theyclaim,fundtheresearchthatsparksthenextgenerationofwonderdrugs.Nosky-highdrugpricetoday,nocureforcancertomorrow.Soshutupandpayup.Commonsensetellsyouthat’safalsealternative.Therewardforfinding,say,acancercureissohugethatnoone’sgoingtohangitup.Nevertheless,ifCanada-levelpricingcametotheUnitedStates,theindustry’sprofitmarginswoulddropandthepaceofnew-drugdevelopmentwouldslow.HereliestheAmericandilemma.Whoisallthissplendidmedicinefor?Shouldourhealth-caresystemcontinueitsdrivetowardthebestofthebest,eventhoughrisingnumbersofpatientscan’taffordit?Orshouldwedirectourwealthtowardlettingeveryoneinontoday’slevelofcare?Measuredbysavedlives,thelatterisalmostcertainlythebettercourse.Todefendtheirprofits,thedrugcompanieshavewarnedCanadianwholesalersandpharmacies(藥房)nottoselltoAmericansbymail,andarecuttingbacksuppliestothosewhodare.Meanwhile,theadministrationisplayingthefearcard.OfficialsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationwillarguethatCanadiandrugsmightbefake,mishandled,orevenapotentialthreattolife.DobaddrugsflyaroundtheInternet?Sure-andthemorewelook,themorewe’llfind,ButIhaven’theardofanyragingepidemicsamongthehundredsofthousandsofpeoplebuyingcrossborder.Mostusersofprescriptiondrugsdon’tworryaboutcostsalot.They’reshelteredbyemployeeinsurance,owingjusta$20co-pay.Thefinancialblowsrain,instead,ontheuninsured,especiallythechronicallyillwhoneedexpensivedrugstolive,Thisgroupwillstillincludemiddle-incomeseniorsonMedicare,who’llhavetodigdeeplyintotheirpocketsbeforegettingmuchfromthenewdrugbenefitthatstartsin2006.26. WhatissaidabouttheconsequenceoftherocketingdrugpricesintheU.S.?A)AquarterofAmericanscan’taffordtheirprescriptiondrugs.B)ManyAmericanscan’taffordtoseeadoctorwhentheyfallill.C)ManyAmericanshavetogotoCanadatogetmedicaltreatment.D)Theinflationratehasbeenmorethandoubledovertheyears.27. ItcanbeinferredthatAmericacanfollowtheCanadianmodelandcurbitssoaringdrugpricesby________.A)encouragingpeopletobuyprescriptiondrugsonlineB)extendingmedicalinsurancetoallitscitizensC)importinglow-priceprescriptiondrugsfromCanadaD)exercisingpricecontrolonbrand-namedrugs28. HowdopropagandistsarguefortheU.S.drugpricingpolicy?A)LowpriceswillaffectthequalityofmedicinesinAmerica.B)Highpricesareessentialtofundingresearchonnewdrugs.C)Lowpriceswillbringabouttheangerofdrugmanufacturers.D)High-pricedrugsareindispensableincuringchronicdiseases.29. WhatshouldbethepriorityofAmerica’shealth-caresystemaccordingtotheauthor?A)Toresolvethedilemmainthehealth-caresystem.B)TomaintainAmerica’sleadinthedrugindustry.C)Toallowthevastmajoritytoenjoyitsbenefits.D)Toquickenthepaceofnewdrugdevelopment.30. WhatareAmericandrugcompaniesdoingtoprotecttheirhighprofits?A)LabelingdrugsboughtfromCanadaasbeingfakes.B)Threateningtocutbackfundingfornewdrugresearch.C)ReducingsuppliestouncooperativeCanadianpharmacies.D)AttributingtheragingepidemicstotheineffectivenessofCanadiandrugs.20XX年12月Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse.“Ananimalthatcan’tdetectdangercan’tstayalive,”saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神經元)deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃核).LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalereceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdaleappraisedasituation-Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme-andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey’reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,“ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear.”Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worry.That’snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell.“Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,”hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction-likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere’sarightwaytoworry.“Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan,”hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe’refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit’sbeendifficulttogetfactsabouthowweshouldrespond.That’swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro(抗炭疽菌的藥物)andbuyinggasmasks.52.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”(Line2,Para.1)refersto“________”.A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolvesB)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdangerC)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecisionD)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation53.FormthestudiesconductedbyLcDouxwelearnthat__________.A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictableB)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistressC)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingsoffearD)theamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger54.Formthepassageweknowthat________.A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperlyB)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecessionC)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedangerD)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents55.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?A)Askforhelp-fromthepeoplearoundyou.B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.56.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas_________.A)ridiculous B)understandableC)over-cautious D)sensiblePassageTwoAmitaiEtzioniisnotsurprisedbythelatestheadingsaboutschemingcorporatecrooks(騙子).AsavisitingprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolin1989,heendedhisworktheredisgustedwithhisstudents’overwhelminglustformoney.“They’retaughtthatprofitisallthatmatters”hesays.“Manyschooldon’tevenofferethics(倫理學)coursesatall.”Etzioniexpressedhisfrustrationabouttheinterestsofhisgraduatestudents.“Byandlarge,IclearlyhadnotfoundawaytohelpclassesfullofMBAsseethatthereismoretolifethanmoney,power,fameandself-interest,”heworeatthetime.Todayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthese“business-leaders-to-be.”“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem,”hesays.“IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.”EtzioniwasarespectedethicsexpertwhenhearrivedatHarvard.Hehopedhisworkattheuniversitywouldgivehiminsightintohowquestionsofmoralitycouldbeappliedtoplaceswhereself-interestflourished.Whathefoundwasn’tencouraging.Thosewould-beexecutiveshad,saysEtzioni,littleinterestinconceptofethicsandmoralityintheboardroom-andtheirprofessorwasmetwithblankstareswhenheurgedhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.EtzioniseestheexperienceatHarvardasaneye-openingoneandsaysthere’smuchaboutbusinessschoolsthathe’dliketochange.“Alotofthefacultyteachingbusinessarebadnewsthemselves,toreinforcingthenotionofprofitovercommunityinterests,Etzionihasseenalotthat’slefthimshakinghishead.Andbecauseofwhathe’sseentaughtinbusinessschools,he’snotsurprisedbythelatestrashofcorporatescandals.“Inmanywaysthingshavegotalotworseatbusinessschools.Isuspect,”saysEtzioni.Etzioniisstillteachingthesociologyofrightandwrongandstillcallingforethicalbusinessleadership.“Peoplewithpoormotiveswillalwaysexist,”hesays.“Sometimesenvironmentsconstrainthosepeopleandsometimesenvironmentsgivethosepeopleopportunity.”Etzionisaystheboomingeconomyofthelastdecadeenabledthoseindividualswithpoormotivestogetrichbeforegettingintrouble.Hishopenow:thatthecriesforreformwillprovidemorefertilesoilforhislong-standingmessagesaboutbusinessethics.57.WhatimpressedAmitaiEtzionimostaboutHarvardMBAstudents?A)Theirkeeninterestinbusinesscourses.B)Theirintensedesireformoney.C)Theirtacticsformakingprofits.D)Theirpotentialtobecomebusinessleaders.58.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisay“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem”(Line4,Para.2)?A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.B)Hedidn’tteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.D)Hedidn’toffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness-leaders-to-be.59.Mostwould-beexecutivesattheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievedthat_______.A)questionsofmoralitywereofutmostimportanceinbusinessaffairsB)self-interestshouldnotbethetoppriorityinbusinessdealingsC)newanddifferentprinciplesshouldbetaughtatbusinessschoolsD)therewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings60.InEtzioni’sview,thelatestrashofcorporatescandalscouldbeattributedto____.A)thetendencyinbusinessschoolstostressself-interestoverbusinessethicsB)theexecutives’lackofknowledgeinlegallymanipulatingcontractsC)theincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernbusinessworldD)themoralcorruptionofbusinessschoolgraduates61.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.A)thecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethicsB)businessmenwithpoormotiveswillgaintheupperhandC)businessethicscoursesshouldbetaughtinallbusinessschoolsD)reforminbusinessmanagementcontributestoeconomicgrowth20XX年6月Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(烏托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖癥).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.PassageTwoTheuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(謹言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(語言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday20XX年12月Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingerminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤雜工)plentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked—cordially.Isoonfoundoutdifferently.Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthedifferencebetweenserverandservant.I’mnowapplyingtograduatedschool,whichmeanssomedayI’llreturntoaprofessionwherepeopleneedtobenicetomeinorderto