專題10閱讀理解之詞義揣測

在中考英語閱讀理解的考題中，有一類很常見的題，即詞義揣測題，是對學生來說最困難的部分，也

是失分最大的一個題型。其實，出題老師在出題的時候，絕不會隨意出一個生詞來刁難大家，肯定是可以

依據某個線索推斷出來。因此，本課介紹的方法，就是給大家找尋線索的方法，幫助大家攻克這類題型。

此外，即使不是考題，我們也可能在閱讀中遇到生詞，會給學生的心理上造成很大障礙。但是假如能夠合

理地揣測出詞義，也會大大增加閱讀的效率和精確性。

在閱讀的時候，經常會遇到一些生詞，影響我們的閱讀速度，其實大部分生詞的意思都可以通過上下文

的關系猜出來，下面就介紹一些猜詞的技巧：

1.通過因果關系猜詞

通過因果關系猜詞，首先是找誕生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關聯詞

(如because,since,as,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等)表示前因后果。

例如：

Youshouldn'thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn,thisfault.

通過for引出的句子所表示的緣由(那不是他的錯)，可猜出blame的詞義，指責、指責。

2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關系猜詞

如：Tomislazybuthisbrotherisindustrious.

通過同義詞猜詞，要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如Weliveahappyandgaylife,即使我們

不相識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是happy意思；

通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉折關系的連詞或副詞，如but,while,however等；二是看與not搭配的或

表示否定意義的詞語，如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.依據notat

all...handsome我們不難推想出homely的意思，即nothandsome的意思。

3.通過構詞法猜詞

在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難依據上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解

又有著舉足輕重的作用。此時，如駕馭了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴等語法學問，這些問題便不難解決

To

如：1)ThecolorsofHawaiiinsummerareunforgettable.

2)Wewantthistobeclearsocustomersarenotmisinterpretingtheinformationandwasting

alotoffood.

A.payingattentiontoB.takingnonoticeof

C.makingguessesaboutD.havingawrongideaabout

3)breathlessshortenbeautifygeneralize

progressivelycontinuouseducationistadaptable

氣喘吁吁的使…縮短使…漂亮概括

不斷進步地持續的教化家可適應的

4.通過定義或釋義關系來推想詞義

例：Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.

Sheisstudyingglaucoma,akindofdiseaseontheeyes.

這種同義或釋義關系常由is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折號等來表示。

5.通過句法功能來推想詞義

例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.

假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來推斷它們大致的意思。

從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關系，同屬水果。

6.通過描述猜詞

描述即為幫助讀者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內在特征的描寫。

例：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunny

way.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.

從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習性。

7.依據常識來推想

如：Waterusuallyboilsat100centigrade.

精講精練

【例題1】

Spacerubbishisalsothoughttobeagreatdangertospacemen.It'sreportedthattherewere

9,000man-madethingsflyinginspace.About30%ofthesearesatellites,10%arespaceships,

andtherestarespacerubbish.Anexplosion（爆炸）inspacein1999madeacloudof300,000

fragments,eachatleast4mminsize.Asmallpieceoftheseevenknockedaspaceshipwindowand

causedsomedamage（損壞）.

Theunderlinedword〃fragments"means____.

A.碎片B.泡沫C.煙霧D.飛碟

【答案】A

【解析】

依據下文中的smallpiece等，可以看出該詞意為"碎片"，故選：A.

【例題2】

Noonewantstogetupatfouro'clockinthemorningandfighttogetagooddealonBlackFriday

(thefirstFridayatChristmastime).It'ssurelyverydifficulttopickupthecourageandget

outthereinthecoldforagooddeal.Butsometimesitcanbewellworth.Manyretailersoffer

specialsallthroughtheday.SomeevenofferonlineBlackFridayspecials,sowemaystillbe

abletogetagreatdealonBlackFriday.

Theunderlinedword"specials〃inParagraph2means.

A.贈品B.奢侈品C.特價商品D.圣誕禮品

【答案】C

【解析】可依據詞性變換來推想詞義。special作形容詞，意思是特別的，因此轉換成名詞時，也會和“特

別”這個含義有關。結合文意，文章探討的和商品有關，因此選C。

【例題3】

Manyofthestudentsinmyclasscouldn，tactatall.Theycouldn，tevenreadwithoutmakinglots

ofmistakes.IwassurethatIwouldgetabigpartintheplay.

However,theteachergavemethepartofasoldier.Hehasonlyoneline.Itis,“Yes,sir!”

Iwasverydisappointed.AttheendofthelessonIwentuptoherandaskedherwhyIhadsuch

asmallpart.

“Youputtoomuchexpressioninyouracting,z/shesaid."Goodactingisnotbigacting.Itis

actingtheaudiencecanbelievein.

IthinkIknowwhatshemeans.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword"expression〃inthepassagemean?

A.表情B.建議C.仿照D.服飾.

【答案】A

【解析】由Iputalotofexpressionintomyacting.IthoughtIactedreallywell.我表現得繪

聲繪色.我滿以為我是表現得很到位的.可知作者在表演中加入了過多的表情.答案是A,其它不正確。

【練習1]Moreandmoreparentsleavetheirhomeandcomeintothebigcitiestomakemoney.But

theirchildrencan51gowiththembecausetheirchildrenmustgotoschoolintheirhometown.They

arecalledhome-leftchildren（留守兒童）.Theproblemsofhome-leftchildrenbecomemoreand

moreserious.Anditbecomesabigburdenofoursociety.Themainproblemisthatsomehome-left

childrenbecomeverylonelywhentheydon'thavetheirparents?love.Andtheyaretooyoung

totellrightorwronginmanythings.Sotheyarefooledveryeasilybyothers.

XiaoMei,a14-year-oldgirl,isahome-leftchild.HerparentsareallinShanghai.Sheisin

herhometownwithhergrandpa.ShelikesplayinggamesontheInternet.Herparentsandgrandpa

onlygivehermoneyandfood.Theyhardlyevercareforherstudies.Oneday,shehadnomoney

topayforthegamesintheNetbar（網口巴）.Soshestole（偷）somemoneyfromherneighbor.Just

atthattime,XiaoFang,a9-year-oldgirlsawit.XiaoMeiwasafraidthatXiaoFangwouldtell

othersaboutit.ShecutXiaoFang5sthroatwithaknife,thenshewenttoschooljustlikenothing

happened.Luckily,XiaoFangwassavedbythedoctors.Whensheopenedhereyesandwrotethe

facttothepolicemanwithapencil,everybodywasverysurprised.Thissadstoryremindsthe

parentstocarefortheirchildrennomatterhowbusytheyare.

Areyouoneofthehome-leftchildren?Whatdoyouneedfromyourparents?Food,moneyorlove?

Ithinkmostchildrenneedlovemostly.Let'scareforthegrouptogether.

1.Whycan，tthechildrengotothebigcitieswiththeirparents?__

A.Becausetheyhavetogotoschoolintheirhometown.

B.Becausetheirparentshavenomoney.

C.Becausetheydon51liketogothere.

D.Becausetheyarenotallowed.

2.What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword"burden〃inChinese?__

A.負擔B.象征C.任務D.地位

3.WhatdoXiaoMei'sparentsonlygiveher?__

A.Clothes.B.Love.C.Moneyandfood.D.Computers.

4.WhatdoesthestoryofXiaoMeimainlytellus?__

A.Wecan，tplaycomputergames.

B.Parentsshouldcarefortheirchildren.

C.Weshouldgetalongwellwithneighbors.

D.Goingtothebigcitiesisnotgood.

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?__

A.Home-leftchildrencantellrightorwrongeasily.

B.Home-leftchildrenneverfeellonely.

C.XiaoFanglikesplayinggames.

D.XiaoMeireallyneedslove.

【答案】AACBD

【解析】

56.答案:A細微環節理解題.依據文章內容Buttheirchildrencan，tgowiththembecausetheirchildren

havetogotoschoolintheirhometown.但是孩子不能和他們一起，因為他們的孩子必需在家鄉的學

校上學.故選：A.

57.答案：A詞義揣測題.前文講到留守兒童成為一個嚴峻的社會問題.此句為：而且它也成為社會的負

擔.Burden負擔，故選：A.

58.答案：C細微環節理解題.依據文章內容Herparentsandgrandpaonlygivehermoneyandfood

她的父母和爺爺只能給她錢和食物.故選：C.

59.答案:B細微環節理解題.依據文章內容Thissadstoryremindstheparentstocarefortheirchildren

nomatterhowbusytheyare.這個故事提示父母不管他們有多忙，都應當照看好他們的孩子.故選：B.

60.答案：D推斷推理題.由文章內容得知，小梅由于缺少父母的關愛和照看，喜愛上網，所以才會在網

吧將鄰居小孩刺傷，由此推斷D正確，小梅須要關愛.故選：D.

【練習2】

WeusetheInternetformanythings:business,shopping,writingletters,talkingtopeople,

findinginformationandsoon.InrecentyearsanewkindofEnglishhasgrownontheInternet.

There,snorealwordforityet,sowe'11callite_talk.Peopledon'tliketypingtoomuch.

Tosavetime,theyturnphrasesintoafewletterscalledacronyms.Acronymsareoftenusedin

chatrooms.Someofthemare.

BTW(bytheway)BRB(berightback)

LOL(laughingoutloud)IMO(inmyopinion)

Peoplealsousemanyabbreviations(縮寫)，Theyareshortenedformsofwords.Somecommon

abbreviationsare:

Info(information)purer(computer)Pie(picture)sec(second)

Weusuallydon'tseepeoplewhenwecommunicate(溝通)ontheNet,sopeoplehavenewwaystoshow

feelings.Mostpeopleusetheirkeywordstodraw“feeling”.such

as::-)(happy)：-p(joking)：-((sad)：-0(surprised)

Thesedays,manyforums(論壇)havepicturefeelings.Forexample,

Thereareevenwholenewwords,like'newbie's'(someonewhoisnewonachatboardorforum).

Ittakestimeforpeopletogetusedtoe-talk.Also,differentgroupsontheNethavetheirown

specialwaysofcommunicating.Newbie,shavetoaskotherpeoplewhattheymean.AstheInternet

grows,e-talkwillcontinuetogrowandchange.

1.Whatdoestheunderline“acronyms"mean?

A.網友B.閑聊室C.首字母縮寫詞

2.Whydopeopletypeacronyms?

A.toshowtheirfeelings.

B.Becausepeoplecantypethemquickly.

C.Inthiswaynewbie'swon'tunderstandthem.

3.Whatdoes"BTW,mypurerisnotworkingwell：-("mean?

A.Thepersonisangryatsomebody.

B.Thepersonishappyaboutgettinganewcomputer.

C.Thepersonissadthathiscomputerishavingproblems.

74.E-talkwillsprobably.

A.keepchanging.

B.beeasybypeopleonthetelephone

C.beusedbypeopleonthetelephone

【答案】CBCA

【解析】

【主旨大意】本文主要介紹了一下用來在網上閑聊或溝通的e-talk.本文主要介紹了三種e-talko一是

“acronyms”首字母縮寫詞；二是“abbreviations”縮寫詞；三是feelings。

1.C細微環節理解題。依據其次段中所舉的四個例子“BTB(bytheway);BRB(berightback);

LOL(laughingoutloud);IMO(inmyopinion),,可推斷acronyms是“首字母縮寫詞”的意思，故選C。

2.B細微環節理解題。依據第一段的最終其次句話“Tosavetime,theyturnphrasesintoafewletters

calledacronyms.??,可知選項B是正確的。

3.C細微環節理解題。依據縮寫詞〃puter(computer)〃及feelings標記“：-((sad)”可知選項C

是正確的。

4.A細微環節理解題。依據最終一段的最終一句話"AstheInternetgrows,e-talkwillcontinueto

growandchange.”可推斷為選項A。由最終一段的第一句話"Ittakestimeforpeopletogetusedto

e-talk.,,可知B項是錯誤的；依據第一段的其次句話和第一句話^Inrecentyears,anewkindofEnglish

hasgrownintheInternet.Thereisnorealwordforityet,sowewillcallite-talk.”可知

e-talk是在Internet上運用的，所以C項是錯誤的。故選A。

【練習3]

Threedaysago,thebossofagoldshopreceivedaletter.Ashewasverybusy,theletterwas

onhisdesktilldinnertime.Whenheopenedit,a$1000notefelloutontothedesk.Withthe

notewasashortletter:

Dearsir,

Igotmarriedfortyyearsago.Unfortunately,atthattimetherewasalotofunemploymentand

Igotnojob.IwasoutofworkforaboutsixmonthsbeforeIgotanotherone.OfcourseIwas

veryshortofmoney.

Icametoyourshoptobuyaweddingringoneday.Theassistantbroughtsomeringsformeto

havealook,latershewascalledawayforamoment,andthenIputoneoftheringsintomypocket.

Whenshecameback,IsaidIdidnotknowthesizeofmygirlfriend^finger.SoIlefttheshop

withtheringbutIdidn'tpayforit.Mywifediedamonthago,andthefactthatIneverpaid

forherringhasbeenonmyconscience（讓我良心擔心）alltheseyears.Ialwaysfeelguiltyabout

that.Atthattimetheringcost$100,andIthinkthatisabouttentimesattoday?sprice.Now,

Iamsendingyouthatamount.

Yourstruly,

Acustomer

Afterreadingtheletter,thebosssaid,“Well,lifeisalwaysfullofsurprise!

1.Thebossofthegoldshopgota3daysago.

ringB.letterC.gold

2.Theunderlinedword“unemployment“meansinChinese.

A.辭職B.失業C.就業

3.Theringthecustomerputintohispocketwas40yearsago.A.$1000

B.$10000C.$100

4.Thecustomerwrotetothebossinorderto

sendthemoneyfortheringB.saythankstohim

returnthering

5.WhichisNOTwrongaccordingtothepassage?

A.Thebossopenedtheletterbyhimself.

B.Thebossdidn'tthinklifewasalwaysfullofsurprise.

C.Whenthecustomer飛wifeknewthefact,shewasannoyed.

【答案】BBCAA

【解析】

一個人對四十年前所做的一件錯事心懷內疚，多年以來的負罪感和妻子的去世最終使他下定決心償還

這一筆債務。文章讀來頗感人。

1.B細微環節對應題。句子Withthenotewasashortletter.給出了答案。

2.B綜合推斷題。劃線單詞的下文gotnojob“沒有找到工作”和outofwork“失業”，都在提示上

文的劃線單詞意義為“失業”。正是因為失業的窘境才導致寫信者偷了店里的戒指。

3.C細微環節對應題。信件的末尾句Atthattimetheringcost$100提示答案。

4.A綜合理解題。寫信的人是通過償還自己四十年前所拿戒指的錢來求得心理解脫。

5.A細微環節對應題。通過短文起先Whenheopenedit,可知是老板親自打開了信件。

課后作業

Scottwasnothappy.Hehadnomoneylefttobuythenewtoytrainhewanted.Suddenly,he

hadanidea!〃I'11askmybrotherAlanifIcanborrowsomemoney.Healwayshasmoneytolend

people.〃

ScottfoundAlaninhisroom."Alan,mayIborrow$20fromyoutobuymyselfanewtrain?”

Alanreplied,〃IjustspentallofmymoneyonMom'sbirthdaypresent.Ihavenomoneyleft.

Youarebarkingupthewrongtree.〃

Scottwasverydisappointed.Hedecidedtogetajob.Hewenttomanystore