大學英語六級考試2024年6月真題(第三套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Nowadayscultivatingindependentlearningabilityisbecomingincreasinglycrucialforpersonaldevelopment.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Youshouldcopythesentencegiveninquotesatthebeginningofyouressay.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)特別說明：由于多題多卷，官方第三套真題的聽力試題與第一套真題的一致，只是選項順序不同，因此，本套試卷不再提供聽力部分。PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgivingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAmswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonceArainbowisamulti-colored,are-shapedphenomenonthatcanappearinthesky.Thecolorsofarainbowareproducedbythereflectionand26oflightthroughwaterdroplets(小消)presentintheatmosphere.Anobservermay27arainbowtobelocatedeithernearorfaraway,butthisphenomenonisnotactuallylocatedatanyspecificspot.Instead,theappearanceofarainbowdependsentirelyuponthepositionoftheobserverin28tothedirectionoflight.Inessence,arainbowisan29illusion.Rainbowspresenta30madeupofsevencolorsinaspecificorder.Infact,schoolchildreninmanyEnglish-speakingcountriesaretaughttorememberthename“RoyG.Biv”asanaidforrememberingthecolorsofarainbowandtheirorder.“RoyG.Biv”31for:red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,andviolet.Theouteredgeoftherainbowareisred,whiletheinneredgeisviolet.Arainbowisformedwhenlight(generallysunlight)passesthroughwaterdroplets32intheatmosphere.Thelightwaveschangedirectionastheypassthroughthewaterdroplets,resultingintwoprocesses:reflctionandrefraction(折射).Whenlightreflectsoffawaterdroplet,itsimply33backintheoppositedirectionfromwhereit34.Whenlightrefracts,ittakesadifferentdirection.Someindividualsrefertorefractedlightas“bentlightwaves.”Arainbowisformedbecausewhitelightentersthewaterdroplet,whereitbendsinseveraldifferentdirections.Whenthesebentlightwavesreachtheothersideofthewaterdroplet,theyreflectbackoutofthedropletinsteadof35passingthroughthewater.Sincethewhitelightisseparatedinsideofthewater,therefractedlightappearsasseparatecolorstothehumaneye.A)bouncesI)permeatesB)completelyJ)ponderC)dispersionK)precedingD)eccentricL)recklesslyE)hangingM)relationF)opticalN)spectrumG)originates0)standsH)perceive19·2024年6月六級真題(第三套)

SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter-AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.BlameyourworthlessworkdaysonmeetingrecoverysyndromeA)PhyllisHartmanknowswhatit'sliketomakeone'swaythroughthedepthsofofficemeetinghell.Managersatoneofherformerhumanresourcesjobsarrangedsomanymeetingsthatattendeeswouldfallasleepatthetableorintentionallyarrivelate.Withhoursofherdayblockedupwithunnecessarymeetings,shewasoftenforcedtomakeupherworkduringovertime.“IwasactuallyworkingmorehoursthanIprobablywouldhaveneededtogettheworkdone,”saysHartman,whoisfounderandpresidentofPGHRConsultinginPittsburgh,PennsylvaniaB)Sheisn'taloneinherfrustration.Between11millionand55millionmeetingsareheldeachdayintheUnitedStates,costingmostorganisationsbetween7%and15%oftheirpersonnelbudgets.Everyweek,employeesspendaboutsixhoursinmeetings,whiletheaveragemanagermeetsforastaggering23hours.C)Andthoughexpertsagreethattraditionalmeetingsareessentialformakingcertaindecisionsanddevelopingstrategy,someemployeesviewthemasoneofthemostunnecessarypartsoftheworkday.Theresultisnotonlyhundredsofbillionsofwasteddollars,butanannoyanceofwhatorganisationalpsychologistscall“meetingrecoverysyndrome(MRS)”:timespentcoolingoffandregainingfocusafterauselessmeeting.Ifyouruntotheofficekitchentogetsomereliefwithcolleaguesafterafrustratingmeeting,you'relikelyexperiencingmeetingrecoverysyndrome.D)Meetingrecoverysyndromeisaconceptthatshouldbefamiliartoalmostanyonewhohasheldaformaljob.Itisn'tground-breakingtosayworkersfeelfatiguedafterameeting,butonlyinrecentdecadeshavescientistsdeemedtheconditionworthyoffurtherinvestigation.Withitslinkstoorganisationalefficiencyandemployeewellbeing,MRShasatractedtheattentionofpsychologistsawareoftheneedtounderstanditsprecisecausesandcuresE)Today,insofarasresearcherscanhypothesise,MRSismosteasilyunderstoodasaslowrenewaloffinitementalandphysicalresources.Whenanemployeesitsthroughanineffectivemeetingtheirbrainpowerisessentiallybeingdrainedaway.Meetingsdrainvitalityiftheylasttoolong,failtoengageemployeesorturnintoone-sidedlectures.Theconservationofresourcestheory,originallyproposedin1989byDrStevanHobfoll,statesthatpsychologicalstressoccurswhenaperson'sresourcesarethreatenedorlost.Whenresourcesarelow,apersonwillshiftintodefencetoconservetheirremainingsupply.Inthecaseofofficemeetings,wheresomeofemployees'mostvaluableresourcesaretheirfocus,alertnessandmotivation,thiscanmeananabrupthaltinproductivityastheytaketimetorecover.F)Ashumans,whenwetransitionfromonetasktoanotheronthejob——sayfromsittinginameetingtodoingnormalwork——ittakesaneffortfulcognitiveswitch.Wemustdetachourselvesfromtheprevioustaskandexpendsignificantmentalenergytomoveon.Ifwearealreadydrainedtodangerouslevels,thenmakingthementalswitchtothenextthingisextratough.It'scommontoseepeoplecyber-loafingafterafrustratingmeeting,goingandgettingcoffee,interruptingacolleagueandtellingthemaboutthemeeting,andsoon.G)Eachperson'sabilitytorecoverfromhorriblemeetingsisdifferent.Somecanbouncebackquickly,whileotherscarrytheirfatigueuntiltheendoftheworkday.YetwhilenoformalMRSstudiesarecurrentlyunderway,onecanlooselyspeculateonthelengthofanaverageemployee'slagtime.Switchingtasksinanon-MRSconditiontakesabout10to15minutes.WithMRS,itmaytakeaslongas45minutesonaverageIt'sevenworsewhenaworkerhasseveralmeetingsthatareseparatedby30minutes.“Notenoughtimetotransitioninanon-MRSsituationtogetanythingdone,andinanMRSsituation,notquiteenoughtimeto2024年6月六級真題(第三套)20

recoverforthenextmeeting,”saysresearcherJosephAllen.“Then,addthecompoundingofback-to-backbadmeetingsandwemayhaveanepidemiconourhands.”H)InanefforttocombatthesideeffectsofMRS,Allen,alongwithresearcherJosephMrozandcolleaguesattheUniversityofNebraska-Omaha,publishedastudydetailingthebestwaystoavoidcommontraps,includingaconcisechecklistofdo'sanddon'tsapplicabletoanyworkplace.Drawingfromaround200paperstocompiletheircomprehensivelist,MrozandhisteammaynowholdaremedytothelargelyundefinedproblemofMRS.I)Mrozsaysagoodplacetostartisaskingourselvesifourmeetingsareevennecessaryinthefirstplace.Ifallthat'sontheagendaisaquickcatch-up,orsomenon-urgentinformationsharing,itmaybettersuitthegrouptosendaroundanemailinstead.“ThesecondthingIwouldalwaysrecommendiskeepthemeetingassmallaspossible,“saysMroz.“Iftheydon'tactuallyhavesomekindofimmediateinput,thentheycanfollowuplater.Theydon'tneedtobesittinginthishour-longmeeting."Lesstimeinmeetingswouldultimatelyleadtomoreemployeeengagementinthemeetingstheydoattend,whichexpertsagreeisaprovenremedyforMRS.J)Employeesalsofeeltaxedwhentheyareinvitedtogethertomeetingsthatdon'tinspireparticipation,saysCliffScott,professoroforganisationalscience.Ittakesprecioustimeforthemtoventtheiremotions,complainandtrytoregainfocusafterapointlessmeeting——oneofthemaintrapsofMRS.Overtimeasemployeesfindthemselvestiedupinmoreandmoreunnecessarymeetings——andthusdealingwithincreasinglagtimesfromMRS——thewasteofworkdayhourscanfeelinsulting.K)Despitetherelativescarcityofresearchbehindthesubject,HartmanhastaughtherselfmanyofthesametrickssuggestedinMroz'sstudy,andhascomealongwaysinceherdaysofbeingstuckwithunnecessarymeetings.Thepeoplesheinvitestomeetingstodayincludenotjusttheessentialemployees,butalsorepresentativesfromeverydepartmentthatmighthaveastakeintheissueathand.Managerslikeher,whoseekinputevenfromnon-expertstoshapetheirdecisions,canfindgreatersupportandcooperationfromtheirworkforce,shesays.L)Ifanorganisationweretoapplyall22suggestionsfromMrozandAllen'sfindings,themostnoticeabledifferencewouldbeastarkdecreaseinthetotalnumberofmeetingsontheschedule,Mrozsays.Lesstimeinmeetingswouldultimatelyleadtoincreasedproductivity,whichistheultimateobjectiveofconveningameeting.Whilenoneofthecounter-MRSideashavebeentestedempiricallyyet,Allensaysonetrickwithpromiseisforemployeestoidentifythingsthatquicklychangetheirmoodfromnegativetopositive.Assimpleasitsounds,findingapersonalhappyplace,goingthereandthencomingstraightbacktoworkmightbekeytofacilitatingrecovery.M)Leadersshouldseealsothemselvesas“stewardsofeveryoneelse'svaluabletime”,addsStevenRogelberg,authorofTheSurprisingScienceofMeetings.Havingtheskillstoforeseepotentialtrapsandtreatemployees'endurancewithcareallowsleaderstoprovideeffectiveshort-termdeterrentstoMRS.N)Mostimportant,however,isfororganisationstoawakentotheconceptofmeetingsbeingflexible,saysAllen.Byreshapingthewaytheyprioritiseemployees'time,companiescaneliminatetheverysourcesofMRSintheirtracks36.Althoughemployeesaresaidtobefatiguedbymeetings,theconditionhasnotbeenconsideredworthyoffurtherresearchuntilrecently.37.MrozandhisteamcompiledalistofwhattodoandwhatnottodotoremedytheproblemofMRS38.CompaniescangetridoftherootcauseofMRSiftheygiveprioritytoworkers'time.39.Ifworkersareexhaustedtoadangerousdegree,itisextremelyhardforthemtotransitiontothenexttask.40.EmployeesinAmericaspendalotoftimeattendingmeetingswhilethenumberofhoursmanagersmeetisseveraltimesmore.41.PhyllisHartmanhaslearnedbyherselfmanyofthewaysMrozsuggestedinhisstudyandmaderemarkablesuccessinfreeingherselffromunnecessarymeetings.21·2024年6月六級真題(第三套)

42.Whenmeetingscontinuetoolongordon'tengageemployees,theydepletevitality.43.Whenthetimeofmeetingsisreduced,employeeswillbemoreengagedinthemeetingstheydoparticipatein.44.Someemployeesconsidermeetingsoneofthemostdispensablepartsoftheworkday.45.AccordingtoMroz,ifallhissuggestionswereapplied,averyobviouschangewouldbeasteepdecreaseinthenumberofmeetingsscheduled.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassageSarcasmandjazzhavesomethingsurprisinglyincommon:Youknowthemwhenyouhearthem.Sarcasmismostlyunderstoodthroughtoneofvoice,whichisusedtoportraytheoppositeoftheliteralwords.Forexample,whensomeonesays,“Well,that'sexactlywhatIneedrightnow,“theirtonecantellyouit'snotwhattheyneedatall.Mostfrequently,sarcasmhighlightsanirritationoris,quitesimply,meanIfyouwanttobehappierandimproveyourrelationships,cutoutsarcasm.Why?Becausesarcasmisactuallyhostilitydisguisedashumor.Despitesmilingoutwardly,manypeoplewhoreceivesarcasticcommentsfeelputdownandoftenthinkthesarcasticpersonisrude,orcontemptible.Indeed,it'snotsurprisingthattheoriginofthewordsarcasmderivesfromtheGreekword“sarkazein”whichliterallymeans“totearorstripthefleshoff.“Hence,it'snowonderthatsarcasmisoftenprecededbytheword“cutting”andthatithurts.What'smore,sinceactionsstronglydeterminethoughtsandfeelings,whenapersonconsistentlyactssareasticallyitmayonlyservetoheightentheirunderlyinghostilityandinsecurity.Afterall,whenyoucomerightdowntoit,sarcasmcanbeusedasasubtleformofbullying——andmostbulliesareangry,insecure,orcowardly.Alternatively,whenapersonstopsvoicingnegativecomments,especiallysarcasticones,theymaysoonstarttofeelhappierandmoreself-confident.Also,otherpeopleintheirlifebenefitevenmorebecausetheynolongerhavetoheartheemotionallyhurtfullanguageofsarcasm.Now,I'mnotsayingallsarcasmisbad.Itmayjustbebetterusedsparingly—likeapotentspiceincooking.Toomuchofthespice,andthedishwillbeoverwhelmedbyit.Similarly,anoccasionaldashofsarcasticwitcanspiceupachatandaddanelementofhumortoit.Butabigorsteadyservingofsarcasmwilloverwhelmtheemotionalflavorofanyconversationandcantasteverybittertoitsrecipient.So,tonedownthesarcasmandworkoncleverwitinstead,whichisusuallywithoutanyhostilityandthusmoreappreciatedbythoseyou'recommunicatingwith.Inessence,sarcasmiseasywhiletrue,harmlesswittakesSo,tonedownthesarcasmandworkoncleverwitinstead,whichisusuallywithoutanyhostilityandthusmoreappreciatedbythoseyou'recommunicatingwith.Inessence,sarcasmiseasywhiletrue,harmlesswittakestalent.Thus,themaindifferencebetweenwitandsarcasmisthat,asalreadystated,sarcasmisoftenhostilitydisguisedashumor.Itcanbeintendedtohurtandisoftenbitterandbiting.Wittystatementsareusuallyinresponsetosomeone'sunhelpfulremarksorbehaviors,andtheintentistountangleandclarifytheissuebyemphasizingitsabsurdities.Sarcasticstatementsareexpressedinacuttingmanner;wittyremarksaredeliveredwithundisguisedandharmlesshumor.46.Whydoestheauthorsaysarcasmandjazzhavesomethingsurprisinglyincommon?A)Botharerecognizedwhenheard.C)Bothmeantheoppositeofwhattheyappearto.B)Bothhaveexactlythesametone.D)Bothhavehiddeninthemanevidentirritation·2024年6月六級真題(第三套)·22

47.Howdomanypeoplefeelwhentheyhearsarcasticcomments?A)Theyfeelhostiletowardsthesarcasticperson.C)Theyfeelastrongurgetoretaliate.B)Theyfeelbelittledanddisrespected.D)Theyfeelincapableofdisguisingtheirirritation.48.Whathappenswhenapersonconsistentlyactssarcastically?A)Theyfeeltheirdignitygreatlyheightened.B)Theyfeelincreasinglyinsecureandhostile.C)TheyendurehostilityunderthedisguiseofhumorD)Theytastebitternesseveninpleasantinteractions49.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeoplequittingsarcasticcomments?A)Itmakesothershappierandmoreself-confidentB)Itrestrainsthemfrombeingirritatingandbullying.C)Itbenefitsnotonlythemselvesbutalsothosearoundthem.D)Itshieldsthemfromnegativecommentsandoutrighthostility.50.Whatisthechiefdifferencebetweenaspeaker'switandsarcasm?A)Theirclarity.C)Theiremphasis.B)TheirappreciationD)Theirintention.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Variabilityiscruciallyimportantforlearningnewskills.Considerlearninghowtoserveintennis.Shouldyoualwayspractiseservingfromtheexactlysamelocationonthecourt,aimingatthesamespot?Althoughpractisinginmorevariableconditionswillbesloweratfirst,itwilllikelymakeyouabettertennisplayerintheend.Thisisbecausevariabilityleadstobettergeneralisationofwhatislearned.Thisprincipleisfoundinmanydomains,includingspeechperceptionandlearningcategories.Forinstance,infantswillstruggletolearnthecategory“dog”iftheyareonlyexposedtoChihuahuas,insteadofmanydifferentkindsofdogs“Thereareovertendifferentnamesforthisbasicprinciple,”saysLimorRaviv,theseniorinvestigatorofarecentstudy.“Learningfromlessvariableinputisoftenfast,butmayfailtogeneralisetonewstimuli.”Toidentifykeypatternsandunderstandtheunderlyingprinciplesofvariabilityeffects,Ravivandhercolleaguesreviewedover150studiesonvariabilityandgeneralisationacrossfields,includingcomputerscience,linguistics,categorisation,visualperceptionandformaleducation.Theresearchersdiscoveredthat,acrossstudies,thetermvariabilitycanrefertoatleastfourdifferentkindsofvariability,suchassetsizeandscheduling.“Thesefourkindsofvariabilityhaveneverbeendirectlycompared——whichmeansthatwecurrentlydon'tknowwhichismosteffectiveforlearning,"saysRaviv.Theimpactofvariabilitydependsonwhetheritisrelevanttothetaskornot.Butaccordingtothe‘Mr.Miyagiprinciple',practisingseeminglyunrelatedskillsmayactuallybenefitlearningofotherskills.Butwhydoesvariabilityimpactlearningandgeneralisation?Onetheoryisthatmorevariableinputcanhighlightwhichaspectsofataskarerelevantandwhicharenot.Anothertheoryisthatgreatervariabilityleadstobroadergeneralisations.Thisisbecausevariabilitywillrepresenttherealworldbetter,includingatypical(非典型的)examplesAthirdreasonhastodowiththewaymemoryworks:whentrainingisvariable,learnersareforcedtoactivelyreconstructtheirmemories“Understandingtheimpactofvariabilityisimportantforliterallyeveryaspectofourdailylife.Beyondaffectingthewaywelearnlanguage,motorskills,andcategories,itevenhasanimpactonoursociallives,”explainsRaviv.“Forexample,facerecognitionisaffectedbywhetherpeoplegrewupinasmallcommunityorinalargercommunity.Exposuretofewerfacesduringchildhoodisassociatedwithdiminishedfacememory.”23·2024年6月六級真題(第三套)·

“Wehopethisworkwillsparkpeople'scuriosityandgeneratemoreworkonthetopic,“concludesRaviv.“Ourpaperraisesalotofopenquestions.Canwefindsimilareffectsofvariabilitybeyondthebrain,forinstance,intheimmunesystem?”51.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutinfantslearningthecategory“dog”iftheyareexposedtoChihuahuasonly?A)They