計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)Chapter3ComputerSoftware11SystemSoftware2ApplicationSoftware目錄CONTENT3DifferentFormsofSoftware4SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle2Applicationandsoftwaredesignispreparedfromandinstallthatthephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtonotfailaftercategories:[d?'l?v?r?bl]Reliable—acceptablelevelofbreakdownsorfailure:Spreadsheetsoftwareallowsuserstocalculatenumbersarrangeddividedintocalculations.software,educationalandcustomerrealizesandcolumns,whichMeetingswithmanagers,stakeholdersandusersareheldLeadinComputersoftware,alsocalledacomputerprogramorsimplyaprogram,isaseriesofinstructionsthattellthehardwareofacomputerwhattoencompassesthephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtostoreandrunthesoftware.[1]do.Itissocalledincontrasttocomputerhardware,whichThesoftwaresystemcanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:systemexecutingfromhardwarewhichultimatelyreceivestheinstructionasmachinecode.[2]softwareandapplicationsoftware.Computersoperatebythecomputerprogram,whichinvolvespassinginstructionstheapplicationsoftware,throughthesystemsoftware,tothe31SystemSoftware41SystemSoftwareSystemsoftware,whichconsistsofprogramsthatcontroltheoperationofthecomputeranditsdevices,servesastheinterfacebetweensupportsoperationsofcomputersystemsandnetworks.auserandthecomputer'shardware.ItmanagesandCommonsystemsoftwareincludesoperatingsystem(OS),languagetranslators,andutilityprograms,withtheOSasthecore.Theoperatingsystemisinchargeofmanaginghardwareandsoftwareresources,organizingworkprocess,andprovidinguserswithmostbasiccannotrunonthecomputer.MicrosoftWindowsandLinuxareexamplesofoperatingsystems.positiveworksystemenvironmentsandfriendlyinterfaces.Itisthesoftware,withoutwhichanyothersoftware51SystemSoftwareLanguagetranslatorsareprogramsdesignedtotranslateinstructionslanguage.directlyprograms,translationidentifiedcorrespondingsoftwaremustbeturnedintotheassemblers,compilersandinterpreters.writteninprogramminglanguagesintomachineProgramswritteninhigh-levellanguagescannotbeidentifiedandexecutedonthecomputer.Toexecutethesetheyshouldbefirsttranslatedbythelanguagebeprogramintothebinaryinstructionsthatcanbythecomputer.Thenthecomputercanruntheprograms.Bothsystemsoftwareandapplicationmachinelanguageforexecutionbycomputer.Therearethreetypesoflanguagetranslators:61SystemSoftwareUtilityprogramsaregenerallyusedtosupport,enhance,computerconfiguresettingsforcomputersystemtheincludebackup,datarecovery,virusprotection,datacompression,defragmentation,etc.programsareformattinganddiskcleanup.orexpandexistingprogramsinaandsystem.Theyhelptomonitorequipment,functionsOS,orapplicationsoftware.TheirSomeutilityincludedwiththeOS,suchasdisk72ApplicationSoftware82ApplicationSoftwareAllsoftwareexceptsystemsoftwarebelongstoapplicationsoftware.Applicationmanufacturersdirectlygraphicsdesign,etc.[3]softwareconsistsofprogramsdesignedbycomputerfunctionsorsoftwarecompaniestocarryoutspecificforusers,suchaswordprocessing,emailsendingandreceiving,Basically,applicationsoftwarecanbedividedintofourbroadcategories:referencesoftware,andentertainmentsoftware.productivitysoftware,businesssoftware,educationaland92ApplicationSoftwareLiterally,educationalandreferencesoftwareisusedforeducationandself-learning.Courseware,classroomsoftwarepopular.Therelists,maps,andreproductionoffamousart.Entertainmentsoftwarereferstomusic,andthroughuseofacomputer.managementsoftware,assessmentallbelongtoeducationalsoftware.ReferencesoftwareisalsoareCD-ROMswithencyclopedias,phonebooks,mailingvideogames,programstodisplaymotionpicturesorplayrecordedexperiencedotherformsofentertainmentwhichcanbeBelowwemainlyintroducetheproductivitysoftwareandthebusinesssoftware.102ApplicationSoftwareProductivitySoftware112ApplicationSoftwareParticularly,wordprocessingsoftwareallowsuserstocreate,edit,store,andprintdocuments.Spreadsheetsoftwareallowsuserstocalculatenumbersarrangedinfinancialtasks.Presentationgraphicssoftwarecalledslidesthatcanperformanimationandvideoclips.Databasesoftwareisusedtoway,aswellastoretrieve,manipulate,anddisplaythatdatainPersonalinformationmanager(PIM)actsasapersonalorganizer,whichfacilitatestherecording,tracking,andmanagementofcertainThesefiveapplicationsarewhichpresentssoftwaresuitesofdifferentcompanies.rowandcolumns,whichisoftenusedforbudgeting,forecastingandotherallowsuserstocreatedocumentsmultimediapresentationsincludinggraphics,photos,storedatainanorganizedameaningfulform.typesofpersonalinformation.oftensoldtogetherasasingleunit,calledasuite,inindividualapplicationsarepackagedinthesamebox.Thetablebelow122ApplicationSoftwareBusinessSoftwareBusinesssoftware,oftencalledverticalmarketsoftware,consistsofprogramsdevelopedforaspecificbusinesssoftwaretoolsavailable,includingdesktop-publishing(DTP)software,projectmanufacturingsoftware,multimediasomeofthem.businessorindustry.Thereareavarietyofmanagementsoftware,computer-aideddesign(CAD)andpainting(CAM)software,accountingsoftware,drawingandauthoringsoftwareandsoon.BelowareintroductionstoDesktopsophisticatedAlthoughmanywordprocessingpackageshavesomeofthecapabilitiesofDTPsoftware,professionaldesignersandgraphicartistsuseDTPsoftwarebecauseitisdesignedspecificallytosupportpagelayout.[4]publishingsoftwarethatallowsuserstodesignandproducedocumentscontaintext,graphics,andbrilliantcolors.132ApplicationSoftwareProjectmanagementsoftwarehasthecapacityplan,organize,andmanageresourcepoolstoandexample,mightuseittoproducingatextbook.helpdevelopresourceestimates.Apublisher,forcoordinatetheprocessofCADsoftwareisusedinart,architecture,engineeringandmanufacturingtoassistindrawing.Forinstance,anengineermightuseCADtocreatesystems.precisiondesignplansforairplanesandsecurity143DifferentFormsofSoftware153DifferentFormsofSoftwareWithwidespreadapplication,increasinglydifferentformsofsoftwarehavecomeabout.Theyarefreeware,sharewareandgreensoftware.availableascommercialsoftware,opensourcesoftware,Commercialsoftwarereferstothesoftwarebeingtradedasgoods.Itisnamedcommercialnotbecauseitisonlyusedinindevelopersafee.Atpresent,mostkindsofthesoftwarearecommercial.commercebutbecauseitisinitselfgoodsthemarket.[5]Thus,usersofcommercialsoftwareneedtopaythesoftwareAsgoods,commercialsoftwarenotonlyplaysapositiveroleinsocialdevelopment,butalsoindustryinsoftwarehinderstheapplicationofnewtechnologiesandmethods.[6]impactssignificantlyonthedevelopmentofsoftwareaquitelongperiod.Tosomeextent,however,thestrictprotectionofthe163DifferentFormsofSoftwareCommercialsoftwareisoftenreferredtoclosedsourcesoftware,whichmeansobtaining,using,andmodificationofitssourcecodesarespecificallyaddition,somekindsofsoftwarearerestrictedonduplicationanddistribution.restricted.InIncontrasttocommercialsoftware,opensourcesoftwareisnotrestrictedonoperationsonsourcedistributeduserstolearn,modifyandimprovethequalityofthesoftware.Thereby,thesoftwareisdevelopedjointly.codes.Instead,itssourcecodesaredisclosedandcanbefree.Usually,thecopyrighterreservessomecertainrightandallowsFreewareissoftwarethatisprovidedatnocosttoauserbyanindividualoracompany.Althoughfree,freewareiscopyrighted,meaninguserscannotresellitastheirown.Onethingtobenotedisthatnotallopensourcesoftwareisfreewareandviceversa.[7]173DifferentFormsofSoftwareSharewareisaspecialformofcommercialsoftware,whichtrialperiod,usersareallowedtosoftwareuninstallitormakeapaymenttothesoftwaredeveloperifthey'dliketokeepusingit.isdistributedfreeforatrialperiod.Duringtheobtainandinstallthatfree.Whentheperiodexpires,usersshouldGreensoftware,orportablesoftware,isafreeapplet.ItcanbeusedwithoutinstallationandstoredinremovableUSBdisk.Also,recordssuchaslog-innotremainconvenience,greensoftwareiswidelyused.storagemediasuchasmobileharddiskandinformationwillinthecomputerafteritsremoval.Withits184SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle194SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycleSoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC)issoftwareprocessinvolvedinsoftwaresoftwarepartsoftheworld.processinvolvedinthedevelopmentofproducts.SDLCisastep-by-stepthedevelopmentofaproduct.Itisalsodenotedasdevelopmentprocessincertain204SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycleThefollowingsaresixphasesin1.everySDLCmodel:RequirementGatheringandAnalysis:Businessrequirementsaregatheredinandstakeholders.Meetingswithmanagers,stakeholdersandusersareheldinHowwilltheyusethesystem?WhatdatashouldWhatdatashouldgetansweredduringarequirementgatheringphase.Afterbeinggathered,theseincorporatingthemthisphase.Thisphaseisthemainfocusoftheprojectmanagersordertodeterminetherequirementslike:Whoisgoingtousethesystem?thesystem?beinputintobeoutputbythesystem?Thesearegeneralquestionsthatrequirementsareanalyzedfortheirvalidityandthepossibilityofinthesystemtobedevelopedisalsostudied.[8]Finally,aRequirementSpecificationdocumentiscreatedwhichservesthepurposeofguidelineforthenextphaseofthemodel.214SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle2.Design:Inthisphasethesystemandsoftwaredesignispreparedfromtherequirementspecificationsstudiedininoverallsystemthenextphaseofthemodel.thefirstphase.Systemdesignhelpsspecifyinghardwareandsystemrequirementsandalsohelpsindefiningarchitecture.ThesystemdesignspecificationsserveasinputforInthisphasethetesterscomeupwiththeteststrategy,wheretheymentionwhattotestandhowtotest.224SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle3.ImplementationisorCoding:dividedintoOnreceivingsystemdesigndocuments,theworkcodingisstarted.[9]Inmainimportantphaseofthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.modulesorunitsandactualthisphasethecodeisproducedsoitisthethelongestandthemostfocusforthedeveloper.Thisis4.Testing:Afterthecodeisdeveloped,itistestedagainstthesolvingtherequirementstomakesurethattheproductisactuallyneedsaddressedandgatheredduringtherequirementsphase.5.Deployment:Aftersuccessfultestingtheproductisdeliveredordeployedtothecustomersfortheiruse.234SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycleAssoonastheproductisgiventothecustomers,theywillfirstdothebetatesting.[10]Ifanychangesarerequiredorifanybugsarecaught,thentheywillreportittotheengineeringteam.Oncethosechangesaremadeorthebugsarefixed,thenthefinaldeploymentwillhappen.6.Maintenance:Oncewhenthecustomersstartsusingthedevelopedsoftware,thentheactualproblemscomesupandneedstobesolvedfromtoknownasmaintenance.[11]timetime.Thisprocesswherethecareistakenforthedevelopedproductis24Words25Wordsencompass[in'k?mp?s]v.包含load[l?ud]v.載入assembler[?'sembl?]n.匯編程序n.編譯程序n.解釋程序compiler[k?m'pa?l?][in't??prit?]interpreterconfigure[k?n'fig?]v.使成形；配置backup['b?k?p]n.備份defragmentation[defr?gmen'te??n]n.磁盤碎片整理encyclopediareproduction[en?saikl?u'pi?dj?]n.百科全書[?ri?pr?'d?k??n]n.復(fù)制spreadsheet['spred?i?t]n.電子制表軟件collaboration[k??l?b?'rei??n]n.合作browse[brauz]v.瀏覽row[r?u]n.行26Wordscolumn['k?l?m]n.列budgeting['bud?iti?]n.預(yù)算管理slide[slaid]n.幻燈片layout['leiaut]n.布局n.動(dòng)畫animation[??ni'mei??n]suite[swi?t]n.程序組freeware['fri?wε?]['?ε?wε?]n.免費(fèi)軟件n.共享軟件sharewarehinder['h?nd?]v.阻礙v.卸載uninstall[?n?n'st??l]applet['?pl?t]n.小應(yīng)用程序step-by-step['step-bai-'step]adj.逐步的deliverable[d?'l?v?r?bl]n.交付物deployment[d?'pl??m?nt]n.部署bug[b?g]n.程序錯(cuò)誤27Phrases28Phrasescontrolflowlanguagetranslatorutilityprogramprogramminglanguagemachinelanguagedatarecoverydatacompressiondiskformattingdiskcleanupenduser控制流語(yǔ)言翻譯程序?qū)嵱贸绦蚓幊陶Z(yǔ)言機(jī)器語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)壓縮磁盤格式化磁盤清理終端用戶29Phrasesbeinchargeofverticalmarketopensourcesoftwareclosedsourcesoftwaresourcecoderequirementspecificationcomeupwithfromtimetotime負(fù)責(zé)垂直市場(chǎng)開源軟件閉源軟件源代碼需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明提出；想出不時(shí)；有時(shí)30Abbreviations31AbbreviationsOSDBMSPIMDTPCADCAMUSBSDLC操作系統(tǒng)(OperatingSystem)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)(DatabaseManagementSystem)個(gè)人信息管理(PersonalInformationManagement)桌面出版(DesktopPublishing)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(Computer-aidedDesign)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(Computer-aidedManufacturing)通用串行總線(UniversalSerialBus)軟件開發(fā)生命周期(SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle)32Notes33Notes01Itissocalledincontrasttocomputerhardware,whichencompassesstoreandrunthethephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtosoftware.本句中，主語(yǔ)it指代前文的software。whichencompassesthephysicalinterconnectionsanddevicesrequiredtostoreandrunthesoftware是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)computertoinhardware作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。在該從句中，requiredstoreandrunthesoftware是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，修飾和限定devices。contrastto的意思是“與……形成對(duì)比”。譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)軟件如此稱呼是與計(jì)算機(jī)硬件相對(duì)應(yīng)的，硬件包含外部連接和存儲(chǔ)與運(yùn)行軟件所需的設(shè)備。34Notes02Computersoperatebyexecutingthecomputerprogram,whichinvolvespassinginstructionsfromsysteminstructionasmachinecode.theapplicationsoftware,throughthethesoftware,tothehardwarewhichultimatelyreceives本句中，第一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)前句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，在該從句中，fromhardware為并列介詞短語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾和限定hardware，在該從句中，asmachinecode為介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾instruction。theapplicationsoftware,throughthesystemsoftware,tothe譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)通過(guò)執(zhí)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序來(lái)運(yùn)行。這涉及把來(lái)自應(yīng)用軟件的指令經(jīng)過(guò)操作系統(tǒng)傳達(dá)給最終以機(jī)器代碼形式接受該指令的硬件。35Notes03Applicationsoftwareconsistsofprogramsdesignedbycomputerfunctionsmanufacturersdirectlygraphicsdesign,etc.orsoftwarecompaniestocarryoutspecificforusers,suchaswordprocessing,emailsendingandreceiving,本句中，designedbycomputermanufacturesorsoftwarecompanies為過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾programs。todirectlygraphicsdesign,etc為不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。carryoutspecificfunctionsforusers,suchaswordprocessing,emailsendingandreceiving,譯文：應(yīng)用軟件由計(jì)算機(jī)制造商或軟件公司設(shè)計(jì)的程序組成，直接為用戶執(zhí)行特定功能，比如文字處理、收發(fā)郵件、圖像設(shè)計(jì)等等。36Notes04AlthoughmanywordprocessingpackageshavesomeofthecapabilitiesofDTPsoftware,professionaldesignersandgraphicuselayout.artistsDTPsoftwarebecauseitisdesignedspecificallytosupportpage本句中，Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“雖然”，不能與however，butsupport連用，但可與yet，still連用。becauseitpagelayout是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，because從句位于句首時(shí)要用逗號(hào)分開，放在句末時(shí)，可不用逗號(hào)分開。because表示直接原因，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，注意：because和so不可同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里。isdesignedspecificallyto37Notes050638NotesOnethingtobenotedisthatnotallopensourcesoftwareisfreewareandviceversa.07本句中，thatnotallopensourcesoftwareisfreewarebenoted為主語(yǔ)，其中tobenoted為不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾Onething，意為“值得注意的一點(diǎn)”。viceversa意為“反之亦然”，常與and或or搭配。andviceversa是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。Onethingto39Notes08Afterbeinggathered,theserequirementsareanalyzedfortheirvalidityandthepossibilityofincorporatingthemstudied.inthesystemtobedevelopedisalso本句是一個(gè)并列句，并列的句子為theserequirementsareanalyzedfortheirvalidity和thepossibilityofincorporatingthemalsodevelopedisalsostudied中ofincorporatingthem作為后置定語(yǔ)，修飾和限定thepossibility，故句子的簡(jiǎn)單結(jié)構(gòu)為thepossibilitystudied。inthesystemintobedevelopedisstudied，其中thepossibilityofincorporatingthemthesystemtobeinthesystemtobedevelopedisalso譯文：需求收集完成后，程序員分析這些需求的有效性，并研究將其整合到待開發(fā)系統(tǒng)的可能性。40Notes0910Onreceivingsystemdesignbetatesting：貝塔測(cè)試。這是一documents,theworkisdividedintomodulesorunitsandactualcodingisstarted.種驗(yàn)收測(cè)試，所謂驗(yàn)收測(cè)試是軟件產(chǎn)品完成了功能測(cè)試和系統(tǒng)測(cè)試之后，在產(chǎn)品發(fā)布之前所進(jìn)行的軟件測(cè)試活動(dòng)，它是技術(shù)測(cè)試的最后一個(gè)階段，通過(guò)了驗(yàn)收測(cè)試，產(chǎn)品就會(huì)進(jìn)入發(fā)布階段。驗(yàn)收測(cè)試應(yīng)檢查軟件能否按合同要求進(jìn)行工作，即是否滿足軟件需求說(shuō)明書中的確認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本句中，on后接動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，表示“一……就”，相當(dāng)于upon，與“assoon引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。as”表示的意思一致，一般在句中41Notes1142Exercise43Exercise1Explainthefollowingabbreviations.個(gè)人信息管理1PIM(PersonalInformationManagement)操作系統(tǒng)2OS(OperatingSystem)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造3CAM(Computer-aidedManufacturing)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)4DBMS(DatabaseManagementSystem)44Exercise1Explainthefollowingabbreviations.桌面出版5DTP(DesktopPublishing)軟件開發(fā)生命周期6SDLC(SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)7CAD(Computer-aidedDesign)通用串行總線8USB(UniversalSerialBus)45Exercise2Fillineachblankwithasuitabletermoraphraseaccordingtoitsdefinition._______suite____:applicationsthataresoldtogetherasasingleunit01__shareware_____________:atypeofsoftwaredistributedfreeforatrialperiod02____requirementspecification________________________:asoftwaretobedevelopeddocumentspecifiestherequirementsof0346Exercise2Fillineachblankwithasuitabletermoraphraseaccordingtoitsdefinition.__opensourcesoftware________________________:atypeofsoftwarewhosesourcecodesare04disclosedandcanbedistributedfree_____testing______:thephasethathappensrightbeforethedevelopedsoftwareisdeliveredtothecustomers05__languagetranslators______________________:writteninprogramsdesignedtotranslateinstructions06programminglanguagesintomachinelanguage47Exercise3Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.MicrosoftOfficeisatypicalsoftwaresuite.TSpreadsheetsoftwareenablesusersto“what-if”performcalculations.TSomeoperatingprogramsformanagingdiskdrives,printers,andotherdevices.systemsincludeseveralutilityT48Exercise3Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Intheteststrategy.F(Inthephaseofdesign,testerscomeupwiththeteststrategy,wheretheymentionwhattotestandhowtotest)thetestingphaseofSDLC,testerscomeupwithSincefreewareisfree,userscanresellitastheirown.F(Althoughfree,freewareiscopyrighted,meaninguserscannotresellitastheirown)Wordprocessing,presentationgraphicsandpersonalinformationsoftware.managementbelongtoproductivityT49Exercise4TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa.compiler電子制表軟件編譯程序spreadsheetdefragmentation編程語(yǔ)言磁盤碎片整理interpreterrequirementspecification文字處理程序需求規(guī)格說(shuō)明wordprocessingprogramutilityprogram程序組實(shí)用程序suiteopensourcesoftware磁盤格式化開源軟件diskformatting50Exercise5TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.51Exercise我們有各種已被界定和設(shè)計(jì)的軟件開發(fā)方法。這些方法會(huì)在軟件開發(fā)過(guò)程中得到采用，它們也被稱為“軟件開發(fā)過(guò)程模型”。每個(gè)過(guò)程模型都遵循一個(gè)特定的生命周期，以確保軟件開發(fā)過(guò)程的順利。軟件生命周期模型描述了軟件周期的各個(gè)階段以及這些階段執(zhí)行