我國鐵路客車的供電方式及用電制ZHENGZHOURAILWAYVOCATIONAL&TECHNICALCOLLEGE客車電氣裝置/BUSELECTRICALINSTALLATION主講人牛小偉SpeakerNiuxiaowei一、我國鐵路客車的供方式及用電制客車供電系統用于為車上用電裝置提供電能，他有單獨供電三種方式。集中供電混合供電和Thepassengercarpowersupplysystemisusedtoprovideelectricenergyfortheon-boardelectricaldevices.

Therearethreemodes:independentpowersupply,centralizedpowersupplyandmixedpowersupply.CONTENTS01單獨供電Separatepowersupply02集中供電Centralizedpowersupply03混合供電Hybridpowersupply01單獨供電Separatepowersupply單獨供電單獨供電又稱分散式供電。它是在單節客車上安裝一套獨立的供電裝置。當車輛用電量較小時，也可以每兩輛或三輛車共用一套獨立的供電裝置，此時安裝有發電設備的客車稱為母車，不帶發電設備的車稱為子車。子母車之間通過車端電力連接器連接車內輸電干線。Independentpowersupplyisalsocalleddecentralizedpowersupply.Itisanindependentpowersupplydeviceinstalledonasinglepassengercar.Whenthepowerconsumptionoftrainissmall,twoorthreetrainscanalsoshareanindependentpowersupplydevice.Atthistime,thepassengercarequippedwithpowergenerationequipmentiscalledthemothertrain,andthetrainwithoutpowergenerationequipmentiscalledthesub-train.Themotherandsub-trainareconnectedtothemainpowertransmissionlineinthetrainthroughthetrain-endpowerconnector.特點Feature可隨意摘掛和編組，供電裝置的主機不占用車內有效空間，全列車的輸電干線聯接為統一電網，局部故障不影響列車用電；發電功率小。Canbearbitrarilyremovedandgrouped,themainbodyofthepowersupplydevicedoesnottakeuptheeffectivespaceinthecar,thetrain'stransmissiontrunklineisconnectedtoaunifiedpowergrid,thelocalfailuredoesnotaffectthetrainpower;powergenerationpowerissmall.單獨供電就是單獨使用蓄電池組供電，是根據車內負載的工作電壓和功率，把若干個蓄電池結合起來向負載供電。Itistousethebatterypackaloneforpowersupply.Accordingtotheworkingvoltageandpoweroftheloadinthetrain,severalbatteriesarecombinedtosupplypowertotheload.這種供電方式的優點是設備簡單，使用方便，可靠性好，電流是純直流成分；Theadvantageofthispowersupplymethodisthattheequipmentissimple,easytouse,withgoodreliability,andthecurrentisapureDCcomponent;缺點是蓄電池組較笨重，單位功率所占的體積和重量較大。這種供電方式在用電量不大的客車上使用，國內使用的客車上不易見到。Thedisadvantageisthatthebatterypackisbulky,andthevolumeandweightperunitpowerarerelativelylarge.Thedisadvantageisthatthebatterypackisbulky,andthevolumeandweightperunitpowerarerelativelylarge.單獨供電的三種類型：蓄電池組供電1單獨供電2車軸發電機供電采用車軸驅動的發電機與蓄電池組并聯供電，是世界各國在普通非空調客車上運用較廣泛的一種供電形式。Axle-drivengeneratorsandbatterypacksareusedinparalleltosupplypower,whichisaformofpowersupplywidelyusedinordinarynon-air-conditionedpassengercarsincountriesalloverheworld.我國舊型普通客車曾采用過軸驅式的L型直流發電機，從70年代開始，在普通22型和23型客車上廣泛使用三相感應子發電機。小功率時皮帶傳動，大功率時萬向軸傳動。Weonceappliedshaft-drivenL-typeDCgeneratorsinourcountry'soldordinarypassengercarsandsincethe1970s,three-phaseinductionsub-generatorshavebeenwidelyusedonordinary22-typeand23-typepassengercars.單獨供電3小型柴油發電機組供電在客車底部裝設

小型柴油發電機組

并由其向車內的負載供電，這種供電方式稱小型柴油發電機組供電。采用這種方式

單獨供電

可以減少機車牽引動力，提高供電電壓，減少蓄電池用量，便于長時間停站時利用市電，但要求機組工作可靠，噪聲和振動小，使用維修方便。Asmalldieselgeneratorsetisinstalledatthebottomofthepassengercar,anditsuppliespowertotheloadinthetrain.Thispowersupplymethodiscalledasmalldieselgeneratorsetpowersupply.Usingthismethodforseparatepowersupplycanreducethetractionpowerofthelocomotive,increasethepowersupplyvoltage,reducethebatteryconsumption,andfacilitatetheuseofmainspowerwhenthestationisparkedforalongtime.However,theworkunitisrequiredtobereliableinoperation,lownoiseandvibration,andeasytouseandmaintain.這種供電方式適用于單獨或分開連掛且裝有空調裝置的客車，如我國長春客車廠生產的RW22型空調軟臥車和四方機車車輛工廠生產的YW22型宿營車采用的就是這種供電方式。Thispowersupplymethodissuitableforpassengercarsthatareindividuallyorseparatelyconnectedandequippedwithair-conditioningdevices.Forexample,theRW22air-conditionedsoftsleepertrainproducedbytheChangchunrailwayvehiclefactoryandtheYW22campertrainproducedbytheSifanglocomotivevehiclefactoryinourcountryusethispowersupplymethod.車下裝有小型發電機組單獨供電宿營車camper在鐵路系統，線路大修工人長期在鐵路沿線對鐵路進行維修，確保線路質量安全穩定。為了解決他們的食宿問題，鐵路宿營車應運而生。他們的衣食住行，全都在宿營車上完成。根據作業量和施工人數，宿營車少則可住數十人，多則可住數百人。Intherailroadsystem,thelineoverhaulworkersareintherailroadlineforalongtimetocarryoutmaintenanceontherailroadtoensurethequalityofthelineissafeandstable.Inordertosolvetheirfoodandaccommodationproblems,therailroadcampercameintobeing.Theirfood,clothing,housingandtransportation,allcompletedinthecamper.Accordingtotheamountofworkandthenumberofconstruction,thecampercanbelessthandozensofpeople,morecanlivehundredsofpeople.02集中供電Centralizedpowersupply集中供電對于用電量較大并且是固定編組的列車，采用全列車集中供電的方式。Fortrainswithlargepowerconsumptionandfixedformation,thecentralizedpowersupplymethodforthewholetrainisadopted.列車集中供電的電源，可通過列車中加掛的發電車提供；也可由具有供電能力的電力機車提供，電力機車將接觸網上的電能處理后提供給客車，這種方式也稱為接觸網供電。另外還有少量內燃機車也具有給客車供電的能力，如DG11G型內燃機車。Thecentralizedpowersupplyofthetraincanbeprovidedbythegeneratorvehicleattachedtothetrain;Itcanalsobeprovidedbyanelectriclocomotivewithpowersupplycapability.Theelectriclocomotiveprocessestheelectricenergyonthecatenaryandprovidesittothepassengercar.Thismethodisalsocalledcatenarypowersupply.Inaddition,thereareasmallnumberofdiesellocomotivesthatalsohavetheabilitytosupplypowertopassengercars,suchasDG11Gdiesellocomotives.集中供電1柴油發電車集中供電電壓但輸電電流與所需的三相四線制輸電干線截面積都較大，干線穿管施工難度較大，對聯結器的插頭和插座間接觸電阻要求非常嚴格(小于0.0008Ω)。因此，在可能的條件下應將供電干線電壓提高。However,thetransmissioncurrentandtherequiredcross-sectionalareaofthethree-phase,four-wiretransmissiontrunklinearelarger,thetrunklineismoredifficulttoconstructthroughthepipe,andtherequirementsforthecontactresistancebetweentheplugsandsocketsofthecouplerareverystrict(lessthan0.0008Ω).Therefore,thesupplytrunkvoltageshouldbeincreasedwherepossible.柴油發電車Diesel-poweredvehicles

為400V/230V（線電壓/相電壓），50Hz交流電，通過車端聯結器向連掛的客車分二路送電，輸電干線壓降應不大于5％。可直接使用民用的異步電動機、日光燈、控制電器、保護元件等產品。Thecentralizedpowersupplyvoltageis400V/230V(linevoltage/phasevoltage),50Hzalternatingcurrent(AC),andthepowerissentintwowaysthroughtheendcouplertotheconnectedbuses,andthevoltagedropofthetransmissionlineshouldnotbemorethan5%.Asynchronousmotors,fluorescentlamps,controlappliances,protectioncomponentsandotherproductsforcivilianusecanbeuseddirectly.集中供電2接觸網供電Electriclocomotives電力機車Electricityconnectors電力連接器我國由接觸網供電的旅客列車，將由客運電力機車主變壓器增設的兩個輔助繞組供給容量為800kVA、串聯電壓為3kV(并聯為1.5kV)的電能。即通過電力機車主變壓器，將受電弓取得的單相工頻25kV的電壓，轉變為單相工頻3kV或1.5kV的電壓，輸送給所牽引的客車。Forpassengercarspoweredbycatenaryinourcountry,twoauxiliarywindingsaddedtothemaintransformerofpassengerelectriclocomotiveswillsupplyelectricenergywithacapacityof800kVAandavoltageof3kVinseries(1.5kVinparallel).Thatis,throughthemaintransformeroftheelectriclocomotive,thevoltageofsingle-phasepowerfrequencyof25kVobtainedbythepantographistransformedintoavoltageofsingle-phasepowerfrequencyof3kVor1.5kV,whichistransmittedtothedrawnpassengercar.我國電氣化鐵路接觸網的額定電壓為單相工頻25kV，波動范圍19~27kV。Theratedvoltageofourcountry'selectrifiedrailwaycatenaryis25kVforsingle-phasepowerfrequency,andthefluctuationrangeis19~27kV.03混合供電Hybridpowersupply混合供電1混合供電鑒于目前鐵路牽引動力存在多種類型，客車編組方式也不盡相同，因此，除上述兩種供電方式外，還有混合供電方式。混合供電有下列幾種情形：Inviewofthefactthattherearemanytypesofrailwaytractionpowerandpassengercarmarshallingmethodsarenotthesame,therefore,inadditiontotheabovetwopowersupplymethods,thereisalsoahybridpowersupplymethod.Mixedpowersupplywiththefollowingsituations:由軸驅式發電機與蓄電池組并聯供電，采暖電熱元件由接觸網供電。如電氣化區段運營的普通客車情況。Lightingandventilatorofpassengercararepoweredbyparallelconnectionofshaftdrivegeneratorandstoragebatterywhiletheelectricheatingelementsonthetrainarepoweredbythecatenaryoftheelectrif