考研英語閱讀理解-（三）

（總分：100.00,做題時間:90分鐘）

一、{{B}}SectionIReadingComprehension{{/B}}（總題數：4,分數：100.00）

SchoolshootingsliketheonethatdevastatedthesmallGermantownof

Winnendenon11Marchmaynotjustberandomactsofviolence.Areview

ofsimilarkillingsintheUS,andofgeneralschoolaggression,indicates

thatsomeschoolsaremorelikelythanotherstobebreedinggroundsfor

killers.Schoolscan，tbeblamedforanindividual'sactions,butthey

maybeabletoreducethechanceofakilleremergingfromtheirgates.

Therarenatureofschoolshootingsmakesthemtoughtostudyina

systematicway.ButbetweenJuly1999andJune2006therewereeightschool

shootingsinwhichmorethanonepersonwaskilledintheUSalone.Such

casestudiesallowresearcherstostartdrawingsomeparallels.

TraciWikeandMarkFraserattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,Chapel

Hill,reviewedstudiesofshootingincidents,suchasthoseatColumbine

HighSchool,Colorado,in1999andatVirginiaTechin2007,andofgeneral

schoolaggression.Theyidentifiedsharedcharacteristicsthatmighthave

helpedtoshapethekillers."Shootingsappearmorelikelyinschools

characterizedbyahighdegreeofsocialstatusandlowbondingand

attachmentbetweenteachersandstudents,〃Wikesays."Theyprovide

rewardsandrecognitionforonlyanelitefew,andcreatesocialdynamics

thatpromotedisrespectfulbehavior,bullying,andpeerharassment.〃

Large,academicallycompetitiveschoolswithanobvious"ingroup"areat

greatestrisk,sheadds.Thelevelofattachmentthatpupilsfeeltowards

aschoolmayalsoaffectdisplaysofviolence.〃Noshootinghasinvolved

astudentwhowasattachedandcommittedtoschool,〃Wikesays.

Ofcourse,personalfactorscan，tbeignored-andmaybemoreimportant

thanenvironmentalones.TimKretschmer,whokilled15peoplelastweek

atWinnendenbeforeturningthegunonhimself,displayedmanyofthe

characteristicsassociatedwithotherschoolshooters,suchasangerat

agirl,afascinationwithViolentvideogamesandaccesstoguns.

Butthatdoesn，tmeanschoolscan，tplayaroleinreducingthealienation

andhostilitythatseemtopushsuchindividualsovertheedge.Tackling

feelingsofisolationinschoolsmightworkbetterthantryingtopick

out“thetinyhandfulofkidswhoaregoingtotakeagunandmassacre

theirpeers”,saysCatherineBradshawofJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchool

ofHealthinBaltimore,Maryland.IntheUSatleast,schoolshootings

seemtobedeclining.AccordingtotheUSCentersforDiseaseControland

Prevention,thenumberofschoolassociatedmurdersfellbetween1992and

2006,whilemultiple-victimhomicidesbystudentshavebeenstablesince

1992,withasmallpeakinthelate1990s.(分數：25.oo)

(1).Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby

A.posingacontrast.

B.justifyinganassumption.

C.makingacomparison.

D.citinganexample.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：

(2).TheauthorholdsinParagraph1that

?A.schoolshootingsarearrangedonpurpose.

?B.schoolsareunabletobuildasecureenvironment.

?C.schoolsshoulddosomethingasregardstoschoolviolence.

?D.teenskillersareshapedthroughinappropriateeducation.

(分數:5.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

(3).Whatdoestheauthormeanby“drawsomeparallels'7(Lastline,Paragraph2)?

?A.Studyinamethodicalway.

?B.Makesomecomparisons.

?C.Makethefinaldecisions.

?D.Researchinaprofoundway.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

(4).AccordingtoTraciWikeandMarkFraser,

A.killersareoftenfromfamiliesoflowersocialstatus.

B.attachmenttoschoolsmayaffectanindividual.

C.recognitionforeachstudentmayresultinpeerharassment.

D.displaysofviolencearetheconsequencesofbullying.

（分數：5.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

（5）.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

?A.Personalfactorsarenotasimportantandcontrollableasenvironmentalones.

?B.Schoolscan，tplayaroleincombatingthehostilitywhichurgesindividuals.

?C.Feelingsofisolationmightbeoneofthereasonsforpeermassacre.

?D.Schoolshavetoobservecautiouslythosestudentswhoarelikelytobecomekillers.

（分數：5.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

/，What，sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison?”asksanold

softwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn，tthinkhe'sLarryEllison.The

bossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavinga

reputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeed,untilthebubble

burstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecade,theworship

ofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissism,as

evidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.

Narcissusmetanastyend,ofcourse.Andinrecentyears,boss-worship

hascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.Inhismanagementbestseller,

“GoodtoGreat”,JimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswere

nottheserf-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortune,

butinsteadself-effacing,thoughtfulsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.

Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttime,anewstudy,〃It's

AllAboutMe〃，tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringofthe

AmericanAcademyofManagement,offersasystematic,empiricalanalysis

ofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.Theauthors,

ArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrick,ofPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,

examinednarcissismintheupperrankof105firmsinthecomputerand

softwareindustries.

Todothis,theyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissism

havereliedonsurveyingindividualspersonally,somethingforwhichfew

chiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthors

devisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicators

obtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominence

oftheboss，sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypress

releases;thelengthofhis"Who'swho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuse

ofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscash

andnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm'ssecond-highestpaid

executive.

Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerand

influence,andbecausegreatselfesteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvance,

saytheauthors,chiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemore

narcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.MessrsChatterjeeandHambrick

foundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesin

theuseofimportantresources,suchasresearchanddevelopment,orin

spending;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;and

theirresultswerebothmoreextreme(morebigwinsorbiglosses)and

moreunstablethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.(分數：25.00)

(1).LarryEllisonismentionedinthefirstparagraphtoshowthat

?A.somecorporatechiefsliketocomparethemselvestoGod.

?B.manycorporatechiefsarenotoriousforbeingselfish.

?C.egotismofabossisfundamentaltothesuccessofafirm.

?D.aboss'narcissismmighthaveaneffectonhisbusiness.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：

(2).Thestatement〃Narcissusmetanastyend〃(Line1,Paragraph2)impliesthat

?A.selfishnessofabosswillbesubjecttopubliecriticism.

?B.egotismofchiefexecutivesmayleadtoundesirableconsequences.

?C.aself-centeredbossisalwaystroubledwithbusinessdisasters.

?D.boss-worshipwillresultinserf-assertedleaders.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

(3).Thestudy〃It'sAllAboutMe〃isdesignedto

?A.offerall-encompassinganswerstotheAmericanAcademyofManagement.

?B.analyzetheeffectofselfishnessonabossaswellascompanyemployees.

?C.exploretherelationshipbetweenaboss,characterandbusinessperformance.

?D.testwhethernarcissismshouldbevaluedinthecomputerindustry.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

(4).Inparagraph4,theauthordiscusses

?A.sixindicatorsthatmightrevealaboss,narcissism.

?B.thereasonwhyabossmightbeunwillingtobesurveyed.

?C.howtouseanindexofnarcissismtoconductsurveys.

?D.awayofimprovingsurveyresultsinthestudiesofnarcissism.

(分數：5.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

(5).Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthorthinks

?A.greatself-esteemistheprimesourceofnarcissism.

?B.chiefexecutivesaremorelikelytobecomeself-absorbed.

?C.narcissismdrivesabosstotakelessbutlargerrisks.

?D.thehumblerthebossis,theeasierhismanagementmightbe.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

Howlongyoulivehasalottodowithyourenvironmentandlifestyle,

butexceptionallongevitymayhaveevenmoretodowithyourgenes.For

thefirsttime,researchershaveidentifiedageneticrecipethat

accuratelypredictswhomayliveto100andbeyond.ScientistsledbyDr.

ThomasPerisattheBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineconducteda

geneticanalysisofmorethan1,000centenariansandtheirmatched

controlsandfound150geneticvariants-orbitsofDNA-thatdiffered

betweenthetwogroups.Thesevariantsidentifiedpeoplewholivedtoa

veryoldage(past100)with77%accuracy,researchersfound.

Furtheranalysisidentified19distinctgeneticprofilesassociatedwith

extremelylonglife;90%ofparticipantswholivedto100possessedat

leastoneofthesignaturegeneticclusters.Eachprofileappearedto

conferadifferenttendencytodevelopcommonage-relatedchronic

diseases,suchasheartdiseaseorbraindisorder.〃Werealizethisis

acomplexgeneticpuzzle,〃Perissaid.〃We'requiteawaysawaystillin

understandinghowtheintegrationofthesegenes-notjustwiththemselves

butwithenvironmentalfactors-areplayingaroleinthislongevity

puzzle.〃

Perishasstudiedmanyfactorsthatcontributetolongevity,andheis

thefirsttoacknowledgethatlivinglongerisn，tlikelytobesimplya

matterofgenes.Hispreviousworkhasshown,forexample,thatamongmost

elderlypeoplewholiveintotheir70sand80s,about70%oftheir

longevitycanbeascribedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchasnotsmoking;

eatingahealthy,low-fat,low-caloriediet;andremainingsocially

engagedandintellectuallyactivethroughoutlife.

Still,itseemsclearthatthosewholivetoanexceptionallyripeold

agearebenefitingfromaspecialDNAboost.Infact,Perisbelievesthat

theolderapersongets,themorelikelyitisthathisorhergenesare

contributingtothoseextendedyears.Hiscurrentgeneticfindings

supportthattheory:the19mostcommongeneticprofilesthat

distinguishedtheexceptionallylong-livedappeartobecorrelatedwith

lowerincidenceofcertaindiseases.Forexample,someprofileswere

associatedwithlowerratesofhighbloodpressureanddiabetes,while

anotherwaslinkedtoareducedriskofbraindisorder.

Althoughmostofuscan，texpecttobecomecentenarians,Perisishoping

thathisworkwillleadtobetterways-perhapsthroughpharmaceutical

interventionsbasedonthegeneticcluestolongevity-tohelpmoreofus

livelikethem.(分數：25.oo)

(1).Byanalysingthegenesofcentenarians,scientistsfoundthat

?A.environmentandlifestylecontributemuchtolongevity.

?B.centenarians5genesarethesameasotherpeople.

?C.manygeneticvariantsmayidentifycentenarians.

?D.19geneticprofilesofcentenariansaredifferentfromothers.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

(2).WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2?

?A.Chronicdiseasesarecomplexgeneticpuzzlestoscientists.

?B.Howexceptionallongevity-relatedgenestractionisknown.

?C.Mostcentenarianshaveexceptionallongevity-relatedgenes.

?D.Theintegrationofgenesandenvironmentalfactorsisimportant.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

(3).Perismaymostlikelyagreethat

?A.mostextremelylong-livedbenefitfromnotsmoking.

?B.environmentalfactorsplayanimportantroleinlongevity.

?C.longevityisonlyassociatedwithcertaingeneticprofiles.

?D.intellectuallyactivehasnothingtodowithlivinganoldage.

(分數：5.00)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

(4).ByreferringtocurrentgeneticfindingsofPeris,theauthorintendsto

?A.supporttheideathatextremelylongevityareascribedtogenes.

?B.showsomegenesareassociatedwithlowerratesofcertaindiseases.

?C.supporttheideathatcommongenesarerelatedtoextremelylongevity.

?D.discusstherelationshipbetweengenesandcertaindiseases.

(分數:5.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

(5).Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

?A.Genes,theSecretofLongevity

?B.EnvironmentandGenes

?C.LifestyleandGenes

?D.GenesMayPredictWhoLivesto100

（分數：5.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：

Inresponsetoscandalsrockingthestudentloanindustry,theHousehas

quicklypassedreformlegislationtorequiremoredisclosurefromlenders

aswellasuniversitycodesofconduct,andSenateactionisexpected.

Butthelargerissuesofrisingcollegecostsandstudents，increasing

dependenceonprivateloanshave,forthemomentatleast,takenaback

seat.

Yetthatdoesn，tmeanthey，vegoneaway.Collegecostshaverisenfar

fasterthaninflationandalsooutpacedthegrowthofgrantaidandfederal

loans.Pellgrants,forexample,whichprovidemoneytolow-income

students,coverednearly60percentofthecostofattendingapublic

four-yearschoolin1986,butby2005,theirvaluehaddroppedto33

percentofthecost,accordingtotheCollegeBoard.Asaresult,more

studentsmustturntocostlyprivateloanstofinancetheireducationor

notgoatall.

Thecostofinformationtechnology,theincreasingsalariesoftenured

professors,andevenfederalloansthemselveshaveallbeenblamedfor

collegetuitionhikes.Onthelastpoint,ananalysisbytheCatoInstitute

suggeststhatwhenaidisprovidedbythefederalgovernment,statesand

universitiesreducetheirowneffortstomakecollegeaffordable.

Whateverthecauses,theAdvisoryCommitteeonStudentFinancial

Assistance,anindependentcommitteecreatedbyCongress,estimatesthat

400,000studentswhoarequalifiedtoattendafour-yearcollegedon，t

dosoeachyearbecauseoffinancialrestrictions.Thecommitteeestimates

thatroughly40percentofthisgroupdoesnotattendcollegeatall,which

significantlylimitsfutureearnings.Manystudentswhodogotocollege

facedauntingpilesofdebt.TheCollegeBoardestimatesthatthemedian

debtlevelofbachelor，sdegreerecipientswas$19,300inthe2003-04

schoolyear.

Inhisfiscal2008budget,PresidentBushproposedincreasingthemaximum

Pellgrantawardto$5,400by2012from$4,050today,achangehewould

payforwithcutsinotherloanprograms.Eventhoughthescandalsare

dominatingmostofthecurrentdiscussionsonCapitolHill,someeducation

expertspraisethefactthatstudentloansaregettinganyattentionat

all.StephenBurd,aseni