Reporton

Standardization

ofArtificialIntelligence

forIndustrie4.0

/IntelligentManufacturinginGermanyandChina

COUNCIL

INDUSTRIE4.0

GPQI

DialoguesforInnovationandTrade

Publishedby:

DeutscheGesellschaftfür

InternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH

Registeredoffices

BonnandEschborn,Germany

GlobalProjectQualityInfrastructure

TayuanDiplomaticOfficeBuilding

No.14,LiangmaheNanlu,chaoyangDistrict100600Beijing,PRChina

Einfo@I

Design:

OliverHick-Schulz

Photocredits:

GettyImages/EkkasitKeatsirikul/EyeEm

Onbehalfof

GermanFederalMinistryofEconomicAffairsandEnergy(BMWi)Berlin,Germany2024

Beijing,China2024

Text:

StandardizationCouncilIndustrie4.0

GermanCommissionforElectrical,Electronic&InformationTechnologiesofDINandVDE

60596FrankfurtamMain

Authors/Experts

ChristophLegat,TechnischeHochschuleAugsburg(THA)JandeMeer,smartspacelab.euGmbH

MarvinBoell,DKE–GermanCommissionforElectrotechnicalXiaofeiAn,Siemens

PengdaHong,SIHERIATECHNOLOGIESCo,.Ltd.

ZheyiWang,InsightverseLtd

ChenweiTang,SichuanUniversityJunZhang,Siemens

GuangruiZhang,OceanUniversityofChinaPenghuiHong,SIHERIATECHNOLOGIESCo,.Ltd.

TheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandEnergy(BMWi)hascommissionedtheDeutscheGesellschaftfür

InternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHtoimplementtheGlobalProjectQualityInfrastructure.

Implementedby:

DeutscheGesellschaft

fi?rInternationale

zusammenarbeit(G1z)GmbH

ThispublicationisaresultoftheSub-WorkingGroupIndustrie4.0/SmartManufacturingoftheSino-GermanStandardisationCooperationCommissionincooperationwith

CONTRIBUTORS

NationalIntelligentManufacturing

StandardisationAdministrationGroup

ChinaElectronicsStandardizationInstitute,No.1AndingmenEastStreet,

DongchengDistrict,Beijing,100007,China

RuiqiLi,ChinaElectronicsStandardizationInstitute

LiHan,ChinaElectronicsStandardizationInstitute

LanZhuo,ChinaElectronicsStandardizationInstituteLiwuZhou,EasycareIntelligenceTech.Inc.

QiWu,Siemens

BaoxuanHong,SIHERIATECHNOLOGIESCo,.Ltd.

JiaLi,ChinaElectronicsStandardizationInstituteXiaohuWang,GYMDDigitalTechnologyCo.LtdDieshouLin,SIHERIATECHNOLOGIESCo,.Ltd.

NATIONALINTELLIGENTMANUFACTURINGSTANDARDISATIONADMINISTRATIONGROUP

TheNationalIntelligentManufacturingStandardisationAdministrationGroup(IMSG)wasestablishedtopromoteandaccelera-tetheprogressofintelligentmanufacturinginChinaundertheleadershipoftheStandardisationAdministrationofChina(SAC)andMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT).Itisresponsibleforcarryingoutpracticalworkonintelligentmanu-facturingstandardisation,includingparticipationininternationalstandard-settingonintelligentmanufacturingaswellasor-ganisingexchangeandcooperationoninternationalstandards.

INDUSTRIE4.0

STANDARDIZATIONCOUNCILINDUSTRIE4.0

TheStandardizationCouncilIndustrie4.0(SCI4.0)wasfoundedattheHannoverMesse2016asaGermanstandardisationhubbyBitkom,DIN,DKE,VDMAandZVEI.Theinitiativeaimstoinitiatestandardsfordigitalproductionandtocoordinatethesestan-dardsnationallyandinternationally.SCI4.0orchestratesimplementationofthestandardisationstrategyoftheGermanPlat-formIndustrie4.0,whichincludescoordinationwithstandardisationorganisations(SDOs)andinternationalpartnersaswellasinterlockingwithpilotprojects.TheaimofthiscoordinatedapproachistoensurethatstandardsexploitingthepotentialofIndustrie4.0aredevelopedinacoordinatedmanner.SCI4.0issupportedbyDKEandtheGermanFederalMinistryforEcono-micAffairsandEnergy(BMWi).

GPQI

GLOBALPROJECTQUALITYINFRASTRUCTURE

TheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandEnergy(BMWi)establishedtheGlobalProjectQualityInfrastructure(GPQI)topromotethedevelopmentofwell-functioningandinternationallycoherentqualityinfrastructures.GPQIsupportspoliticalandtechnicaldialogueandimplementsbilaterallyagreedactivitiesincollaborationwithallrelevantstakeholders.Theprojectaimstoreducetechnicalbarrierstotradeandenhanceproductsafetythroughbilateralpoliticalandtechnicaldialogueonqualityinfrastructure(QI)withsomeofGermany’skeytradingpartners.

CONTENTS

1INTRODUCTION5

2STANDARDIZATIONLANDSCAPEINCHINA7

2.1PoliticalandRegulatoryEnvironmentinChina7

2.2StandardizationLandscapeinChina9

2.2.1StandardizationFrameworkinChina9

2.2.2StandardizationActorsforArtificialIntelligenceinChina9

CoordinationGroupsatNationalLevel9

Automotive(IEEEP802.1DG)10

Aerospace(IEEEP802.1DP/SAEAS6675)11

2.3StandardizationStrategy/ReportsonContextofArtificialIntelligenceinChina12

2.3.1NationalGuidelineonAIStandardization12

2.3.2NationalGuidelineonIntelligentManufacturingStandardization14

2.3.3OtherRelatedStandardizationRoadmapsorReportsattheAssociationLevel15

ArtificialIntelligenceStandardizationWhitepaper(2018Edition)15

ArtificialIntelligenceStandardizationWhitePaper(2021Edition)17

ArtificialIntelligenceSafetyStandardizationWhitePaper(2023)17

3STANDARDIZATIONLANDSCAPEINGERMANYANDEUROPE18

3.1PoliticalandRegulatoryEnvironmentinGermanyandEurope18

3.2StandardizationLandscapeinGermanyandEurope19

3.2.1StandardizationFrameworkinGermanyandEurope19

3.2.2StandardizationActorsforArtificialIntelligenceinGermanyandEurope20

3.3StandardizationStrategyonArtificialIntelligenceinGermanyandEurope21

3.3.1GermanStandardizationRoadmaponIndustrie4.022

3.3.2GermanStandardizationRoadmaponArtificialIntelligence23

3.3.3CEN-CENELECFocusGroupReport:RoadMaponArtificialIntelligence25

4OPPORTUNITIESFORLEVERAGINGAIINMANUFACTURINGTHROUGH

STRATEGICINTERNATIONALSTANDARDIZATION26

4.1Generalandfundamentalchallenges 26

4.2AvailabilityofAI-readydatainmanufacturing 27

4.3CoretechnologiesforAIinmanufacturing28

4.4ChallengesrelatedtoindustrialapplicationofAI 29

4.5DatasecurityandapplicationofgenerativeAI30

5SUMMARY32

6BIBLIOGRAPHY34

1.INTRODUCTION

Artificialintelligence(AI)hasbeenubiquitousforseveralyears,andnowitisimpossibletoimag-inetoday’sdigitalworldwithoutit.Itisincreas-inglypermeatingmoreandmoreareasofsocialandeconomiclifeandisalreadychangingthewaywework,learn,communicate,andcon-sume.Therearealreadynumerous,existingap-plicationexamplesforAItoday.Inindustry,theimportanceofAIisalsoincreasingrapidly.Ex-pertsbelievethatAIwillhavesuchanimpactonindustrialvaluecreationinthefuturethatcom-panieswillhardlybeabletoresistusingit.Thepossibilitiesaremanifold:voiceassistantsandchatbotsareamongthem,programsfordoc-umentresearch,systemsforimagegenerationandrecognition,industrialrobotsthatnatural-lyinteractandcooperatewithhumansonthefactoryfloor,orautonomouslydrivinglogisticssystems.AIisalreadybeingusedinmanycom-paniestooptimizeprocessesandensuretheirstability,increaseproductivity,ensurecontin-uousqualityofproduction,andreduceenergycosts.Thesearemainlyanalyticalactivitiesthatsupportdecision-makingprocesses.Inthiscon-text,theuseofartificialintelligenceenablesad-aptationbasedonobservationsandexisting(background)knowledgeinsteadofrigid,pre-definedpatterns.AIisthusatechnologythatdrivesprogressandsecurestheeconomicpow-er,andultimatelyensurestheprosperityofsoci-etyinitsentirety.

Thetranslationofnewknowledgeandnewideasintoproductsandservicesiscrucialforthecom-petitivenessofcompanies.Standardizationcanserveasacatalystforinnovationandhelpan-chorsolutionsonthemarketinthelongterm.Normsandstandardsdefinerequirementsforproducts,services,andprocesses.Theycanformthebasisfortechnicalprocurementandproductdevelopment.Atthesametime,normsandstandardsensureinteroperabilityandserve

toprotectpeople,theenvironment,andproper-ty,aswellastoimprovequalityinallareasofworkandlife.Inthisway,standardizationcancreatetransparencyandtrustintheapplicationoftechnologiesandsupportcommunicationbetweenallstakeholdersthroughuniformtermsandconcepts.

GermanyandChinahavebeenworkingtogeth-ersince2008toincreaseproductsafety,reducetechnicalbarrierstotrade,andpromotethedevelopmentofabilateralandinternationallyharmonizedqualityinfrastructure.Areasofco-operationincludeIndustry4.0,machinesafety,medicaldevices,e-commerce,ITsecurity,andmobilitysolutions.Thisexchangeissupport-edbythegovernmentsofbothcountries,whicharerepresentedbytheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateAction(BMWK)andtheChineseStateAdministrationforMarketRegulation(SAMR).Inturn,thisservesastheba-sisforfurthercooperation,includinginthefieldofstandardizationwithintheSino-GermanStan-dardizationCooperationCommission(SGSCC).SGSCCanditssub-workinggroupsalsofunc-tionasaplatformforexpertstodiscussandexchangeviewsonbilateralandinternationalcooperationinthefieldofstandardization,de-velopaframeworkforcommonpositions,andpromotecoordinatedstandardizationproposalsininternationalbodies.Thesub-workinggroupIndustrie4.0/IntelligentManufacturingfocusesonthedevelopmentofautomationintheman-ufacturingindustryusinginformationtechnolo-gyandnovelinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT)andthusaddressesthedigitaltransformationofthemanufacturingindustry.Thetechnicalexpertgroupon“ArtificialIntelli-genceApplicationsinIndustrie4.0/IntelligentManufacturing”hassetitselfthetaskoflookingatthemutualunderstandingofthestandardiza-tionmechanismsofbothcountriesinthecontext

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ofartificialintelligenceand,indoingso,identify-ingfundamentalpotentialsandinsightsforjointactivities.Thepresentreportsummarizesex-changedinformationandgainsinsights.

Variousstandardshavebeenpublishedorareun-derdevelopmentinthecontextofAI–onnationalandinternationallevels,consortialandfullcon-sensual.Nevertheless,duetothedisruptivenatureofAI,alsoregulatoryandlegislativebodiesacrosstheworldareincreasinglyconsideringartificialin-telligenceanditsimpact,e.g.,onthecorrectinter-pretationandvalidityofthesetlegalframeworkwhenapplyingartificialintelligence.Thesheervolumeofpublications(norms,standards,andscientificpublications)relatingtoartificialintel-ligenceacrosstheglobepresentsasignificantchallengeintermsofprocessingthevastamountofinformationinanappropriatemanner.Fur-thermore,theroleofnormsandstandardsdif-fersfromregiontoregion,withseveralsystemicdifferences.Therefore,theaimofthispublicationistostrengthentheunderstandingbycomparingtheroleofstandardizationinChinaandGerma-ny/Europeandtosummarizethegeneralobjec-tivesandroadmapsofthetwoeconomicareasregardingthestandardizationofartificialintelli-gencetoderivecommunalitiesanddifferences.

Priortoembarkinguponacomprehensivedis-courseaboutartificialintelligence,itisimpera-tivetoestablishadefinitionofwhatismeant.Avarietyofdefinitions,eveninanormativecontext,stillexist.Asof2022,anormativedefinitionofar-tificialintelligencenowexistsafterhardworkandintensivediscussionsworldwide:AnAIsystemisan“engineeredsystemthatgeneratesoutputsuchascontent,forecasts,recommendations,ordecisionsforagivensetofhuman-definedob-jectives”[1].Problematically,thedefinitionisstillratherweakandwillnottackletheexistingchal-lengeofdivergingdefinitions.Nevertheless,werelyonthisdefinitiontodefinethescopeofthisdocumentandwillhighlightthechallengeof(partiallycontradictory)definitionshinderingthecomparability,harmonization,andintegrationofexistingworks.Inadditiontotheaforementionedobjectives,thisreportaimstoprovidefurtherin-sightsintothecurrentsituationofalackofclearterminologysystems.

Theremainderofthisreportisstructuredasfol-lows:InSection2,theChinesestandardizationlandscapeisdescribed.Thereby,itispresent-edhowstandardizationprocessesworkinChi-na,whichcommitteesareworkingonnormsandstandardsrelatedtoAI,andhowtheyarerelatedtointernationalcommittees.SimilarlyinSection3,thestandardizationenvironment,itscommit-tees,andobjectivesinGermanyaredescribedtogetherwithinterrelationtoEuropeanandin-ternationalcommittees.ThekeyfindingsofthereportaresummarizedinSection4basedupontheseperspectives,similarities,anddifferenc-es,wheretheopportunitiesforleveragingAIinmanufacturingthroughstandardizationarede-scribedintermsofaseriesofcommonchal-lengestobeaddressed.Finally,inSection5anoutlookisgivenonhowthesechallengesmightbeaddressedandfacilitatedbyfuturejointco-operationbetweenChinaandGermany/Europeinthefieldofstandardizationingeneral,andar-tificialintelligencestandardizationinparticular.Thereby,futureprospectswithintheSino-Ger-mancooperationonstandardizationofartificialintelligenceinIndustrie4.0/IntelligentManufac-turingisgivenandcollaborationonvariouslev-els–standardization,research,andenterprise

–issuggested.

2.STANDARDISATIONLANDSCAPEINCHINA

SeveralcommitteesandgroupsinChinaarecurrentlydevelopinginternationalandnationalstandardsforartificialintelligence.Standardiza-tionroadmapshavebeenresearchedandre-leasedtocoordinatenationalstandardizationactivities.Inaddition,industryalliancesexistthatfocusondevelopingurgentlyneededconsortiastandardstomeettheirindividualdemands.

2.1PoliticalandRegulatoryEnvironmentinChina

TheStandardizationLawofthePeople’sRepub-licofChinawasrevisedatthe30thMeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheTwelfthNation-alPeople’sCongressonNovember4,2017.Thislawstipulatestheorganizationandimplemen-tationofstandardizationwork,theformulationofstandards,thesupervisionandmanagementofstandardization,andotherrelatedcontents.Accordingtothelaw,thestandardsofChinain-cludenationalstandards,industrystandards,localstandards,associationstandards,anden-terprisestandards.Nationalstandardsaredi-videdintomandatorystandardsandvoluntarystandards.Bothindustrystandardsandlocalstandardsarevoluntarystandards.Mandato-rystandardsmustbeimplemented.Thestateshallencouragetheadoptionofvoluntarystan-dards.Mandatorynationalstandardsshallbedevelopedtoaddresstechnicalrequirementsforensuringpeople’shealthandthesecurityoftheirlivesandproperty,safeguardingnationalandeco-environmentalsecurity,andmeetingthebasicneedsofeconomicandsocialman-agement.RelevantadministrativedepartmentsundertheStateCouncilshall,accordingtotheirdutiesandresponsibilities,proposemandato-rynationalstandardsandorganizedrafts,solicitopinions,andconducttechnicalreviewsthere-

of.TheadministrativedepartmentinchargeofstandardizationundertheStateCouncilshallberesponsibleforproposalapprovalandthenum-beringandnotificationofmandatorynation-alstandards.TheadministrativedepartmentinchargeofstandardizationundertheStateCoun-cilshallassesswhetherproposedmandatorynationalstandardsconformwiththeprovisionsintheprecedingparagraphandgrantapprov-alforproposalsfoundtoconformwiththepro-visions.Mandatorynationalstandardsshallbeapprovedandpublished,orauthorizedforap-provalandpublication,bytheStateCouncil.Productsandservicesthatdonotmeetman-datorystandardsshallnotbemanufactured,sold,imported,orprovided.Atthesametime,astatisticalanalysisandreportmechanismisestablishedtomonitortheimplementationofmandatorystandards.IntermsofAI,thereisonemandatorystandardproposedunderthetopicofgenerativeAIservicethatisunderdevelop-mentinChinanamedCybersecuritytechnologyLabelingmethodforcontentgeneratedbyartifi-cialintelligence(20241842-Q-252)[2].

Inaddition,voluntarynationalstandardsmaybedevelopedtoaddresstechnicalrequirementsthatareneededtoservebasicandgenericpur-poses,supportmandatorynationalstandards,orplayaleadingroleinrelevantindustries.Vol-untarynationalstandardsshallbedevelopedbytheadministrativedepartmentinchargeofstandardizationundertheStateCouncil.TherearetenvoluntarynationalstandardsaboutAIthathavebeenpublished,includingterminolo-gy,datalabeling,keytechnology,computingre-source,etc.

IntermsofAI-relatedregulationsorlawsinChi-na,InterimMeasuresfortheAdministrationofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceServiceswasissuedonJuly10,2023,bytheCyberspaceAd-

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ministrationofChina,NationalDevelopment&ReformCommission,MinistryofEducation,Min-istryofScience&Technology,MinistryofIndus-try&InformationTechnology,MinistryofPublicSecurity,andtheNationalRadioandTelevisionAdministration.Thesemeasuresapplytotheprovisionofgeneratedtexts,pictures,audioandvideo,andothercontenttothepublicinthePeo-ple’sRepublicofChina(hereinafterreferredtoas“generativeAlservices”)usinggenerativeAltechnology.Forexample,intheprocessofal-gorithmdesign,trainingselection,modelgen-erationandoptimization,andserviceprovision,effectiveshallbetakentopreventmeasuresdis-criminationbasedonethnicity,religiousbelief,region,sex,age,occupation,orhealth.Effectivemeasuresshallbetakenbasedonthecharac-teristicsofservicetypestomakegenerativeAlservicesmoretransparentandgeneratedcon-tentmoreaccurateandreliable.AprovidershalllabelthegeneratedcontentssuchaspicturesandvideosinaccordancewiththeProvisionsontheAdministrationofDeepSynthesisofInter-net-basedInformationServices[3].

ThePositionPaperofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonStrengtheningEthicalGovernanceofArtificialIntelligence(AI)releasedonNovember16,2022,highlightsChina’svision,practices,andviewsforethicalgovernanceofthetechnologyfromtheperspectiveofglobalcooperationandcoordination.Itcallsforglobalconsensuswithmutualrespect,andactionsforthegoodofhu-manity[4].

StateCouncil2023LegislationWorkPlan[5]wasissuedonJune15,2023,bytheStateCoun-cil.ThedraftrevisionofthedraftArtificialIntelli-genceLawwillbepreparedandbesubmittedtotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongressforreview.

TwomajordocumentsrelatedtotheChinesestandardizationstrategiesonAIhavebeenis-sued.TheStateCouncilreleasedtheDevel-opmentPlanoftheNewGenerationArtificialIntelligence[6]inJuly2017asthefirstofitskindtobeformulatedwiththerationaletoaddresstheemergenceofAIasthelatestfocusofglobalcompetition.ThegoalistospurChinatotakea

strongerholdofAIdevelopmentatthenextlev-elandkeeppacewithAItechnologyadvance-ments.Tofurtherimplementthisdevelopmentplan,theChineseMinistryofIndustryandInfor-mationTechnology(MIIT)issuedtheThree-YearActionPlanforPromotingtheDevelopmentofNextGenerationofArtificialIntelligenceIndustry(20182020)[7]inDecember2017.ThedocumentfocusesontheintegrationofAIandmanufac-turingandaimstoimplementthefirstphaseofthedevelopmentplanforthenextgenerationofartificialintelligence.Theactionplanlaidoutanimplementationplanandgoalstobeachievedby2020[8].Theactionplanlaidoutanimple-mentationplanandgoalsforfourareastobeachievedby2020,initiativesincludedthedevel-opmentofsmartmanufacturing,inparticular,keytechnicalequipmentandnewmanufactur-ingmodelsincorporatedwithAI;andbuildingacomprehensiveAIsupportsystem,includingsettingupanindustrytrainingdatapool,cov-eringindustry,healthcare,finance,transporta-tion,etc.

Tostrengthenthetop-leveldesignofstandard-izationinthefieldofintelligentmanufacturingandartificialintelligence,promoteresearchofkeytechnologiesdevelopstandards,andstan-dardssystemconstruction,guidelinesofAIandintelligentmanufacturingarepublished.Theim-portantstandardizationdemandsandtherela-tionshipbetweenthedemandsarediscussedintheguidelines,whichgiveapictureofthewholestandardizationsystem.Theguidelinesalsosug-gestdeepeninginternationalexchangesandcooperationonAIandintelligentmanufactur-ingstandards,aswellaspayingattentiontothesynergyofinternationalstandardsanddomes-ticstandards.Intermsoftheinternationalstan-dardsandstandardization,accordingtoArticle8oftheStandardizationLawofthePeoplesRe-publicofChina[9],Chinapromotesparticipa-tionininternationalstandardizationactivities,engagementininternationalcooperationandexchangesonstandardization,participationinthedevelopmentofinternationalstandards,adoptionofinternationalstandardsintheChi-nesecontext,andharmonizationofChineseandforeignstandards.DetailsoftheguidelinesaregiveninSection2.3.

2.2StandardizationLandscapeinChina

2.2.1StandardizationFrameworkinChina

InChina,StandardizationAdministrationofChina(SAC)establishedaseriesofcorrespondingstan-dardscommitteestoadapttointernationalcom-mitteesofISO,IEC,andITUordevelopstandardsinsomenewtechnologies.Thesestandardizationcommitteesareresponsibleforcommunicatinginternationalanddomesticstandardizationworkandorganizingexpertstoparticipateinthede-velopmentofrelevantinternationalstandards.Inaddition,sinceartificialintelligence,smartman-ufacturing,andotherfieldsinvolvemanyexistingindustriesortechnologies,governmentdepart-mentssuchasSACandMIIThavejointlyformedastandardizationoverallgroup(NationalIntel-ligentManufacturingStandardizationGroup(IMSG)&NationalAIStandardizationGroup(AISG))tocoordinateandpromotestandardprojectestablishmentanddevelopmentamongvariousstandardizationtechnicalcommittees,improvetheefficiencyofstandarddevelopment,andreducecross-duplication.

Withinmanysocialgroupsandenterprises,duetotheexistenceoftargetedstandardizationneeds,theywillalsoinitiatethedevelopmentofgroupstandardsandenterpris