Lesson3

UnderstandingUNIT5Inthissection,youaregoingto:readandtalkabouthowtoacquireknowledgeandachieveunderstanding;readfordeepunderstanding,summariseinformationandunderstandcoherenceincontext;learnaboutsomenewwordsandphrasesincontext.Learningobjectives1.______________adj.顯然的，明顯的；易理解的2.______________n.

分析3.______________n.

等級(jí)4.______________adj.

皇家的；王室的5.______________adj.

效率低的6.______________adj.有價(jià)值的；值得尊敬的7.______________n.

教會(huì)；教堂obviousanalysisrankroyalinefficientworthychurchWordsandPhrases8.______________n.宇宙9.______________adj.

原始的10.______________vt.

贊成；贊許；批準(zhǔn)11.______________vt.

強(qiáng)烈要求；敦促12.______________n.

監(jiān)獄13.______________vt.放棄；拋棄14.______________n.

假定，假設(shè)universeprimitiveapproveurgeprisonabandonassumptionWordsandPhrases15.________________adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的16.________________n.

智慧17.________________vt.

有……是由于；把……歸功于18.________________n.

陰影19.________________adj.

守舊的；傳統(tǒng)的20.________________n.

王國21.________________n.

文明respectedwisdomoweshadowconventionalkingdomcivilisationWordsandPhrasesWarming-upFrancisBacon弗朗西斯·培根(1561-1626)，英國哲學(xué)家，英國唯物主義和現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的始祖。歷任律師、下院議員、掌璽大臣、大法官，并提出“知識(shí)就是力量”。他對(duì)歸納法做出了系統(tǒng)的論述，被認(rèn)為是歸納邏輯的創(chuàng)始人。Warming-upGalileoGalilei

伽利略·伽利萊(1564-1642)，意大利物理學(xué)家、天文學(xué)家，近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的奠基者之一。伽利略從實(shí)驗(yàn)中總結(jié)出自由落體定律，推翻了亞里士多德的很多學(xué)說。還發(fā)現(xiàn)了慣性定律和拋體運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律等，確定了力學(xué)相對(duì)性原理，因此被認(rèn)為是經(jīng)典力學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)物理學(xué)的先驅(qū)。他是利用望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀察天體取得大量成果的第一人。Warming-upAristotle

亞里士多德(公元前374-322),古希臘哲學(xué)家，和柏拉圖一同被認(rèn)為是“西方哲學(xué)之父”。geocentrictheory(地心說)Whichofthefollowingmayhelpyouacquireknowledgemoreeffectively?Discussinpairsandgiveexplanations.Askingquestions

mayhelpmeacquireknowledgemoreeffectively.IndoingthisIwillbeableto

clearawaythebarriersonmyroadtounderstanding,whichmakesitquickertoacquireknowledgeandmeetsmyspecificneeds.ActiveandShare

tobeinterestedinthetopictoaskquestionstodiscusstopicswithfriendstoberelaxedandhappytohavetimetothinkaboutwhatyouhavelearnt

BeforereadingWhichofthefollowingmayhelpyouacquireknowledgemoreeffectively?Discussinpairsandgiveexplanation.tobeinterestedinthetopictoaskquestionstodiscusstopicswithfriendstoberelaxedandhappytohavetimetothinkaboutwhatyouhavelearntWhile-readingActivity1

Fastreading1．Readthetextquicklyandmatchthemainideawitheachparagraph.Para.1

A．Whypeopledidn’tapproveofthistypeofthinking.Para.2

B．Weshouldthankthegreatmenofthepastfortheirwisdom.Para.3

C．Atypeofanalysis.Para.4

D．Ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowing andchanging.Para.5

E．Somegreatmeninhistoryusingthistypeofthinkingwerenot supported，butpunished.2．Dividethepassageintothreeparts.Part1(Para._)：Howdoweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding?Part2(Para._－Para._)：HowdidpeoplethinkinBacon’stime?Part3(Para._－Para._)：Conclusions12345

Itseemsobviousnow(howweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.)

Tostartwith,weneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,weobservetheworldaroundusandstudythefacts.Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.評(píng)“Itis+adj+that(主語從句)”

It為形式主語,

that從句是真正的主語Itisimportantthatweshouldfinishhomeworkontime.形主真主首先

其次

之后

how引導(dǎo)主語從句Readparagraph1.Accordingtothewriter,howdoweacquireknowledgeandachieveunderstanding?Completethefollowingchart.ToStartwith,weneed_________;Then,tofindanswers,we____________________________________

.Afterthat,we________________________________________________________________.Itshowsthe

progressionofacquiringknowledgequestionsobservetheworldaroundusandstudythefactsconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones

Althoughtodaywearemoreusedtotypingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfor(theInternet)

togiveusananswer,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld’sproblemwiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus．評(píng)beusedtodoing

習(xí)慣于做某事adj.關(guān)鍵的

搜索引擎waitfor...todo等待…去做某事n.方法beusedtodoing

習(xí)慣于做某事beusedtodo

usedtodo

被用來做某事過去常常，曾經(jīng)

However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBacon(1561-1626)suggestedthatthistypeofthinkingwasthewaytogainknowledge，hewasgoingagainsttheviewsoftheday.AlthoughBaconheldanimportantrankinKingJames’royalcourtofEngland,histrueinterestwasnottheday-to-day,slowandinefficientworkingstyleofthegovernment,buttheworthysearchforknowledge.評(píng)v.提出,表明...的方法違背當(dāng)時(shí)hold-held-held占據(jù)重要地位不是而是

Thiswascertainlynottheinterestofmostpeopleinhisdays.Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfacts,andpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564-1642),(whoprovedtheideathat“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”,)

wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence．評(píng)相信who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,修飾Galileo被動(dòng):bedone

被懲罰

that引導(dǎo)同位語從句,解釋說明idea

Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsanddidn’twanttochallenge(whattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.)

Infact,whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse,insteadofbelievinghim,peoplechosetobelieveviews(thatwerealmost2,000yearsold!)評(píng)往往what引導(dǎo)賓語從句,做challenge的賓語

事實(shí)上而不是翻譯：我想喝茶而不是咖啡Iwanttodrinkteainsteadofcoffee.that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾viewsItisnotsurprising(thatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseprimitiveideas)

astheyhadbeenputforward

bythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384-322BCE).HesaidthattheEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniversebecauseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstill.形主真主是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句提出

靜止地，仍然因?yàn)椤癐tis+adj+that(主語從句)”

It為形式主語,

that從句是真正的主語Itisconvenient

thatwecangotoschoolbysubway.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句hadbeendone過去完成時(shí)被動(dòng)putup張貼，建立putoff推遲putout撲滅

putupwith容忍Galileidisagreed.Atfirst,peopleapprovedof

hisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue,butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong,theygrewangry

andputhiminprison.Theydidn’twanttoabandon(what

they’d

alwaysthoughtastrue).Andthisisstilloftentruetoday.贊成urgesbtodo敦促某人做what引導(dǎo)賓從,做abandon的賓語變得生氣haddone過去完成時(shí)起初putsbinprison把某人送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄Peoplemaketheassumption

thatifsomeoneimportantandrespectedsaysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.Buteventhough

Aristotlewasagreatman

(whoinspiredmanygreatscientistsandphilosophersafterhim),

hewaswrongattimes.that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋說明assumption形容詞修飾不定代詞放在不定代詞后面Ihave____________________(一些重要的事情）totellyou.somethingimportant即使，盡管=evenifwho引導(dǎo)的定從，修飾限定man有時(shí)，偶爾AndGalileialsomademistakes.Heis

nowknownas

thefatherofastronomybuthebelievedthattheEarthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircle.Hewaswrong.犯錯(cuò)誤beknownas作為…而出名因?yàn)椤雒?beknown/famous/notedfor,haveareputationforChinaisknown/famous/notedfortheGreatWall.中國因?yàn)殚L城而出名。Therefore,ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofus

canever

sitbackandsay,“Weknowitall.”換句話說=thatistosay我們沒有一個(gè)一直，曾經(jīng)停止(學(xué)習(xí))Weneedtothankthegreatmenofthepastfortheirwisdom.Theyunderstoodthatwedon’tknoweverythingandprobablyneverwill,for

thatwouldmeanaworldwithoutquestions.因?yàn)閃eowe(somuchofourknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworld)topeoplelikeBaconandGalilei,

who

were

braveenoughto

stepoutfromtheshadowsofconventionalthoughtinordertofindthekingdomofknowledge

thattoday’scivilisationisbuiltupon.把...歸功于who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句評(píng)bedone:被動(dòng)

被建立于..上走出,逃出為了that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾thekingdomofknowledgebe+adj+enough+todo足夠adj.而能夠做某事be+adj.+enough+todo足夠adj.而能夠做某事Youareoldenoughtogotoschool.Youworkhardenoughtopasstheexam.

Thismenknowthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor;more

vitaltoaman,andmore

beneficialtomankind,somemightsay,thanallthemoneyintheworld.賓語從句bevitalto對(duì)...至關(guān)重要bebeneficialto對(duì)...有益為...而戰(zhàn)斗3．What’sthemainideaofthefamoussaying“Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered；thepointistodiscoverthem.”？A．Alltruthsareeasytodiscover.B．It’smostimportanttodiscovertruths.C．It’smoreimportanttounderstandtruthsthantodiscoverthem.D．Ifwewanttodiscovertruths，weshouldfirstunderstandthem.√4．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．FrancisBaconwasgoingagainsttheviewsofhisday.B．GalileoGalileiwasgreattoprovetheEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse.C．TheEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverseanditdoesn’tmoveroundthesuninaperfectcircle，either.D．Peopleshouldquestionmorebecausegreatmen，evenAristotleandGalilei，mightmakemistakes.√2．Whosolvesproblemsbythinkingandanalysing?A．Peoplenowadays.B．Peopleinthe17thcentury.C．Modernscientistsandthinkers.D．ThegreatphilosopherAristotle.√Readparagraphs2-3.Complete

the

sentences.1FrancisBacon

believedthatthewaytogainknowledgeis________.Butmostpeopleinhisdaysbelieved______________.thinkingmoreinreligion2

GalileoGalileiprovedthat_______________________________________.Butmanypeopleinhisdays_____________________________________________________________________________________________________.theEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniversetendedtoignorethefactsanddidn’twanttochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved3Aristotle’sunderstandingoftheuniversewasthat______________________________________because____________________________________.theEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniverseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstill4Itisstilloftentruetodaythat________________________________________________________________________________________.peopledon’twanttoabandonwhatthey’vealwaysthoughtastrueFindoutwhateachpronounreferstointhetext.UnderstandingCoherenceinContextTherepetition(重復(fù))ofkeytermsorphrasesmakesmeaningcoherent(有條理的)inatext.Theuseofsynonyms(近義詞)andantonyms(反義詞)helpsenhancecoherence(連貫性)inatext.Linkingwordssuchassince,so,afterwards,then,although,but,however,etc.canhelpconnectmeaninginsentences.Pronounssuchashe,she,it,they,etc.helpcarrymeaningonintothenextpointinatext.ReadingExample

Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.(Para.1)ones=answers1…h(huán)e

wasgoingagainsttheviewsoftheday.(Para.2)he=______________2Thiswascertainlynottheinterest…(Para.2)This=___________________3…whattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.(Para.2)they=_______________________________4…they

grewangryandputhiminprison.(Para.3)they=______________5…thenitmustbeso.(Para.3)it=____________6Heisnowknowas…(Para.3)He=_____________ReadingFrancisBaconsearchforknowledgethechurchandmostpeopleassumptionpeopleGalileiCirclethelinkingwordsinthetextthatthewriterusedinordertoexpresshis/heropinioncoherently.Tostartwith,weneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,weobservetheworldaroundusandstudythefacts.Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.(L2)However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBacon(1561-1626)suggestedthatthistypeofthinkingwasthewaytogainknowledge…(L12)Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfacts…(L17)Atfirst,peopleapprovedofhisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue,butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong,theygrewangryandputhiminprison.(L33)Therefore,ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofuscaneversitbackandsay,“Weknowitall.”(L42)ReadingThefollowingsentencesallcontainfalseinformation.Usethewordsandphrasesbelowtocorrectthem.1InBacon’sdays,theworkingstyleofthegovernmentwasveryefficient.

InBacon’sdays,theworkingstyleofthegovernmentwasveryinefficient.2PeoplewerestronglyagainstGalilei’sstudiesatfirstandthentheyurgedhimtogiveup.

PeopleapprovedofGalilei’sstudiesatfirstandthentheyurgedhimtogiveup.inefficientapproveofdidn’twanttoabandonconstantlygrowingandchangingcontinuePractice3Ourunderstandingoftheworldisstable.

Ourunderstandingoftheworldisconstantlygrowingandchanging.4Peopleinthepastwerewillingtogiveupwhattheyhadalwaysthoughtastrue.

Peopleinthepastdidn’twanttoabandonwhattheyhadalwaysthoughtastrue.Practiceinefficientapproveofdidn’twanttoabandonconstantlygrowingandchangingcontinue3．Aristotle’sunderstandingoftheuniversewasthat____________________________________________because_________________________________________.4．Itisstilloftentruetodaythat_________________________________________________________.theEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniverseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstillpeopledon’twanttoabandonwhatthey’vealwaysthoughtastrue3．Whydidpeoplechoosetobelieveviewsthatwereabout2,000yearsold?Becausetheywereunwillingtochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.4．Weregreatmeninhistoryalwayscorrect？Giveexamples.No.Galileimademistakes.HebelievedthattheEarthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircles.Buthewaswrong.5．Howdoestheauthordevelopthispartofthepassage?A．Bygivingexamples.

B．Bylistingnumbers.C．Bycomparison.

D．Byquotation.√Sentencesanalysis:1．Itseemsobviousnowhowweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.[句式分析]

此句為_________句；主句為

____________________；It是

__________，how引導(dǎo)_________作真正的主語。[自主翻譯]

主從復(fù)合Itseemsobviousnow形式主語主語從句今天，如何獲取知識(shí)、認(rèn)識(shí)世界，人人皆知。2．AlthoughtodaywearemoreusedtotypingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettogiveusananswer，modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld’sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.[句式分析]

此句為__________句；主句為________________________________________________________________________________________________；Although引導(dǎo)______________；typingafew...engine和waitingfor...answer為動(dòng)名詞短語作介詞to的

______。[自主翻譯]

modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld’sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus主從復(fù)合讓步狀語從句賓語盡管我們現(xiàn)在更習(xí)慣于在搜索引擎中敲幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，等待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為我們提供答案，但當(dāng)代科學(xué)家、思想家仍采用這種分析方式來解決問題——我們應(yīng)該為此感到慶幸。3．Atthattime，peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfacts，andpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564－1642)，whoprovedtheideathat“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”，wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence.[句式分析]

此句為______________句；第一個(gè)句子主干為_________________________________________；第二個(gè)句子主干為___________________________________________________________________；who引導(dǎo)__________________，先行詞GalileoGalilei為人，在從句中作主語；that引導(dǎo)____________，作idea的同位語，解釋說明idea的內(nèi)容；withnoonecomingtotheirdefence為“with＋賓語＋doing(賓補(bǔ))”結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。[自主翻譯]

主從復(fù)合peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfactspeoplewereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence非限制性定語從句同位語從句那時(shí)人們相信教會(huì)勝過相信事實(shí)，像伽利略·伽利萊(1564—1642)那樣證明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往會(huì)被教會(huì)懲罰，也沒有人會(huì)為他們辯護(hù)。4．Infact，whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse，insteadofbelievinghim，peoplechosetobelieveviewsthatwerealmost2,000yearsold![句式分析]此句為___________句；句子主干為___________________________；when引導(dǎo)_____________，第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)__________作prove的賓語；第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)__________，先行詞views在從句中作主語，指物。[自主翻譯]

主從復(fù)合peoplechosetobelieveviews時(shí)間狀語從句賓語從句定語從句事實(shí)上，當(dāng)伽利略證明地球不是宇宙的中心時(shí)，人們沒有選擇相信他，而寧愿相信將近2000年前的陳舊觀點(diǎn)！5．ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseprimitiveideasastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(38