2025年大學英語四級考試考前點題卷二[問答題]1.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents正確答案：詳見解析參考（江南博哥）解析：高分范文TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudentsEachyearthereareagrowingnumberofcollegestudentscommittingsuicidewhenconfrontedwithsetbacksandfrustration，whichsuggeststhatfrustrationeducationisextremelyimportantforcollegestudents.Firstofall，whatcannotbeignoredisthatmostcollegestudentswhoarefarawayfromtheirfamiliesneedtofacechallengesaloneandmayeasilygetconfusedandfrustrated.Thus，strengtheningfrustrationeducationcanhelpthembecomestrong-mindedandteachthemhowtodealwithsetbacks.Secondly，collegeguidanceonhowtocorrectlydealwithnegativeemotionsisbeneficialtostudents'mentalhealthandencouragesthemtotakeapositiveattitudetowardstheirschoollife.Moreover，frustrationisinevitableinourlives.Ifcollegestudentsdonotlearnhowtocopewithitwhentheyareyoung，theymayencountermoreproblemsintheirfuturecareers，suchaslackofconfidence，difficultiesingettingalongwellwithothersandunwillingnesstotrynewthings，whichcertainlywillbecomeobstaclestotheirsuccess.Inshort，frustrationeducationcanbringgreatbenefitstostudents，whichshouldnotbeneglectedatcollege.[問答題]2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的歷史。幾百年來，昆曲在上海及長江三角洲下游地區(qū)發(fā)展繁榮。從16世紀到18世紀，昆曲一直主宰著中國戲曲。此外，昆曲還影響了許多其他的中國戲曲形式。例如，在京劇里，我們可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，聯(lián)合國教科文組織宣布昆曲為“人類口述和非物質文化遺產代表作”。正確答案：詳見解析參考解析：參考譯文KunquOperaisoneofthemostveneratedformsoftraditionalChineseoperawithahistoryofmorethan600years.Forhundredsofyears，ithasprosperedinShanghaiandaroundthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.KunquOperadominatedChineseoperafromthe16thtothe18thcentury.Inaddition，KunquOperahasalsoexertedinfluenceonmanyotherformsofChineseopera.Forexample，KunquelementsarestilldiscernibleinPekingOpera.In2001，UNESCOdeclaredKunquOperaamasterpieceoftheoralandintangibleculturalheritageofhumanity.共享題干題Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffectiveascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in26_____inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____,"saysDavidRichards，ahealthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeter.Ifapatientvaluesnatureandfamily，forexample，atherapistmightencouragehimto28_____adailywalkintheparkwithhisgrandchildren，whichcouldcreatea(n)29_____tomorenegativepastimessuchasponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yetmore30_____scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-aloneapproach.Inarecentstudy，a31_____of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBThead-to-head.They32_____440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwoapproaches，thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6，12and18monthsaftertreatmentbegan.As33_____inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobeequallyeffective.

Inaddition，Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34_____healthworkerscouldprovideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35_____cheapertoimplementthanCBT，whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboontodevelopingcountries，whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.[單選題]1.空白處26.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：O參考解析：空格前出現(xiàn)了不定冠詞和形容詞，故應填入名詞。由上文可知，行為激活療法是針對抑郁癥的一種治療方法，且第二段也出現(xiàn)了approach“方法”，故填入O)technique“方法，技巧”。[單選題]2..空白處27.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：G參考解析：空格位于系動詞之后，從語法上來說填入名詞、形容詞和動詞分詞形式都說得通，但空格前出現(xiàn)了由and連接的平行結構，由此推測文章是在講人的行為和感受之間的關系。由下文可知，治療師可以利用患者重視的事物對其行為進行干預和修正，可知行為和感受之間是相互聯(lián)系的，故填入G)linked。[單選題]3.空白處28.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：L參考解析：空格前出現(xiàn)了encourage和to，由此可知需要填入動詞原形構成不定式，作賓語補足語。結合空格后的adailywalk“每天散步”可推測，這里應填入L）schedule“安排，計劃”。H)range用作動詞時，放在此處雖然也符合語法，但它指的是按照一定位置或順序給某物進行位置上的排列或排序，放在這里不符合句意，故排除。[單選題]4.空白處29.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：B參考解析：空格位于不定冠詞之后，應填入名詞?？崭窈蟪霈F(xiàn)了negativepastimes“消極的消遣方式”，而空格所在從句中的引導詞which代指的是前面主句的內容，即“治療師可能鼓勵病人安排每天都和孫兒一起去公園散散步”，這是一種積極的消遣方式，由此可知，前后是兩種完全不同的選擇，故填入B）alternative，它可以搭配介詞to，表示“可供選擇的事物”。A)access“進入權，使用權”雖然也能和介詞to搭配使用，但放在這里意思就變成了“接觸更消極的消遣方式”，不符合語境，故排除。[單選題]5.空白處30.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：K參考解析：空格位于more之后、名詞短語scientificevidence之前，最有可能填入形容詞。根據(jù)句意“雖然行為激活療法已經(jīng)存在了幾十年……但我們需要更……的科學證據(jù)去評估其作為一種獨立方法的相對優(yōu)勢?！毙揎棥翱茖W證據(jù)”，填入K)rigorous“嚴謹?shù)模瑖栏竦摹弊顬楹线m，故為答案。[單選題]6.空白處31.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：D參考解析：空格位于冠詞和介詞之間，應填入名詞。后面出現(xiàn)了18researchers，故推測填入D)collaboration“合作，協(xié)作”，表示這項研究是由18名研究人員共同完成的。arangeof表示“一系列的”，側重強調范圍廣，種類多，不用來修飾人，故排除H)。[單選題]7.空白處32.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：C參考解析：空格位于代詞they之后，且這句話缺少謂語，故應填入動詞。因為研究已經(jīng)完成了，故進一步明確應填入動詞的過去式，且該動詞可以和介詞to搭配使用，符合這些要求的只有C）assigned，assignsb.tosth.表示“把某人分配到某個任務或崗位”，放在這里符合句意，意為“將440名抑郁癥患者分配到為期16周的兩種治療方法中”。E）involved一般和介詞in搭配使用，故排除。[單選題]8.空白處33.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：J參考解析：as當連詞使用時可引導非限制性定語從句，代指前面或后面的一整句話，這種從句中通常會把it和系動詞省略，而直接寫成“as+過去分詞”的形式?？崭窈竺娉霈F(xiàn)了團隊的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由此可知這里的as代指的是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的內容，故填入revealed，這句話的完整版本是“AsitwasrevealedinapaperpublishedintheLancet.…”，意為“正如發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》上的一篇論文顯示的那樣……”。[單選題]9.空白處34.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：F參考解析：空格位于名詞短語healthworkers之前，應填入形容詞。由本段破折號后的內容可知，行為激活療法比認知行為療法成本低得多，因為認知行為療法需要高度專業(yè)的治療師，由此推測行為激活療法并不需要特別專業(yè)的人員。根據(jù)空格后面的內容可知，這些醫(yī)療工作者還需要接受短期的培訓，由此可知他們是資歷比較淺的或者沒有什么經(jīng)驗的，符合此意思的只有F)junior，表示“（地位、職位、級別）較低的”。[單選題]10.空白處35.應填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：N參考解析：空格位于形容詞比較級cheaper之前，應填入副詞來修飾。根據(jù)句意可知，這里需要填入一個程度副詞來修飾cheaper，表示“便宜得多”，故填入N）significantly“顯著地，極大地”。全文并未提及行為激活療法只在特定的時間或情況下成本低于認知行為療法，故排除I）regularly“定期地，有規(guī)律地”。UniversalHealthCare，Worldwide，IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000thenumberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf，t05.6m.Lifeexpectancyhasreached71，againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverarevaccinated.Malaria，TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffershasperhapsneverbeenwider.AtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorldHealthOrganizationdeemsessential,includingantenatal，(產前的)care，insecticide-treatedbednets，screeningforcervicalcancer(子宮頸癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白喉)，tetanus(破傷風)andwhoopingcough.Safe，basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bnpeople.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800mpeoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180mspendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.InstudiesofconsultationsinruralIndianclinics，just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.Thatisaterriblewaste.Asthisweek'sspecialreportshows，thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcareissensible，affordableandpractical，eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit，thepotentialofmodemmedicinewillbesquandered.(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat，say，universalbasiceducationissensible—becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarterstheveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure，becauseitsuggestspaternalism(家長式統(tǒng)治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealthinsuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor，theyoungtosubsidisetheoldandthehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]11.Itisextremelywastefulthatpeoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatmentafterspendingafortune.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正確答案：C參考解析：由題干中的extremelywasteful和spendingafortune定位到原文C）段。C）段第一句提到，那些能夠去看醫(yī)生的人也經(jīng)常要payacripplingprice，由第二句中的over10%oftheirannualhouseholdincome和over25%可知，payacripplingprice是指支付高昂的費用。第三句指出，whattheygetinreturn的水平卻常常糟糕透頂，由下一句中的receivedacorrectdiagnosis可知，這些人所得到的是治療。第四句提到這是一種可怕的浪費，that指代該段前四句話，即那些能夠去看醫(yī)生的人也經(jīng)常要支付高昂的費用，但他們得到的治療水平卻常常糟糕透頂。題干中的extremelywasteful對應原文中的atemblewaste；peoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatment對應原文中的“Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.”；spendingafortune是對原文中payacripplingprice的同義轉述，故C）為答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]12.Apartfromthegovernment，privateinsurancecompaniesandproviderscanalsocomeintoplayinuniversalhealthcare.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正確答案：H參考解析：由題干中的government、privateinsurancecompanies和providers定位到原文H)段第三、四句。定位句提到，它并不意味著由政府全包。私人保險公司和供應商也能發(fā)揮重要作用。由上文可知，定位句句首的it指代該段第一句中的universalhealthcare。而定位句中的biggovernment是指“大政府”，即樣樣都管的政府。由此推知，除了政府，私人保險公司和供應商也能在全民醫(yī)療中發(fā)揮作用。題干中的insurancecompanies和comeintoplay分別對應原文中的insurers和playanimportantrole，故H)為答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]13.MostofIndianandNigerianhealthexpenditureispaidbypatients.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正確答案：F參考解析：由題干中的IndianandNigerian和healthexpenditure定位到原文F)段第五句。定位句提到，在印度和尼日利亞，60%以上的醫(yī)療支出是由患者自付。由此推知，印度和尼日利亞的大部分醫(yī)療費用由患者支付。定位句中的短語out-of-pocketpayments是指“自付額”，即患者自掏腰包支付醫(yī)療費用。題于中的mostof和healthexpenditure分別對應原文中的morethan60%of和healthspending，故F)為答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhea