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全國英語等級考試四級(PETS4)歷年真題(一)

材料題

根據以下材料,回答21-40題

Pragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpacton

Americanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatism

calls21ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,

by22whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableor

undesirableresults.

Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered23whentheyfirst

appeared.tosomecritics,pragmatism's24toaffirmanyabsolute

standardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.25,

pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessor

justiceexists.but26thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependon

the27inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The28of

theseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)29inmoral

standards.Thepragmatists'denialofabsolutes,30,challengedthe

foundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.31,

pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmany

otherschoolsandmovements.32politicalgroupshavealso

drawn33theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromthe

progressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsin

socialreform.

Pragmatismisbest34initshistoricalandculturalcontext.ltaroseduring

thelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement35bythe

theoriesofBritishbiologistCharles

Darwin,whosetheories36tomanythinkersthathumanityandsociety

areina37stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adecline

in38religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedthe

industrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In39,itbecame

necessarytorethink40ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,

andindividuality.

21[單選題]

A.for

B.in

C.out

D.off

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]callfor提倡;callin召來;callout大叫;calloff取消,放

棄。由前后文對實用主義的解釋可知,此句表達的意思是實用主義的

基本內涵,也就是實用主義這一思潮所倡導的觀點和理念,故選A。

22[單選題]

A.discussing

B.predicting

C.assessing

0.questioning

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]discuss討論;predict預測;assess評估question提問,

質疑。由前半句話可知,實用主義倡導在實踐中檢驗觀念和理論,由

此可推知,要想檢驗觀念和理論,就必須通過評估依據某些觀點和理

論是否能夠產生理想或不理想的結果,方能檢驗觀念和理論的正確性,

故選C。

23[單選題]

A.reasonable

B.credible

C.revolutionary

□.attractive

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]reasonable合理的;credible可靠的;revolutionary革命

性的;attractive具有吸引力的。由后文提到的批評者的觀點可知,

人們對于實用主義的理念提出了質疑。并且由后文

“Thepragmatists*denial...

challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,

andschoolsofthought/可知,實用主義對于傳統觀念提出了挑

戰,由此可推知,它是一股具有革命性的思潮,故選

Ce

24[單選題]

A.effort

B.refuseI

C.intention

□.hesitation

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]effort努力;refusal拒絕;intention意圖;hesitation猶

豫不決。由后文可知,實用主義者認為不存在一個絕對的善或正義的

標準,這些概念是可以改變的,取決于它們被討論的語境。因此,實

用主義對于絕對標準持否定態度,他們否認絕對標準的存在,故選B。

25[單選題]

A.lnturn

B.Aboveall

C.Forexample

D.lnaddition

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]inturn輪流jaboveall首先(orexample例如;inaddition

另外。由前文提到的absolutestandards和后文的

absoluteideaofgoodnessorjustice可知,后文是對前文的進一

步舉例論證,故選

Co

26[單選題]

A.rather

B.also

C.still

D.even

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]rather而是…,不如說…;also也;still仍然;even甚至。

由后文提到的〃這些概念是可以改變的,取決于它們被討論的語境〃

可知,這句話的前半句表達實用主義者反對的觀點,而后半句則說明

實用主義者認同的觀點,butrather表示轉折,符合文意,故選A。

27[單選題]

A.domain

B.vicinity

C.context

0.surrounding

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]domain領域,疆土;vicinity附近;context語境,背景;

Surrounding周圍的事物。根據原文可知,此處表達的意思是各種

概念被討論的語境、背景,是一個抽象而非實質的含義,四個選項中

只有context可以表示抽象的背景,其他三個詞都是指具體的物理概

念,與原文意思不符,故選

Ce

28[單選題]

A.subject

B.defect

C.existence

0.absence

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]subject物體,主涪;defect缺陷;existence存在;absence

不存在,缺席。由前文

^pragmatistsdonotbefievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgo

odness01"justiceexists"可知,實用主義者認為,不存在一個絕

對的善良或正義的標準。由此可推知,批評者擔心的是有可能導致道

德標準下降的原因正是實用主義者對絕對的善良或正義標準存在的

否定,即不存在這些絕對,故選D。

29[單選題]

A.change

B.decline

C.correction

□.interest

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]change改變;decline下降;correction改正;interest

興趣,利益。由前文

”tosomecriticsz...

carriednegativeimplicationsforsociety//可知,批評者認為實

用主義思潮會對社會產生負面影響。此處進一步解釋批評者的觀點,

他們認為實用主義對絕對標準的否認會造成道德標準的下降,故選

Bo

30[單選題]

A.therefore

B.nevertheless

C.anyway

0.moreover

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]therefore因此;nevertheless不過;anyway無論如何;

moreover另外。由上文提到的批評者對實用主義的批評,以及下文

描述實用主義的積極意義可知,此處需要填上一個表示轉折的詞,故

選B。

31[單選題]

A.Asarule

B.Onthecontrary

C.Asaresult

D.Onaverage

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]asarule通常;onthecontrary相反;asaresult結果;

onaverage平均來說,一般來說。由前文可知,實用主義者對絕對

標準的否認對宗教、政府、思想流派的基礎提出了質疑,后文又進而

提到實用主義對心理學、社會學和許多其他流派和思潮產生了影響。

由此可知,此處需要填上一個表示因果關系的短語,故選C。

32[單選題]

A.Particular

B.Various

C.Significant

D.Few

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]particular特殊的various各種各樣的significant重要的;

few極少的。由后文的"fromtheprogressive...tolaterexpefi一

mentsinsocialreform"可知,實用主義思潮對很多政治團體都有

借鑒意義,故選B。

33[單選題]

A.on

B.in

C.up

D.forth

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]drawon吸收;drawin吸入,縮小;drawup提起,草擬;

drawforth引出。由alsO后面的內容可知,實用主義對政治團體產

生了與心理學、社會學和許多其他流派類似的作用,反過來說,政治

團體吸收借鑒了實用主義的理念,故選A。

34[單選題]

A.simulated

B.handled

C.practiced

□.understood

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]simulated模仿;handled處理;practiced實踐;

understood理解。由后文解釋實用主義思潮產生的歷史背景可知,

此處表達的意思是,實用主義置于它所產生的歷史文化背景當中最好

理解,故選

Do

35[單選題]

A.typified

B.systemized

C.generalized

□.justified

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析[typified代表;systemized形成體系;generalized概括;

justiffed證明。由后文的達爾文的理論可知,達爾文的理論認為人類

和社會處于不斷的進步當中,這一理論能夠為科學的迅速進步提供理

論支撐或證明,故選

Do

36[單選題]

A.supposed

B.contributed

C.implied

□.suggested

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]supposed認為;contributed造成;impfied暗示;

suggested表明。此處描述達爾文的理論對當時的文化和思想界產

生的影響,它向許多思想家表明了這樣的理論,即人類和社會處于不

斷進步的狀態中,故選D。

37[單選題]

A.perpetual

B.consistent

C.prosperous

□.temporary

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]perpetual不斷的consistent連貫的prosperous繁榮的;

temporary暫時的。由常識可知,作為生物學家的達爾文,最著名

的理論是進化論,即人類和社會處于不斷的進步當中,故選A。

38[單選題]

A.universal

B.prevalent

C.traditional

□.representative

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]universal普遍的;prevalent流行的,普遍的;traditional

傳統的;representative代表的。此處表達的意思是,隨著工業化和

物質進步,宗教信仰和價值觀逐漸衰落,工業化是新興事物,物質進

步是向前發展的,由此可推斷,此處表達的是一個與這兩者相對應的

含義即傳統的宗教信仰和價值觀,故選

,Co

39[單選題]

A.consequence

B.reality

C.essence

0.contrast

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]consequence結果;reality現實;essence實質;contrast

對比。由后文的〃重新思考關于價值、宗教、科學、社會和個人的基

本觀念〃可知,導致出現重新思考的原因是前面提到的傳統的宗教信

仰和價值觀的逐漸衰落,兩者之間構成因果關系,故選A。

40[單選題]

A.confusing

B.fundamental

C.controversial

□.dominant

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析[confusing令人迷惑的;fundamental基本的;

controversial有爭議的dominant統治的,主導的。由前文可知,

伴隨著工業化和物質進步,傳統的宗教信仰和價值觀逐漸衰落,因此

有必要重新思考關于價值、宗教、科學、社會和個人觀念,由此可知,

此處表示的意思是〃最基本的〃,故選B。

材料題

根據以下材料,回答41.45題

AFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)advisorycommitteehas

concludedthatanovelnewtreatmentcangreatlyhelprheumatoid

arthritispatients.

ThepanelrecommendedapprovingEnbrelforusealoneinpatientswho

haven'trespondedtootherdrugsorincombinationwithmethotrexate,

acancerdrugthathasbeenthemaintreatmentfor

rheumatoidarthritis.

TheFDAmustmakeafinaldecisionbyearlyNovember,andthedrug's

makersaysitcouldbeonthemarketbyyear'send.

Inrheumatoidarthritis,whichaffects2.1millionAmericans,theimmune

systemattackshealthyjoints.Amajorwrongdoerinthisprocessisa

proteincalled"tumorkillingfactor",orTNF,which

interactswithaspecialmolecule,orTNFreceptor,oncells'surfaces,

tokeepinflammationincheck,cellsnormallyreleasesomereceptorsto

mopupexcessTNF,renderingitinactive.Apparently,rheumatoidarthritis

patientsdon'thaveenoughfree-floatingTNFreceptors.

EnbrelconsistsofgeneticallyengineeredTNFreceptors.Inasix-month

study,234patientswithadvancedrheumatoidarthritisreceivedoneof

twodosesofEnbreloraplacebo(harmlesssubstancegivenasifitwere

medicine)intwice-a-weekinjections.Theytookinjectionsforsix

months.Bytheend,40%ofpatientsonthelargerEnbreldosesaw

symptoms,suchas.swellingandjointpain,cutinhalf.Only5%onthe

placebodidthat

well.Themainsideeffectwasminorirritationattheinjectionsite.

BecausesomeTNFisneededforanormalimmuneresponse,thereisat

leastatheoreticalriskofinfectionsorevencancerinpatientswhotake

Enbrel,sotheFDApanelurgedlong-termsafetystudies.

Lastweek,theFDAapprovedArava,anoraltreatmentforrheumatoid

arthritisthatissimilartomethotrexate.WhilecallingbothEnbreland

Arava"potentiallyveryimportant",BrianButcher,vice

presidentforresearchattheArthritisFoundation,notestheyhavebeen

testedinrelativelyfewpatients.

Butchersaystheirsafetyshouldbecloselymonitoredoncethey're

widelyavailable.

41[單選題]EnbrelasrecommendedbyFDAadvisory

committee

A.couldbeasubstituteformethotrexateinthenearfuture.

B.mightbringhopetorheumatoidarthritispatients.

C.shouldbeadministeredtoallrheumatoidarthritispatientsalike.

D.woulddistinguishitselfforitscancer-killingeffect.

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]該題為細節題。根據第一段

“AFoodandDrugAdministration...

cangreatlyhelprheumatoidarthritispatients//可知,食品藥品

管理局的一個咨詢委員會稱,一種新的療法可以極大地幫助治療風濕

性關節炎。瀏覽后文可知,第一段提到的新藥物是恩利,而B項〃可

能給風濕性關節炎患者帶來希望〃,與文中表述一致,故選B。

42[單選題]Whichofthefollowingisresponsibleforthe

inflammationofthejoints?

A.Aspecialmoleculeoncell'ssurface.

B.Afree-floatingreceptor.

C.Atumor-killingprotein.

0.InactiveTNF.

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]該題為細節題。由第四段第二句

〃Amajorwrongdoerinthisprocessisaproteincalled

〃可知,在免疫系統攻擊健康

'tumorkillingfactor'oorTNF…

關節的過程當中,主犯是一種叫做〃腫瘤殺死因子〃的蛋白質,它與

一種特殊的分子相互作用,因此,造成關節發炎的物質是〃腫瘤壞死

因子",一種殺死腫瘤的蛋白質,故選C。

43[單選題]WelearnfromParagraph6that

A.Enbreltreatmentinlargedosescouldreducethepatients'symptoms,

B.arthritispatientspresentedsymptomsafterEnbreltleatment.

C.arthritispatientswithtreatmentofaplacebowereridofsymptoms.

D.only5%ontheplacebogotsymptomssuchasswellingandjointpain.

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]該題為細節題。由第六段第四句〃Bytheend,40%

ofpatientsonthelargerEnbreldosesawsymptoms,

suchasswellingandjointpain,cutinhalf."可知,40%接受較

大劑量恩利注射的患者癥狀,例如腫脹或者關節疼痛,減輕了一半。

選項B稱關節炎患者在接受恩利治療之后表現出了癥狀,選項C稱

關節炎患者在注射安慰劑之后癥狀消失,選項D稱只有5%接受安慰

劑注射的患者表現出諸如腫脹和關節疼痛的癥狀,都與原文意思不符,

故選A。

44[單選題]ThewideuseofthenewdrugEnbrelretiesmuch

on

A.justificationofthenewtreatment.

B.anewmonitoringsystem.

C.massproductionofthedrug.

D.long—termsafetystudies.

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]該題為推理題。由第七段becausesomeTNF...

sotheFDApanelurgedlong-termsafetystudies/1可知,因為

一些腫瘤壞死因子對正常的免疫反應是必需的,使用恩利的患者至少

在理論上會遭受感染或者甚至癌癥的風險,因此,食品藥品管理局專

門小組敦促進行長期的安全性研究。由最后一段

“Butchersaystheirsafetyshouldbecloselymonitoredonce

they'rewidelyavailable"可知,一旦它們被廣泛使用,它們的安

全性應得到嚴密監測。由此可推斷,恩利的廣泛應用取決于長期的安

全性研究,故選D。

45[單選題]Whichofthefollowingmightbeanappropriate

tireforthetext?

A.TNFandImmuneSystem

B.EnbrelversusMethotrexate

C.ArthritisDrugonPathtoApproval

D.StudyonRheumatoidArthritis

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]該題為主旨題。全文介紹一種治療風濕性關節炎的新藥恩利

的藥理作用以及可能造成的風險,并說明由于新藥的風險,食品藥品

管理局對于審批十分謹慎,敦促進行長期的安全性研究。選項c〃關

節炎藥物的審批之路〃涵蓋了文章的主要內容,為正確選項。選項A

〃腫瘤壞死因子和免疫系統〃、選項B〃恩利與甲氨蝶吟’和選項D

〃風濕性關節炎研究〃都是文章涉及的部分內容,不足以全面概括文

章,故選C。

材料題

根據以下材料,回答46-50題

Howfarawayyouarefromretirementplaysalargepartinhowyou

shouldinvestyourretirementmoney.AccordingtoLeslieWrightof

WestminsterPortfolioServicesLtd.,therearethreestagestoalong-term

regularsavingsplanforretirement:capitalization,consolidationand

conservation.Inthefirststage,peopleshouldbemostconcernedwith

buildinguptheirretirementsavingsinvestment.AccordingtoWright,

theseinvestorscan"takeasaggressiveanoutlookastheirnervescan

stand,"becauseatthispointthereislittlecapitaltorisk.Thesecondstep,

consolidation,makesupthebulkofyoursavingsplan;balancethe

aggressiveinvestmentswithsometamerones,tobetterprotectyour

existingpossessions.Thefinalchange,fromconsolidationto

conservation,whenyourinvestmentsshouldaimtopreservethecapital

youhave,shouldtakeplaceonetothreeyearsbeforeyouretire.The

exacttimingofalltheseshouldtakecurrentmarketconditionsinto

account,althoughWrightwarnsagainstriskybettingonfuture

growth,"Greedmustnotbeallowedtoblindprudence,"hesays.

Whatevervehiclesyouchooseforyourretirementshare-holding,besure

totakeadvantageofdollar-costaveraging.Byinvestingafixedamountat

regularintervals,you'IIbeabletoavoidtheriskofpoorlytimed

investmentsbyaveragingoutthepeaksandvalleysofthemarket.Plus,

regularcontributionswillletyouavoidthetemptationtodropoutwhen

themarketfalls,andtobuytoomuchwhenpricesarehigh.

Thosewhoarewellalongtheroadtoretirementmayhavecausefor

concernthesedays.Theplungingstockandpropertymarketshave

shrunksavings,forretirementandotherwise;andsomepeoplehavenot

plannedfortheirretirementatall.

Youwon'tbethatrash,ofcourse,butwhatifyou"realreadyin

mid-careeranddon*thavearetirementplaninplace?Ifyoudon'tmake

someseriouscutsinyourspendingandsaveheavilynow,you'llhaveto

sacrificeinyourgoldenyears.

Ofcourse,it'sbetterstilltogetoffontherightfootbystartingyour

planningearly."Nooneshouldhavetocompromisehislivingstandards

whenheretires,"saysWright."Retirementisatimetoreallyenjoy

life.Wehaveallworkedsohard."Andoneofthethingsyoushouldhe

workinghardonright,nowisplanningforthosedaysofenjoyment.

46[單選題]Inthefirststageofsavingforretirement,people

cantakeanaggressiveinvestmentstrategybecause

A.theyhavealong-termregularsavingsplaninview.

B.theycanwellstandlossesthatmightoccur.

C.thereisnOriskinlong-terminvestment.

D.chancesCanbalancepossiblerisks.

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]該題為細節題。由第一段第四句"AccordingtoWright,

theseinvestorsCall

ztakeasaggressivealloutlookastheirnervescanstand,'

becauseatthispointthereislittlecapitaltorisk.“可知,懷特建

議投資者可以〃采取他們心理能夠承受的激進的態度,〃因為在這一

階段,幾乎沒有資金風險,也就是說,長期投資不存在風險,故選C。

47[單選題]toavoidtheriskofpoorlytimedinvestments,one

should

A.adoptdollar-costaveragingstrategy.

B.setalimittohisinvestmentatregularintervals.

C.suppressthetemptationtodropoutuntimely.

D.stopbuyingshareswhenthepricesaretoohigh.

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]該題為細節題。由第二段第1—2句

“Whatevervehiclesyouchoose...besuretotakeadvantageo

fdollar-costaveraging...you'

11beabletoavoidtheriskofpoorlytimedinvestmentsbyav

eragingoutthepeaksandvalleysofthemarket//可知,成本平

均策略通過每隔固定的時間間隔投資固定的數量,能夠在市場的高峰

和低谷中達到平衡,避免時機不佳的投資,故選B。

48[單選題]Whatdoesthephrase"inyourgoldenyearsz/(Line

3,Paragraph4)mean?

A.Youth.

B.Middleage.

C.Mid—career.

D.OIdage.

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]該題為推理題。全文提倡人們在職業生涯時期為退休時期做

好儲蓄和投資計劃,由最后一句

“AndoneofthethingsyoushouldbeworkinghardOilright

nowisplanningforthosedaysofenjoyment//可知,現在應該

為退休階段享受生活的時光做好準備,因此,如果現在不做準備,就

無異于犧牲了享受生活的時期,即晚年,故選

Do

49[單選題]Theauthormightagreetotheargumentthat

A.onewillhavetochangehisspendinghabitswhengrowingold.

Bit'sfarbettertoendupwithtoomuchmoneythannotenough.

C.it'sadvisabletoopenasavingsaccountinsteadofbuyingstockshares.

0.peopleshouldspendlessonlivingaftertheirretirement.

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]該題為觀點態度題。全文強調盡早為退休時期做出投資計劃

的重要性,并提出投資建議,表明作者重視儲蓄、投資,重視退休時

期的資金保障,選項B表達的意思是擁有大量金錢遠比錢不夠花要好,

與文章主旨一致,故選B。

50[單選題]Whichofthefollowingmightbeanappropriate

rifleforthetext?

A.SavingsStrategy

B.EnjoyYourLaterYears

C.PIanforRetirement

D.RiskyStockMarket

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]該題為主旨題。文章介紹了為退休時期做出投資計劃的策略,

并強調盡早制定計劃,以保障退休時期有享受生活的資金保障。選項

B最大程度地概括了全文意思,選項A〃儲蓄策略〃、選項C〃退休

計劃〃和選項D〃充滿風險的股市〃都過于片面,故選B。

材料題

根據以下材料,回答51-55題

Inthe400sBC,theSophists,agroupofwanderingteachers,beganto

teachinAthens.TheSophistsclaimedthattheycouldteachanysubject

orskilltoanyonewhowishedtolearnit.Theyspecializedinteaching

grammar,logic,andrhetoric,subjectsthateventuallyformedthecoreof

theliberalarts.TheSophistsweremoreinterestedinpreparingtheir

studentstoarguepersuasivelyandwinargumentsthaninteaching

principlesoftruthandmorality.

UnliketheSophists,theGreekphilosopherSocratessoughttodiscover

andteachuniversalprinciplesoftruth,beauty,andgoodness.Socrates,

whodiedin399BC,claimedthattrueknowledgeexistedwithin

everyoneandneededtobebroughttoconsciousness.Hiseducational

method,calledtheSocraticmethod,consistedofaskingprobing

questionsth.atforcedhisstudentstothinkdeeplyaboutthemeaningof

life,truth,andjustice.

In387BCPlato,whohadstudiedunderSocrates,establishedaschoolin

AthenscalledtheAcademy.Platobelievedinanunchangingworldof

perfectideasoruniversalconcepts.Heassertedthatsincetrue

knowledgeisthesameineveryplaceateverytime,education,liketruth,

shouldbeunchanging.PlatodescribedhiseducationalidealinThe

Republic,oneofthemostnotableworksofWesternphilosophy.Plato's

Republicdescribesamodelsociety,orrepublic,ruledbyhighly

intelligentphilosopher-kings.Warriorsmakeuptherepublic'ssecond

classofpeople.Thelowestclass,theworkers,providefoodandother

productsforallthepeopleoftherepublic.lnPlato'sidealeducational

system,eachclasswouldreceiveadifferentkindofinstructionto

preparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety.

In335BCPlato'sstudent,Aristotle,foundedhisownschoolinAthens

calledtheLyceum.

Believingthathumanbeingsareessentiallyrational,Aristotlethought

peoplecoulddiscovernaturallawsthatgovernedtheuniverseandthen

followtheselawsintheirlives.Healsoconcludedthateducatedpeople

whousedreasontomakedecisionswouldleadalifeofmoderationin

whichtheyavoideddangerousextremes.

Inthe4thcenturyBCGreekoratorIsocratesdevelopedamethodof

educationdesignedtopreparestudentstobecompetentoratorswho

couldserveasgovernmentofficials.Isocrates'sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,

politics,ethics,andhistory.Theyexaminedmodelorationsandpracticed

publicspeaking.lsocrates'smethodsofeducationdirectlyinfluenced

suchRomaneducationaltheoristsasCiceroandQuintilian.

51[單選題]WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheSophists?

A.Theirroachingmmedouttobepersuasive.

B.TheirschoolswerelocatedmostlyinAthens.

C.Theyunderminedthemoralityofthesocietyoftheirtime.

D.Theyexertedconsiderableinfluenceoverlatergenerations.

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]該題為細節題。根據第一段第三句

“TheyspecializedinteachinggrammarJogicrandrhetoric,

subjectsthateventuallyformedthecoretheofliberalarts.“可

知,詭辯家教授的課程后來形成了文科課程的核心,選項D〃他們對

后世產生了可觀的影響〃,與原文意思相符,為正確選項。選項A

稱〃他們的教學方式是勸導性的〃,后面提到詭辯家們對于幫助學生

準備有力的辯論,并贏得辯論更感興趣,而不是教授真理和道德原則,

A選項與原文意思相悖;選項B稱〃他們的學校大多位于雅典〃,原

文只是說他們開始是在雅典教學,并未提到他們的學校大多位于雅典;

選項C稱〃他們破壞了當時社會的道德〃,原文并未提到這一點,

故選D。

52[單選題]Platoheldthataperfectsocietyshouldbeone

marked,amongotherthings,by

A.equalityandfreedom.

B.democracyandliberality.

C.intellectandhierarchy.

0.evolutionandflexibility.

正確答案:C

參考解析:

C[精析]該題為推理題。由第三段第5~8句"Plat。’

sRepublicdescribesamodelsociety,orrepublic,

ruledbyhighlyintelligentphilosopher一

kings...eachclasswouldreceiveadifferentkindofin-structio

ntopreparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety/1可知,柏拉圖的

《理想國》描述了一個由極具智慧的哲學王統治的理想社會,這個社

會等級分明,每個階層都會接受其獨特的教育,以便為了他們各自的

社會角色做好準備,由此可以推斷,柏拉圖所認為的理想社會應以智

力差異和等級制度為顯著特點,故選C。

53[單選題]Whichofthefollowingwouldhavebeenoneof

Plato'sdislikes?

A.Challengetoclassdivisions.

B.Maintenanceofpoliticalorder.

C.Obediencetotherulers.

□.Acceptancetotheirsocialroles.

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]該題為推理題。由第三段第5—8句〃Plat。’

sRepublicdescribesamodelsociety,Orrepublic,

mledbyhighlyintelligentphilosophero

kings...eachclasswouldreceiveadifferentkindofinstmction

topreparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety/1可知,柏拉圖倡導

一個由智者領導的、等級分明的社會,每個階層都遵從統治者領導,

接受獨特的教育,扮演各自的社會角色,因此可推斷,對階級分化的

挑戰應該是柏拉圖不贊成的。選項B〃維持政治秩序〃,選項C〃服

從統治者〃和選項D〃接受各自社會角色〃都是柏拉圖所提倡的觀點,

與題干設問相反,故選A。

54[單選題]ThefollowersofIsocratesmighthaveshownlittle

interestin

A.morality.

B.historicalevents.

C.principlesofagovernment.

D.comedies.

正確答案:D

參考解析:

D[精析]該題為推理題。由第五段第二句"Isocrates'

sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,politics,ethics,andhistory/1可

知,伊索克拉底的學生學習修辭法、政治、道德和歷史,由此可推斷,

他的學生們對喜劇的興趣不大,故選D。

55[單選題]Whomightshareasimilarteachingfocustothe

Sophists?

A.Aristotle.

B.Isocrates.

C.PIato.

D.Socrates.

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]該題為推理題。由第一段第三句

“TheyspecializedinteachinggrammarJogicrandrhetoric,

subjectsthateventuallyformedthecoreoftheliberalarts.“可

知,詭辯家們專業教授語法、邏輯和修辭學,這些課程后來形成了文

科課程的核心。由第五段第二句"Isocrates'

sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,politics,ethics,andhistory/1可

知,伊索克拉底的學生學習修辭法、政治、道德和歷史,伊蘇科拉迪

與詭辯家教授的內容有相似之處,故選

Bo

材料題

根據以下材料,回答56?57題

OvershadowedbyrowsoverNigeriaandLockerbie,theCommonwealth'

sattemptstorefocusontradeandinvestmentthemainthemeofthe

Edinburghheadsofgovernmentmeetingattractedlittleattentionand

evenlesspraise.

Hopeswerehighthatthesummit'seconomicstatementwouldbeof

similarweighttotheHarareDeclaration,issuedin1991tomapouta

politicalagendafortheexcolonialclubaftertheendofitspreoccupation

withthestruggleagainstseparateness.Butthepublicationofthe

statementdidlittletodivertattentionfromrowsoverthetrialoftwo

LockerbiebombsuspectsandoverthedecisionbytheCommonwealth

MinisterialActionGroup(CMag)nottoimposenewsanctionsagainst

Nigeria.CMagchosetoignorecallsforNigeria'sexpulsionandthe

impositionofanoilembargo.Theyconcludedthatthesituationwouldbe

reassessedifGeneralSaniAbachafailedtohonorhispromisetohold

fullydemocraticelectionsnextOctober.

ThePrimeMinister;tonyBlair,wasdelightedwiththesixdocument,

entitledPromotingSharedProsperity."ltsignalstheendofideologyand

reflectsbasicprinciplesofeconomicandsocialjustice,DowningStreet

said."Itwouldhavebeenunthinkableonlyashorttimeago."Butthe

declarationproducedfewsurprisesandmanyboringrepetitionsof

statementsbasedonaffirmationoffreemarketprinciplesintheglobal

economy.

Itwasnevergoingtobeeasytobridgegapsbetweenthe

Commonwealth's54members,

whichincludebothwealthycountries,suchasBritain,andsomeofthe

world'spoorest,suchasBangladesh.SoEdinburghstayedonsafeground,

establishingfourkeyprinciples:1)Theworldeconomyshouldbegeared

towardspromotinguniversalgrowthandprosperityforall;2)There

mustbeeffectiveparticipationbyallcountriesineconomic

decision-making;3)Theremovalofobstaclesthatpreventdeveloping

countriesfromplayingafullpartinshapingtheglobaleconomy;4)

Internationalregimesaffectingeconomicrelationsamongnationsshould

providebenefitsforall.

Caribbeanmembersinsistedonareferencetotheirtroublesover

bananaexportsthreatenedbyanewWorldTradeOrganizationruling,

andwonrecognitionoftheir"legitimateinterests"andtheneedforhelp

todiversifytheireconomies.

PracticalmeasuresincludedadecisiontoestablishaCommonwealth

TradeandInvestment

AccessFacilitytohelpdevelopingcountriestakeadvantageof

globalization.

Oneadditionalsourceofrevenuewasopenedupwiththecreationofa

newfundfordevelopmentinSouthAsianmembercountries.

TheWorldwideFundforNaturesaidtheCommonwealthhadnot

matcheditsrhetoricaboutthedangersofglobalisationbyfailingto

promisehigher-qualityinvestmentprotectionfortheenvironmentand

labourrights.

56[單選題]Theword"rows"(LineIparagraphl)mostprobably

refersto

A.groupsofpeople.

B.noisyarguments.

C.subsequentevents.

D.tragichappenings.

正確答案:B

參考解析:

B[精析]該題為推理題。由第二段第2~3句

“Butthepublicationofthestatementdidlittletodivertatte

ntionfromrowsoverthetrialoftwoLockerbiebombsuspect

sandoverthedecisionbytheCommonwealthMinisterialAct

ionGroup(CMag)nottoimposenewsanctionsagainstNigeria

.CMagchosetoignorecallsforNigeria'

sexpulsionandtheimpoMtionofanoilembargo//可知,人們

的注意力沒有從兩名洛克比炸彈嫌疑人,以及英聯邦部長行動小組不

對尼日利亞采取新的制裁手段的決定那里轉移過來。英聯邦部長行動

小組選擇忽略驅逐尼日利亞以及強制石油禁運的呼聲,高漲的呼聲和

忽略的態度形成強烈的矛盾,因此可推斷,尼日利亞和洛克比發生了

爭執,故選B。

57[單選題]Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat

A.theEdinburghsummitfmledtohandletheissueoftradeandinvestme

nts.

B.the.Edinburghsummitstrivedtoavoidpublicattention.

C.themeetinginEdinburghhasintendedtosettletheissueofNigeria.

D.theeffortsinEdinburghharvestedasmuchasthoseinHarare.

正確答案:A

參考解析:

A[精析]該題為推斷題。由第一段

“OvershadowedbyrowsoverNigeriaandLockerbie,

theCommonwealth/

sattemptstorefocusontradeandinvestment—themainthe

meoftheEdinburghheadsofgovernmentmeeting-attracte

dtittleattentionandevenlesspraise."

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