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全國英語等級考試四級(PETS4)歷年真題(一)
材料題
根據以下材料,回答21-40題
Pragmatismisaphilosophicalmovementthathashadamajorimpacton
Americanculturefromthelate19thcenturytothepresent.Pragmatism
calls21ideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,
by22whetheractingupontheideaortheoryproducesdesirableor
undesirableresults.
Theideasofthepragmatistswereconsidered23whentheyfirst
appeared.tosomecritics,pragmatism's24toaffirmanyabsolute
standardscardednegativeimplicationsforsociety.25,
pragmatistsdonotbelievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgoodnessor
justiceexists.but26thattheseconceptsarechangeableanddependon
the27inwhichtheyarebeingdiscussed.The28of
theseabsolutes,criticsfeared,couldresultina(n)29inmoral
standards.Thepragmatists'denialofabsolutes,30,challengedthe
foundationsofreligion,government,andschoolsofthought.31,
pragmatisminfluenceddevelopmentsinpsychology,sociology,andmany
otherschoolsandmovements.32politicalgroupshavealso
drawn33theassumptionsofpragmatism,fromthe
progressivemovementsoftheearly20thcenturytolaterexperimentsin
socialreform.
Pragmatismisbest34initshistoricalandculturalcontext.ltaroseduring
thelate19thcentury,aperiodofrapidscientificadvancement35bythe
theoriesofBritishbiologistCharles
Darwin,whosetheories36tomanythinkersthathumanityandsociety
areina37stateofprogress.Duringthissameperiod,adecline
in38religiousbeliefsandvaluesaccompaniedthe
industrializationandmaterialprogressofthetime.In39,itbecame
necessarytorethink40ideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,
andindividuality.
21[單選題]
A.for
B.in
C.out
D.off
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]callfor提倡;callin召來;callout大叫;calloff取消,放
棄。由前后文對實用主義的解釋可知,此句表達的意思是實用主義的
基本內涵,也就是實用主義這一思潮所倡導的觀點和理念,故選A。
22[單選題]
A.discussing
B.predicting
C.assessing
0.questioning
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]discuss討論;predict預測;assess評估question提問,
質疑。由前半句話可知,實用主義倡導在實踐中檢驗觀念和理論,由
此可推知,要想檢驗觀念和理論,就必須通過評估依據某些觀點和理
論是否能夠產生理想或不理想的結果,方能檢驗觀念和理論的正確性,
故選C。
23[單選題]
A.reasonable
B.credible
C.revolutionary
□.attractive
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]reasonable合理的;credible可靠的;revolutionary革命
性的;attractive具有吸引力的。由后文提到的批評者的觀點可知,
人們對于實用主義的理念提出了質疑。并且由后文
“Thepragmatists*denial...
challengedthefoundationsofreligion,government,
andschoolsofthought/可知,實用主義對于傳統觀念提出了挑
戰,由此可推知,它是一股具有革命性的思潮,故選
Ce
24[單選題]
A.effort
B.refuseI
C.intention
□.hesitation
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]effort努力;refusal拒絕;intention意圖;hesitation猶
豫不決。由后文可知,實用主義者認為不存在一個絕對的善或正義的
標準,這些概念是可以改變的,取決于它們被討論的語境。因此,實
用主義對于絕對標準持否定態度,他們否認絕對標準的存在,故選B。
25[單選題]
A.lnturn
B.Aboveall
C.Forexample
D.lnaddition
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]inturn輪流jaboveall首先(orexample例如;inaddition
另外。由前文提到的absolutestandards和后文的
absoluteideaofgoodnessorjustice可知,后文是對前文的進一
步舉例論證,故選
Co
26[單選題]
A.rather
B.also
C.still
D.even
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]rather而是…,不如說…;also也;still仍然;even甚至。
由后文提到的〃這些概念是可以改變的,取決于它們被討論的語境〃
可知,這句話的前半句表達實用主義者反對的觀點,而后半句則說明
實用主義者認同的觀點,butrather表示轉折,符合文意,故選A。
27[單選題]
A.domain
B.vicinity
C.context
0.surrounding
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]domain領域,疆土;vicinity附近;context語境,背景;
Surrounding周圍的事物。根據原文可知,此處表達的意思是各種
概念被討論的語境、背景,是一個抽象而非實質的含義,四個選項中
只有context可以表示抽象的背景,其他三個詞都是指具體的物理概
念,與原文意思不符,故選
Ce
28[單選題]
A.subject
B.defect
C.existence
0.absence
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]subject物體,主涪;defect缺陷;existence存在;absence
不存在,缺席。由前文
^pragmatistsdonotbefievethatasingleabsoluteideaofgo
odness01"justiceexists"可知,實用主義者認為,不存在一個絕
對的善良或正義的標準。由此可推知,批評者擔心的是有可能導致道
德標準下降的原因正是實用主義者對絕對的善良或正義標準存在的
否定,即不存在這些絕對,故選D。
29[單選題]
A.change
B.decline
C.correction
□.interest
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]change改變;decline下降;correction改正;interest
興趣,利益。由前文
”tosomecriticsz...
carriednegativeimplicationsforsociety//可知,批評者認為實
用主義思潮會對社會產生負面影響。此處進一步解釋批評者的觀點,
他們認為實用主義對絕對標準的否認會造成道德標準的下降,故選
Bo
30[單選題]
A.therefore
B.nevertheless
C.anyway
0.moreover
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]therefore因此;nevertheless不過;anyway無論如何;
moreover另外。由上文提到的批評者對實用主義的批評,以及下文
描述實用主義的積極意義可知,此處需要填上一個表示轉折的詞,故
選B。
31[單選題]
A.Asarule
B.Onthecontrary
C.Asaresult
D.Onaverage
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]asarule通常;onthecontrary相反;asaresult結果;
onaverage平均來說,一般來說。由前文可知,實用主義者對絕對
標準的否認對宗教、政府、思想流派的基礎提出了質疑,后文又進而
提到實用主義對心理學、社會學和許多其他流派和思潮產生了影響。
由此可知,此處需要填上一個表示因果關系的短語,故選C。
32[單選題]
A.Particular
B.Various
C.Significant
D.Few
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]particular特殊的various各種各樣的significant重要的;
few極少的。由后文的"fromtheprogressive...tolaterexpefi一
mentsinsocialreform"可知,實用主義思潮對很多政治團體都有
借鑒意義,故選B。
33[單選題]
A.on
B.in
C.up
D.forth
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]drawon吸收;drawin吸入,縮小;drawup提起,草擬;
drawforth引出。由alsO后面的內容可知,實用主義對政治團體產
生了與心理學、社會學和許多其他流派類似的作用,反過來說,政治
團體吸收借鑒了實用主義的理念,故選A。
34[單選題]
A.simulated
B.handled
C.practiced
□.understood
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]simulated模仿;handled處理;practiced實踐;
understood理解。由后文解釋實用主義思潮產生的歷史背景可知,
此處表達的意思是,實用主義置于它所產生的歷史文化背景當中最好
理解,故選
Do
35[單選題]
A.typified
B.systemized
C.generalized
□.justified
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析[typified代表;systemized形成體系;generalized概括;
justiffed證明。由后文的達爾文的理論可知,達爾文的理論認為人類
和社會處于不斷的進步當中,這一理論能夠為科學的迅速進步提供理
論支撐或證明,故選
Do
36[單選題]
A.supposed
B.contributed
C.implied
□.suggested
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]supposed認為;contributed造成;impfied暗示;
suggested表明。此處描述達爾文的理論對當時的文化和思想界產
生的影響,它向許多思想家表明了這樣的理論,即人類和社會處于不
斷進步的狀態中,故選D。
37[單選題]
A.perpetual
B.consistent
C.prosperous
□.temporary
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]perpetual不斷的consistent連貫的prosperous繁榮的;
temporary暫時的。由常識可知,作為生物學家的達爾文,最著名
的理論是進化論,即人類和社會處于不斷的進步當中,故選A。
38[單選題]
A.universal
B.prevalent
C.traditional
□.representative
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]universal普遍的;prevalent流行的,普遍的;traditional
傳統的;representative代表的。此處表達的意思是,隨著工業化和
物質進步,宗教信仰和價值觀逐漸衰落,工業化是新興事物,物質進
步是向前發展的,由此可推斷,此處表達的是一個與這兩者相對應的
含義即傳統的宗教信仰和價值觀,故選
,Co
39[單選題]
A.consequence
B.reality
C.essence
0.contrast
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]consequence結果;reality現實;essence實質;contrast
對比。由后文的〃重新思考關于價值、宗教、科學、社會和個人的基
本觀念〃可知,導致出現重新思考的原因是前面提到的傳統的宗教信
仰和價值觀的逐漸衰落,兩者之間構成因果關系,故選A。
40[單選題]
A.confusing
B.fundamental
C.controversial
□.dominant
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析[confusing令人迷惑的;fundamental基本的;
controversial有爭議的dominant統治的,主導的。由前文可知,
伴隨著工業化和物質進步,傳統的宗教信仰和價值觀逐漸衰落,因此
有必要重新思考關于價值、宗教、科學、社會和個人觀念,由此可知,
此處表示的意思是〃最基本的〃,故選B。
材料題
根據以下材料,回答41.45題
AFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)advisorycommitteehas
concludedthatanovelnewtreatmentcangreatlyhelprheumatoid
arthritispatients.
ThepanelrecommendedapprovingEnbrelforusealoneinpatientswho
haven'trespondedtootherdrugsorincombinationwithmethotrexate,
acancerdrugthathasbeenthemaintreatmentfor
rheumatoidarthritis.
TheFDAmustmakeafinaldecisionbyearlyNovember,andthedrug's
makersaysitcouldbeonthemarketbyyear'send.
Inrheumatoidarthritis,whichaffects2.1millionAmericans,theimmune
systemattackshealthyjoints.Amajorwrongdoerinthisprocessisa
proteincalled"tumorkillingfactor",orTNF,which
interactswithaspecialmolecule,orTNFreceptor,oncells'surfaces,
tokeepinflammationincheck,cellsnormallyreleasesomereceptorsto
mopupexcessTNF,renderingitinactive.Apparently,rheumatoidarthritis
patientsdon'thaveenoughfree-floatingTNFreceptors.
EnbrelconsistsofgeneticallyengineeredTNFreceptors.Inasix-month
study,234patientswithadvancedrheumatoidarthritisreceivedoneof
twodosesofEnbreloraplacebo(harmlesssubstancegivenasifitwere
medicine)intwice-a-weekinjections.Theytookinjectionsforsix
months.Bytheend,40%ofpatientsonthelargerEnbreldosesaw
symptoms,suchas.swellingandjointpain,cutinhalf.Only5%onthe
placebodidthat
well.Themainsideeffectwasminorirritationattheinjectionsite.
BecausesomeTNFisneededforanormalimmuneresponse,thereisat
leastatheoreticalriskofinfectionsorevencancerinpatientswhotake
Enbrel,sotheFDApanelurgedlong-termsafetystudies.
Lastweek,theFDAapprovedArava,anoraltreatmentforrheumatoid
arthritisthatissimilartomethotrexate.WhilecallingbothEnbreland
Arava"potentiallyveryimportant",BrianButcher,vice
presidentforresearchattheArthritisFoundation,notestheyhavebeen
testedinrelativelyfewpatients.
Butchersaystheirsafetyshouldbecloselymonitoredoncethey're
widelyavailable.
41[單選題]EnbrelasrecommendedbyFDAadvisory
committee
A.couldbeasubstituteformethotrexateinthenearfuture.
B.mightbringhopetorheumatoidarthritispatients.
C.shouldbeadministeredtoallrheumatoidarthritispatientsalike.
D.woulddistinguishitselfforitscancer-killingeffect.
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]該題為細節題。根據第一段
“AFoodandDrugAdministration...
cangreatlyhelprheumatoidarthritispatients//可知,食品藥品
管理局的一個咨詢委員會稱,一種新的療法可以極大地幫助治療風濕
性關節炎。瀏覽后文可知,第一段提到的新藥物是恩利,而B項〃可
能給風濕性關節炎患者帶來希望〃,與文中表述一致,故選B。
42[單選題]Whichofthefollowingisresponsibleforthe
inflammationofthejoints?
A.Aspecialmoleculeoncell'ssurface.
B.Afree-floatingreceptor.
C.Atumor-killingprotein.
0.InactiveTNF.
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]該題為細節題。由第四段第二句
〃Amajorwrongdoerinthisprocessisaproteincalled
〃可知,在免疫系統攻擊健康
'tumorkillingfactor'oorTNF…
關節的過程當中,主犯是一種叫做〃腫瘤殺死因子〃的蛋白質,它與
一種特殊的分子相互作用,因此,造成關節發炎的物質是〃腫瘤壞死
因子",一種殺死腫瘤的蛋白質,故選C。
43[單選題]WelearnfromParagraph6that
A.Enbreltreatmentinlargedosescouldreducethepatients'symptoms,
B.arthritispatientspresentedsymptomsafterEnbreltleatment.
C.arthritispatientswithtreatmentofaplacebowereridofsymptoms.
D.only5%ontheplacebogotsymptomssuchasswellingandjointpain.
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]該題為細節題。由第六段第四句〃Bytheend,40%
ofpatientsonthelargerEnbreldosesawsymptoms,
suchasswellingandjointpain,cutinhalf."可知,40%接受較
大劑量恩利注射的患者癥狀,例如腫脹或者關節疼痛,減輕了一半。
選項B稱關節炎患者在接受恩利治療之后表現出了癥狀,選項C稱
關節炎患者在注射安慰劑之后癥狀消失,選項D稱只有5%接受安慰
劑注射的患者表現出諸如腫脹和關節疼痛的癥狀,都與原文意思不符,
故選A。
44[單選題]ThewideuseofthenewdrugEnbrelretiesmuch
on
A.justificationofthenewtreatment.
B.anewmonitoringsystem.
C.massproductionofthedrug.
D.long—termsafetystudies.
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]該題為推理題。由第七段becausesomeTNF...
sotheFDApanelurgedlong-termsafetystudies/1可知,因為
一些腫瘤壞死因子對正常的免疫反應是必需的,使用恩利的患者至少
在理論上會遭受感染或者甚至癌癥的風險,因此,食品藥品管理局專
門小組敦促進行長期的安全性研究。由最后一段
“Butchersaystheirsafetyshouldbecloselymonitoredonce
they'rewidelyavailable"可知,一旦它們被廣泛使用,它們的安
全性應得到嚴密監測。由此可推斷,恩利的廣泛應用取決于長期的安
全性研究,故選D。
45[單選題]Whichofthefollowingmightbeanappropriate
tireforthetext?
A.TNFandImmuneSystem
B.EnbrelversusMethotrexate
C.ArthritisDrugonPathtoApproval
D.StudyonRheumatoidArthritis
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]該題為主旨題。全文介紹一種治療風濕性關節炎的新藥恩利
的藥理作用以及可能造成的風險,并說明由于新藥的風險,食品藥品
管理局對于審批十分謹慎,敦促進行長期的安全性研究。選項c〃關
節炎藥物的審批之路〃涵蓋了文章的主要內容,為正確選項。選項A
〃腫瘤壞死因子和免疫系統〃、選項B〃恩利與甲氨蝶吟’和選項D
〃風濕性關節炎研究〃都是文章涉及的部分內容,不足以全面概括文
章,故選C。
材料題
根據以下材料,回答46-50題
Howfarawayyouarefromretirementplaysalargepartinhowyou
shouldinvestyourretirementmoney.AccordingtoLeslieWrightof
WestminsterPortfolioServicesLtd.,therearethreestagestoalong-term
regularsavingsplanforretirement:capitalization,consolidationand
conservation.Inthefirststage,peopleshouldbemostconcernedwith
buildinguptheirretirementsavingsinvestment.AccordingtoWright,
theseinvestorscan"takeasaggressiveanoutlookastheirnervescan
stand,"becauseatthispointthereislittlecapitaltorisk.Thesecondstep,
consolidation,makesupthebulkofyoursavingsplan;balancethe
aggressiveinvestmentswithsometamerones,tobetterprotectyour
existingpossessions.Thefinalchange,fromconsolidationto
conservation,whenyourinvestmentsshouldaimtopreservethecapital
youhave,shouldtakeplaceonetothreeyearsbeforeyouretire.The
exacttimingofalltheseshouldtakecurrentmarketconditionsinto
account,althoughWrightwarnsagainstriskybettingonfuture
growth,"Greedmustnotbeallowedtoblindprudence,"hesays.
Whatevervehiclesyouchooseforyourretirementshare-holding,besure
totakeadvantageofdollar-costaveraging.Byinvestingafixedamountat
regularintervals,you'IIbeabletoavoidtheriskofpoorlytimed
investmentsbyaveragingoutthepeaksandvalleysofthemarket.Plus,
regularcontributionswillletyouavoidthetemptationtodropoutwhen
themarketfalls,andtobuytoomuchwhenpricesarehigh.
Thosewhoarewellalongtheroadtoretirementmayhavecausefor
concernthesedays.Theplungingstockandpropertymarketshave
shrunksavings,forretirementandotherwise;andsomepeoplehavenot
plannedfortheirretirementatall.
Youwon'tbethatrash,ofcourse,butwhatifyou"realreadyin
mid-careeranddon*thavearetirementplaninplace?Ifyoudon'tmake
someseriouscutsinyourspendingandsaveheavilynow,you'llhaveto
sacrificeinyourgoldenyears.
Ofcourse,it'sbetterstilltogetoffontherightfootbystartingyour
planningearly."Nooneshouldhavetocompromisehislivingstandards
whenheretires,"saysWright."Retirementisatimetoreallyenjoy
life.Wehaveallworkedsohard."Andoneofthethingsyoushouldhe
workinghardonright,nowisplanningforthosedaysofenjoyment.
46[單選題]Inthefirststageofsavingforretirement,people
cantakeanaggressiveinvestmentstrategybecause
A.theyhavealong-termregularsavingsplaninview.
B.theycanwellstandlossesthatmightoccur.
C.thereisnOriskinlong-terminvestment.
D.chancesCanbalancepossiblerisks.
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]該題為細節題。由第一段第四句"AccordingtoWright,
theseinvestorsCall
ztakeasaggressivealloutlookastheirnervescanstand,'
becauseatthispointthereislittlecapitaltorisk.“可知,懷特建
議投資者可以〃采取他們心理能夠承受的激進的態度,〃因為在這一
階段,幾乎沒有資金風險,也就是說,長期投資不存在風險,故選C。
47[單選題]toavoidtheriskofpoorlytimedinvestments,one
should
A.adoptdollar-costaveragingstrategy.
B.setalimittohisinvestmentatregularintervals.
C.suppressthetemptationtodropoutuntimely.
D.stopbuyingshareswhenthepricesaretoohigh.
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]該題為細節題。由第二段第1—2句
“Whatevervehiclesyouchoose...besuretotakeadvantageo
fdollar-costaveraging...you'
11beabletoavoidtheriskofpoorlytimedinvestmentsbyav
eragingoutthepeaksandvalleysofthemarket//可知,成本平
均策略通過每隔固定的時間間隔投資固定的數量,能夠在市場的高峰
和低谷中達到平衡,避免時機不佳的投資,故選B。
48[單選題]Whatdoesthephrase"inyourgoldenyearsz/(Line
3,Paragraph4)mean?
A.Youth.
B.Middleage.
C.Mid—career.
D.OIdage.
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]該題為推理題。全文提倡人們在職業生涯時期為退休時期做
好儲蓄和投資計劃,由最后一句
“AndoneofthethingsyoushouldbeworkinghardOilright
nowisplanningforthosedaysofenjoyment//可知,現在應該
為退休階段享受生活的時光做好準備,因此,如果現在不做準備,就
無異于犧牲了享受生活的時期,即晚年,故選
Do
49[單選題]Theauthormightagreetotheargumentthat
A.onewillhavetochangehisspendinghabitswhengrowingold.
Bit'sfarbettertoendupwithtoomuchmoneythannotenough.
C.it'sadvisabletoopenasavingsaccountinsteadofbuyingstockshares.
0.peopleshouldspendlessonlivingaftertheirretirement.
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]該題為觀點態度題。全文強調盡早為退休時期做出投資計劃
的重要性,并提出投資建議,表明作者重視儲蓄、投資,重視退休時
期的資金保障,選項B表達的意思是擁有大量金錢遠比錢不夠花要好,
與文章主旨一致,故選B。
50[單選題]Whichofthefollowingmightbeanappropriate
rifleforthetext?
A.SavingsStrategy
B.EnjoyYourLaterYears
C.PIanforRetirement
D.RiskyStockMarket
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]該題為主旨題。文章介紹了為退休時期做出投資計劃的策略,
并強調盡早制定計劃,以保障退休時期有享受生活的資金保障。選項
B最大程度地概括了全文意思,選項A〃儲蓄策略〃、選項C〃退休
計劃〃和選項D〃充滿風險的股市〃都過于片面,故選B。
材料題
根據以下材料,回答51-55題
Inthe400sBC,theSophists,agroupofwanderingteachers,beganto
teachinAthens.TheSophistsclaimedthattheycouldteachanysubject
orskilltoanyonewhowishedtolearnit.Theyspecializedinteaching
grammar,logic,andrhetoric,subjectsthateventuallyformedthecoreof
theliberalarts.TheSophistsweremoreinterestedinpreparingtheir
studentstoarguepersuasivelyandwinargumentsthaninteaching
principlesoftruthandmorality.
UnliketheSophists,theGreekphilosopherSocratessoughttodiscover
andteachuniversalprinciplesoftruth,beauty,andgoodness.Socrates,
whodiedin399BC,claimedthattrueknowledgeexistedwithin
everyoneandneededtobebroughttoconsciousness.Hiseducational
method,calledtheSocraticmethod,consistedofaskingprobing
questionsth.atforcedhisstudentstothinkdeeplyaboutthemeaningof
life,truth,andjustice.
In387BCPlato,whohadstudiedunderSocrates,establishedaschoolin
AthenscalledtheAcademy.Platobelievedinanunchangingworldof
perfectideasoruniversalconcepts.Heassertedthatsincetrue
knowledgeisthesameineveryplaceateverytime,education,liketruth,
shouldbeunchanging.PlatodescribedhiseducationalidealinThe
Republic,oneofthemostnotableworksofWesternphilosophy.Plato's
Republicdescribesamodelsociety,orrepublic,ruledbyhighly
intelligentphilosopher-kings.Warriorsmakeuptherepublic'ssecond
classofpeople.Thelowestclass,theworkers,providefoodandother
productsforallthepeopleoftherepublic.lnPlato'sidealeducational
system,eachclasswouldreceiveadifferentkindofinstructionto
preparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety.
In335BCPlato'sstudent,Aristotle,foundedhisownschoolinAthens
calledtheLyceum.
Believingthathumanbeingsareessentiallyrational,Aristotlethought
peoplecoulddiscovernaturallawsthatgovernedtheuniverseandthen
followtheselawsintheirlives.Healsoconcludedthateducatedpeople
whousedreasontomakedecisionswouldleadalifeofmoderationin
whichtheyavoideddangerousextremes.
Inthe4thcenturyBCGreekoratorIsocratesdevelopedamethodof
educationdesignedtopreparestudentstobecompetentoratorswho
couldserveasgovernmentofficials.Isocrates'sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,
politics,ethics,andhistory.Theyexaminedmodelorationsandpracticed
publicspeaking.lsocrates'smethodsofeducationdirectlyinfluenced
suchRomaneducationaltheoristsasCiceroandQuintilian.
51[單選題]WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheSophists?
A.Theirroachingmmedouttobepersuasive.
B.TheirschoolswerelocatedmostlyinAthens.
C.Theyunderminedthemoralityofthesocietyoftheirtime.
D.Theyexertedconsiderableinfluenceoverlatergenerations.
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]該題為細節題。根據第一段第三句
“TheyspecializedinteachinggrammarJogicrandrhetoric,
subjectsthateventuallyformedthecoretheofliberalarts.“可
知,詭辯家教授的課程后來形成了文科課程的核心,選項D〃他們對
后世產生了可觀的影響〃,與原文意思相符,為正確選項。選項A
稱〃他們的教學方式是勸導性的〃,后面提到詭辯家們對于幫助學生
準備有力的辯論,并贏得辯論更感興趣,而不是教授真理和道德原則,
A選項與原文意思相悖;選項B稱〃他們的學校大多位于雅典〃,原
文只是說他們開始是在雅典教學,并未提到他們的學校大多位于雅典;
選項C稱〃他們破壞了當時社會的道德〃,原文并未提到這一點,
故選D。
52[單選題]Platoheldthataperfectsocietyshouldbeone
marked,amongotherthings,by
A.equalityandfreedom.
B.democracyandliberality.
C.intellectandhierarchy.
0.evolutionandflexibility.
正確答案:C
參考解析:
C[精析]該題為推理題。由第三段第5~8句"Plat。’
sRepublicdescribesamodelsociety,orrepublic,
ruledbyhighlyintelligentphilosopher一
kings...eachclasswouldreceiveadifferentkindofin-structio
ntopreparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety/1可知,柏拉圖的
《理想國》描述了一個由極具智慧的哲學王統治的理想社會,這個社
會等級分明,每個階層都會接受其獨特的教育,以便為了他們各自的
社會角色做好準備,由此可以推斷,柏拉圖所認為的理想社會應以智
力差異和等級制度為顯著特點,故選C。
53[單選題]Whichofthefollowingwouldhavebeenoneof
Plato'sdislikes?
A.Challengetoclassdivisions.
B.Maintenanceofpoliticalorder.
C.Obediencetotherulers.
□.Acceptancetotheirsocialroles.
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]該題為推理題。由第三段第5—8句〃Plat。’
sRepublicdescribesamodelsociety,Orrepublic,
mledbyhighlyintelligentphilosophero
kings...eachclasswouldreceiveadifferentkindofinstmction
topreparefortheirvariousrolesinsociety/1可知,柏拉圖倡導
一個由智者領導的、等級分明的社會,每個階層都遵從統治者領導,
接受獨特的教育,扮演各自的社會角色,因此可推斷,對階級分化的
挑戰應該是柏拉圖不贊成的。選項B〃維持政治秩序〃,選項C〃服
從統治者〃和選項D〃接受各自社會角色〃都是柏拉圖所提倡的觀點,
與題干設問相反,故選A。
54[單選題]ThefollowersofIsocratesmighthaveshownlittle
interestin
A.morality.
B.historicalevents.
C.principlesofagovernment.
D.comedies.
正確答案:D
參考解析:
D[精析]該題為推理題。由第五段第二句"Isocrates'
sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,politics,ethics,andhistory/1可
知,伊索克拉底的學生學習修辭法、政治、道德和歷史,由此可推斷,
他的學生們對喜劇的興趣不大,故選D。
55[單選題]Whomightshareasimilarteachingfocustothe
Sophists?
A.Aristotle.
B.Isocrates.
C.PIato.
D.Socrates.
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]該題為推理題。由第一段第三句
“TheyspecializedinteachinggrammarJogicrandrhetoric,
subjectsthateventuallyformedthecoreoftheliberalarts.“可
知,詭辯家們專業教授語法、邏輯和修辭學,這些課程后來形成了文
科課程的核心。由第五段第二句"Isocrates'
sstudentsstudiedrhetoric,politics,ethics,andhistory/1可
知,伊索克拉底的學生學習修辭法、政治、道德和歷史,伊蘇科拉迪
與詭辯家教授的內容有相似之處,故選
Bo
材料題
根據以下材料,回答56?57題
OvershadowedbyrowsoverNigeriaandLockerbie,theCommonwealth'
sattemptstorefocusontradeandinvestmentthemainthemeofthe
Edinburghheadsofgovernmentmeetingattractedlittleattentionand
evenlesspraise.
Hopeswerehighthatthesummit'seconomicstatementwouldbeof
similarweighttotheHarareDeclaration,issuedin1991tomapouta
politicalagendafortheexcolonialclubaftertheendofitspreoccupation
withthestruggleagainstseparateness.Butthepublicationofthe
statementdidlittletodivertattentionfromrowsoverthetrialoftwo
LockerbiebombsuspectsandoverthedecisionbytheCommonwealth
MinisterialActionGroup(CMag)nottoimposenewsanctionsagainst
Nigeria.CMagchosetoignorecallsforNigeria'sexpulsionandthe
impositionofanoilembargo.Theyconcludedthatthesituationwouldbe
reassessedifGeneralSaniAbachafailedtohonorhispromisetohold
fullydemocraticelectionsnextOctober.
ThePrimeMinister;tonyBlair,wasdelightedwiththesixdocument,
entitledPromotingSharedProsperity."ltsignalstheendofideologyand
reflectsbasicprinciplesofeconomicandsocialjustice,DowningStreet
said."Itwouldhavebeenunthinkableonlyashorttimeago."Butthe
declarationproducedfewsurprisesandmanyboringrepetitionsof
statementsbasedonaffirmationoffreemarketprinciplesintheglobal
economy.
Itwasnevergoingtobeeasytobridgegapsbetweenthe
Commonwealth's54members,
whichincludebothwealthycountries,suchasBritain,andsomeofthe
world'spoorest,suchasBangladesh.SoEdinburghstayedonsafeground,
establishingfourkeyprinciples:1)Theworldeconomyshouldbegeared
towardspromotinguniversalgrowthandprosperityforall;2)There
mustbeeffectiveparticipationbyallcountriesineconomic
decision-making;3)Theremovalofobstaclesthatpreventdeveloping
countriesfromplayingafullpartinshapingtheglobaleconomy;4)
Internationalregimesaffectingeconomicrelationsamongnationsshould
providebenefitsforall.
Caribbeanmembersinsistedonareferencetotheirtroublesover
bananaexportsthreatenedbyanewWorldTradeOrganizationruling,
andwonrecognitionoftheir"legitimateinterests"andtheneedforhelp
todiversifytheireconomies.
PracticalmeasuresincludedadecisiontoestablishaCommonwealth
TradeandInvestment
AccessFacilitytohelpdevelopingcountriestakeadvantageof
globalization.
Oneadditionalsourceofrevenuewasopenedupwiththecreationofa
newfundfordevelopmentinSouthAsianmembercountries.
TheWorldwideFundforNaturesaidtheCommonwealthhadnot
matcheditsrhetoricaboutthedangersofglobalisationbyfailingto
promisehigher-qualityinvestmentprotectionfortheenvironmentand
labourrights.
56[單選題]Theword"rows"(LineIparagraphl)mostprobably
refersto
A.groupsofpeople.
B.noisyarguments.
C.subsequentevents.
D.tragichappenings.
正確答案:B
參考解析:
B[精析]該題為推理題。由第二段第2~3句
“Butthepublicationofthestatementdidlittletodivertatte
ntionfromrowsoverthetrialoftwoLockerbiebombsuspect
sandoverthedecisionbytheCommonwealthMinisterialAct
ionGroup(CMag)nottoimposenewsanctionsagainstNigeria
.CMagchosetoignorecallsforNigeria'
sexpulsionandtheimpoMtionofanoilembargo//可知,人們
的注意力沒有從兩名洛克比炸彈嫌疑人,以及英聯邦部長行動小組不
對尼日利亞采取新的制裁手段的決定那里轉移過來。英聯邦部長行動
小組選擇忽略驅逐尼日利亞以及強制石油禁運的呼聲,高漲的呼聲和
忽略的態度形成強烈的矛盾,因此可推斷,尼日利亞和洛克比發生了
爭執,故選B。
57[單選題]Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat
A.theEdinburghsummitfmledtohandletheissueoftradeandinvestme
nts.
B.the.Edinburghsummitstrivedtoavoidpublicattention.
C.themeetinginEdinburghhasintendedtosettletheissueofNigeria.
D.theeffortsinEdinburghharvestedasmuchasthoseinHarare.
正確答案:A
參考解析:
A[精析]該題為推斷題。由第一段
“OvershadowedbyrowsoverNigeriaandLockerbie,
theCommonwealth/
sattemptstorefocusontradeandinvestment—themainthe
meoftheEdinburghheadsofgovernmentmeeting-attracte
dtittleattentionandevenlesspraise."
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