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定語從句(三)非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句起補充附帶說明的作用,缺少它也不會影響全句的理解,譯為漢語時常常不譯作定語,而根據句意翻譯為相應的其他形式的從句。它與主語的關系不像限定性定語從句的關系那樣密切。在非限定性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開,如果把非限定性定語從句放在句子中間,其前后都要用逗號與主句隔開。1.引導非限定性定語從句的關系代詞如下表所示:指代對象指代人指代物主格who賓語whomwhich,as所有格whom,ofwhom,whosewhich,ofwhich,whose注意:①關系代詞that不能引導非限定性定語從句。②引導非限定性定語從句的關系副詞主要有when,where。不可用why。2.運用非限定性定語從句的情況:(1)關系代詞指代整個主句內容e.g.Ournewhousehasalovelygarden,whichmakesusveryhappy.(2)當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如:

CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.(3)當出現some,many,few,afew,little,much,most,twoofwhich,whom等結構時e.g.You’vemademanymistakes,mostofwhichwereduetoyourcarelessness,3.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別:類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明確,這種從句與主句的關系十分密切,寫時不用逗號分開。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明,與主句的關系不十分密切,較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開,相當于一個插入語,不能用that引導,關系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.非限制性定語從句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定語從句:⑴非限制性定語從句和主句的關系不十分密切,它不是對先行詞進行修飾或確定,只是對先行詞作些附加的說明。專有名詞通常被非限制性定語從句所修飾。例如:地名,人名,國家名等。⑵非限制性定語從句不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語,因此如果去掉從句,主句的意思仍然清楚。⑶從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,翻譯時復合句通常譯成兩句話。⑷與限制性定語從句一樣,非限制性定語從句也可用關系代詞who,which,whom,whose,as和關系副詞when,where,why引導。that不引導非限制性定語從句。例如:WewillflytoXi’an我們將先飛往西安,在那里我們打算停留兩天。Mywife,whoisadoctor,isworkingabroadthisyear.我的妻子是位醫生,她今年在國外工作。Asisknowntoall,iceiswaterinitssolidstate.眾所周知,冰是水的固態。㈢非限制性定語從句中值得注意的幾個問題⑴在which引導的非限制性定語從句,先行詞可以是一個名詞或代詞,也可以是句子的一部分,甚至整個句子。例如:Mynewcar,whichIpaidseveralthousanddollarsfor,isn’trunningwell.先行詞是carHesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore,whichwasnottrue.先行詞是hehadneverseenherbefore⑵which和as引導的非限制性定語從句比較which和as都可引導非限制性定語從句,并且先行詞都可以是一句句子,但which通常指代上文提到的情況,而as則可以指代上文或下文。as在這類句子中經常有“正如”的意思。另外,as還經常與such,thesame等連用。(見第一講中as引導的定語從句)例如:HehastoworkonSundays,whichhedoesn’tlike.Asweexpected,hegaveawonderfulperformance.Mikeislate,asisoftenthecase.Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetold.Sheknewhefeltjustthesameasshedid.⑶在從句中作賓語的關系代詞which,who,whom一般不省略。例如:Jeannewasheroldfriend,fromwhomsheborrowedanecklace.Hebuiltatelescope,throughwhichhecouldstudytheskies.4.as與which的區別:定語從句區別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和thesame修飾時,關系代詞用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如,象”的含義,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引導的從句只能放主句后,并無“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.關系代詞as引導的定語從句⑴和such連用,這時的as相當于who,which。有時such和as連在一起例如:①Wendyisnotsuchafoolasshelooks.②SuchcarsasIsawweretooexpensivetome.③Wehadhopedtogiveyouachancesuchasnobodyelseeverhad.注意:這種用法和such…that…的區別在such…as…中,as是關系代詞,它在從句中充當成分。例①中作looks的表語,在例②和③中分別作saw和had的賓語。而在such…that…中that引導的結果狀語從句,解釋為“以至于”。that不充當任何成分,只起語法上的連接作用。例如:ShegavemesuchasurprisethatIcouldn’tsayanythingatthatmoment.Hisideawassuchagoodonethatweallagreedtouseit.⑵和same連用例如:①Youmustshowmyfriendthesamerespectasyoushowme.②Shewearsthesamekindofclothesashersisterusuallydoes.⑶引導非限制性定語從句例如:①ShewastheoneImetattheparty,asyouknow.②Aswasnatural,shemarriedRobin.5.定語從句和其它從句的區分很多高三的同學在解題時發現,有時難以區分定語從句,表語從句,時間、地點狀語從句和強調句。解決這一問題的關鍵在于牢記:定語從句一定有先行詞定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞在從句中一定充當成分。我們來看具體的從句的比較:(一)定語從句和表語從句1)Thisiswhereyourfatherworkedwhenhewasyoung.此句沒有先行詞,where引導的是表語從句,where相當于“theplacewhere”,解釋為“……的地方”。2)Thisistheshopwheremybrotheronceworked.此句中where引導的是定語從句,先行詞是:theshop(二)定語從句和狀語從句1)Let’sdoitwhenwearefree.此句中沒有先行詞,when引導的是狀語從句。2)Let’sdoitnextmonth,whenwearefree.這里when引導的是定語從句,先行詞是nextmonth。又如:Putitwhereitwas.where引導的是地點狀語從句,無先行詞。PutitinthedrawerwhereIkeepdocuments.where引導的是定語從句。(三)定語從句和強調句例③1)--Wheredidyouinterviewthecomposer?--Itwasinthehotel_____hestayed.A.whereB.that此句看上去很像強調句型,很多同學因而錯選B。但選B后意思是:他住在賓館里。不能回答上文中提出的問題。而應該選A.where,句子的意思是:是在他住的賓館。所以,正確地解這一題除了要求對定語從句和強調句型有很好的掌握以外,還考查了對題目所給出的語境的理解。(四)定語從句和并列句例④1)Thereare45studentsinourclass,ofwhomtwofifthsaregirls.ofwhom/which+分數/百分數/both/all/none/some/many…這樣的結構常出現在定語從句中,尤其是在較正式的文體中。更常見的是:分數/百分數/both/all…+ofwhom/which,此句是定語從句。2)Thereare45studentsinourclass,andtwofifthsofthemaregirls.此句中的第二分句由并列連詞and引起,因此,不是定語從句。反意疑問句一、基本用法與結構

反意疑問句由“陳述句+簡單疑問句”兩部分組成,第一部分提出一種看法,第二部分用來質疑或表示證實。陳述部分與疑問部分的動詞時態和動詞性質應保持一致,而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反,即陳述部分為肯定式時,疑問部分用否定式,陳述部分為否定式時,疑問部分用肯定式:

HelikesEnglish,doesn’the?他喜歡英語,不是嗎?

Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish,doeshe?他不喜歡英語,是嗎?二、反意疑問句的用法:(一)具體用法整理如下:用法例句1.肯定陳述句后反意疑問句用否定形式,否定陳述句后反意疑問句用肯定形式1.Wecanstillbefriends,can’twe?2.Hedoesn’tlikeicecream,doeshe?2.陳述句中的主語是名詞,反意疑問句中用相應的代詞來代替陳述句中的主語。1)當主語是someone,somebody,anybody,anyone,everybody,everyone,nobody,noone等不定代詞時,反意疑問句中的代詞用they或者he.2)當主語是this,that,something,nothing,anything,不定式,動名詞,或從句時,反意疑問句中的代詞用it1.Hisfathercan’tnametheplant,canhe?2.Everyonehasadvisedyounottogoonadiet,haven’tthey/hasn’the?3.Thisisalovelyclock,isn’tit?4.Somethingisshining,isn’tit?5.Toswiminsuchcoldwateriscrazy,isn’tit?6.Whathedidreallyscaredme,didn’tit?7.Shoppingisn’twhatyouwanttodo,isit?3.陳述句中動詞是情態動詞時,一般用情態動詞+代詞的形式。情態動詞must用法如下:1)作“禁止”講時,用must2)作“必須”講時,用mustn’t/needn’t3)作“肯定”講時,根據動作發生的時間,選用不同的時態。1.Hedarenotcrossthestreetalone,darehe?2.Weneedn’tfinishittoday,need/mustwe?3.Studentsmustn’tbelate,mustthey?4.Hemustbeinhisroomnow,isn’the?5.Theymusthavecomeback,haven’tthey?6.Youmusthavegottheletterwhenyouwereintheoffice,didn’tyou?4.陳述句中用了表示否定意思的neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly,seldom等詞后,反意疑問句用肯定形式。但陳述句中否定意義前綴或后綴的詞,不影響反意疑問句的形式。1.Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?2.Sheseldomargueswithothers,doesshe?3.NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?4.It’sunfair,isn’tit?5.Theyarehopeless,aren’tthey?5.在祈使句后的反意疑問句中,一般用willyou,但在Let’s開頭的祈使句后,一般用shallwe。1.Postaletterforme,willyou?2.Don’ttellhimaboutit,willyou?3.Let’sgo,shallwe?4.Lethimgo,willyou?6.在主從復合句中,一般與主句的謂語動詞一致,但在主句主語是第一人稱,并且謂語部分為think,believe,imagine,suppose等時,疑問句一般與從句的謂語一致。1.Theytoldmeitwasnottrue,didn’tthey?2.Ibelievehecanmakeit,can’the?3.Wedon’tbelieveweweredefeated,werewe?7.反意疑問句的回答方式是根據事實情況回答,而不受提問方式影響。1.Wehaven’tbeeninformed,havewe?Yes,wehave.(不,我們接到通知了。)No,wehaven’t.(對,還沒有。)(二)常見句型的反意疑問句

1.當陳述部分是therebe存在句型時,反意疑問句的主語也用there。e.g.Therewasnothingintheroom,wasthere?房間里什么也沒有,是嗎?2.感嘆句的反意疑問句,其謂語要求用否定句。e.g.Whatabeautifulday,isn’tit?多好的天氣啊,不是嗎?3.祈使句后面的反意疑問句問題

A)祈使句是否定形式,反意疑問句用willyou。

e.g.Don’tforgettoposttheletter,willyou?請別忘了寄信。B)祈使句是肯定形式,反意疑問句用肯定、否定均可。

e.g.Pleasehelpus,willyou/won’tyou?請幫幫我們,好嗎?C)Let開頭的祈使句要注意:

1.Let’s在意義上包含談話的對方在內,表示提出建議或征求對方意見,其反意疑問句往往用shallwe。

e.g.Let’sgotheretogether,shallwe?我們一起去,好嗎?2.Letus在意義上一般不包含談話的對方在內,表示請求對方允許做某事的含義,let有allow的意思。附加疑問部分用willyou。

e.g.Letusgoswimmingtogether,shallwe?我們一起去游泳好嗎?3.Letme開頭表示請求,反意疑問句用willyou,或用mayI。e.g.Letmecarrytheboxforyou,mayI?我幫你搬箱子好嗎?(三)復合句的反意疑問句

1.當陳述部分是一個(帶that引導賓語從句的)主從復合句時,反意疑問句的主謂要和主句的主謂保持對應關系。但是,當陳述部分的主語是:Isuppose,Ithink,Ibelieve,Iimagine,Iexpect等結構時,反意疑問句的主語和謂語要和從句的主語,謂語保持一致關系。而且要注意到否定的轉移問題。e.g.Ithinksheisright,isn’tshe?我認為她是對的,是嗎?2.當陳述部分是I’msurethat,;wearesure;I’mafraidthat;Wearesurethat;Ifeelsurethat等后面跟賓語從句時,反意疑問句與后面的賓語從句一致。e.g.I’mafraiditisgoingtorain,isn’tit?恐怕要下雨了,不是嗎?(四)關于情態動詞的反意疑問句1.陳述部分中有have一詞,且表示“所有”含義時,反意疑問句部分既可用have也可用do。e.g.Youhaveabike,haven’tyou/don’tyou?你有一輛自行車,不是嗎?2.陳述部分中有haveto,反意疑問句部分用do。e.g.Hehadtogotoworkwhenhewasveryyoung,didn’the?他年輕的時候不得不出去工作,不是嗎?3.含有oughtto的反意疑問句,陳述部分是肯定的,疑問部分用shouldn't/oughtn't+主語。

e.g.Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the/shouldn'the?4.陳述部分有usedto,反意疑問句部分可用used也可以用did。e.g.Heusedtogetupearly,usedn’the/didn’the?他習慣早起,不是嗎?5.陳述部分有needn’t時,反意疑問句部分用need但有時也可用must。e.g.Weneedn’tdoitagain,needwe?我們不必要再做一遍了,是嗎?

6.陳述部分有must,且表示“必須”時,反意疑問句部分用mustn’t,如果表示“必要”則用needn’t。e.g.Youmustleaveatonce,mustn’tyou?你必須馬上離開,是嗎?Youmustleaveatonce,needn’tyou?你有必要馬上離開,是嗎?7.陳述部分中是mustn’t表示“禁止”時,反意疑問句部分用must。

陳述部分中的must表示“一定”、“想必”等推測意義時,反意疑問句部分而是根據陳述部分的謂語動詞或其助動詞來定。e.g.Youmust’ssmokehere,mustyou?你不能在這里抽煙,是吧?Hemustbetherenow,isn'the?他現在一定在那里,不是嗎?

8.陳述部分是Iwish,表示詢問或征求意見,反意疑問部分用mayI。e.g.Iwishtogowiththem,mayI?我想同他們一起去,可以嗎?9.陳述部分的主語是eachof...結構時,反意疑問句在強調整體時用they,當作個別時用he。e.g.Eachoftheboyshasamap,don’tthey?每個男孩都有一張地圖,不是嗎?10.陳述部分有neither...nor...(either...or...)做并列主語,反意疑問部分根據其實際邏輯意義而定。

e.g.NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?我和你都不是工程師,是吧?11.陳述部分是:I’m....結構,反意疑問句一般用aren’tI?e.g.I’mwrong,aren’tI?我錯了,是嗎?12.

陳述部分有hadbetter+v.疑問句部分用hadn'tyou?

e.g.You'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'tyou?你最好自己看,是吧?13.

陳述部分有wouldrather+v.,疑問部分多用wouldn't+主語。

e.g.Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'the?他寧愿讀十遍也不愿意背,是嗎?14.

陳述部分有You'dliketo+v.疑問部分用wouldn't+主語。

e.g.You'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tyou?你想和我一起去,不是嗎?15.

帶情態動詞dare或need的反意疑問句,疑問部分常用need(dare)+主語。

e.g.Weneednotdoitagain,needwe?我們不需要再做一遍,是吧?

Hedarenotsayso,darehe?他不敢那樣說,是吧?當dare,need為實義動詞時,疑問部分用助動詞do+主語。

e.g.Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?她不敢一個人回家,是嗎?語法知識拓展(一)選擇適當的關系代詞或關系副詞把下列句子補充完整。1.Weshouldreadsuchbooks_____willmakeusbetterandwiser.2.Hefailedintheexam,______provesthathewasn’tworkinghardenough.3.Isitthatfactory_____thiscarisproduced?4._____isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.5.Shewasverykindtowardsthechildren,_____herhusbandseldomwas.6.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5.00p.m.,______manypeoplehavegonehome.7.Hecalledonanothergirl,______hebelievedwasmoresuitableforthejob.8.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,through______hecouldseewhatwasgoingoninsidethehouse.9.Iintendedtocomparenoteswithafriend,______unfortunatelycouldn'tsparemeevenoneminute.10.Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthesamehouse_______Mr.Blackistryingtosell.(二)用定語從句合并下列句子1.Don’tdosuchthings.Youarenotsureaboutthethings.__________________________________________________________________________2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood.Itwasmorethanwecouldexpect.__________________________________________________________________________3.My

uncle

had

three

sons.Two

of

them

died

during

the

last

earthquake.

__________________________________________________________________________4.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers.Shehadwipedherhandsthere.__________________________________________________________________________5.Hevisitedtheprimaryschool.Heoncestudiedforfouryearsthere.__________________________________________________________________________(三)單項填空1.Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice_______peopledidn’texpect. A.like B.as C.that D.which2.Iboughtabookwrittenin_____easyEnglish____beginnerscanunderstand.A.suchan,as B.such,that C.so,that D.such,as3.Thisissodifficultaquestion_____. A.thatmanystudentscan’tanswer B.whichmanystudentscan’tanswerit C.asnoonecananswerit D.asnobodycananswer4.Hetoreallmylettersand_____didn’tupsetmeatall. A.this B.it C.which D.as5.Johnsaidhe'dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,______wastrue.A.he B.this C.which D.who6.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings_______youcanfindthemagain.A.when

B.where

C.then

D.there7.Themanagerdecidedtogivethejobto______hebelievedhadasenseofduty. A.who B.whom C.whoever D.whomever8.____Ihadexpected,thenumberoftheaudiencewaswellovertwothousand. A.As B.Which C.Whom D.That9.Afterfivehours’drive,theyreached___theythoughtwastheplacetheyhadbeendreamingof. A.that B.where C.which D.what10.Doyoulikeanyofthemusic____you’velistened? A.which B.that C.forwhich D.towhich11.WheneverImether,_____wasfairlyoften,Ilikedhersweetandhopefulsmile. A.who B.that C.when D.which12.Nowadays,moreandmorestudentsareworkingdirectlyontheInternet_____differenttypesofcoursesaresupplied. A.that B.which C.where D.whose13.Isthereasupermarketaround_____Icangetsomefood? A.where B.that C.which D.fromit14.Itwasonthefarm_____hegrownup_____hetoldmeabouthischildhood. A.where,that B.that,that C.where,when D.that,when15.Thatwastheyoungman,Ithink,_____Isawtheotherdayhelptocatchthethief. A.who B.one C.theone D.which16.Youmustshowmywifethesamerespect______youshowme.A.as B.that C.who D.what17.______isknowntoall,Chinawillbeanadvancedandpowerfulcountryin20or30years.A.Which B.That C.As D.It18.NewYork,______lastyear,isaniceoldcity.A.thatIvisited B.whichIvisited C.whereIvisited D.inwhichIvisited19.______isreportedinthenewspapersthattalksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.A.It B.As C.That D.What20.Heinvitedtenfriendstohishome,_____areforeigners.A.sixofwhom B.thesixofwhom C.sixofthem D.thesixofthem21.Shewas______Imetattheparty,_____youknew.A.theone,as B.who,that C.theonewhat,which D.that,as22.Hetoreupmyphotoand______upsetme.A.this B.it C.which D.what23.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%___aresoldabroad.

A.ofwhich

B.whichof

C.ofthem

D.of24.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsin_____theycanmaketools.A.which B.what C.that D.where25.Itwasinthelab______wastakenchargeofbyProfessorZhou_____

they

did

theexperiment

A.where,that

B.which,which C.that,where

D.which,that26.Weforgottobringourtickets,butpleaseletusenter,_____? A.doyou B.canwe C.willyou D.shallwe27.Sarahhadherwashingmachinerepairedthedaybeforeyesterday,____she? A.had B.did C.hadn’t D.didn’t28.Heneversaidhethathewasgoodatmathematics,_____? A.washe B.wasn’the C.didhe D.didn’the29.Therewasaloudscreamfromthebackstageimmediatelyaftertheconcertended,____? A.wasn’tthere B.wasthere C.didn’tit D.didit30.Bill’saimistoinformtheviewersthatcigaretteadvertisingonTVisillegal,_____? A.isn’tit B.isit C.isn’the D.ishe(四)改錯1.Thehouse,thatweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.2.Hismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestival,aswasbeyondhiswildestdream.3.Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,itmeantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.4.Weshouldn’tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,andmostofwhomarehealthy.5.As

is

known

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allthat

the

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round.6.Myearlyattemptsatlearningtodrivewereunsuccessful,werethey?7.Idon’tthinkawarmwinteralwayshasanegativeinfluenceonourlife,isn’tit?8.There’slittlewaterintheglass,isn’tthere?9.Iamgoodatpainting,amnotI?10.Wehavetodependonourselves,haven’twe?(五)真題回顧1.TheyflytoWashington,____theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.(2008重慶) A.where B.there C.which D.when2.TheScienceMuseum,_____wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon’stouristattractions.(2008江蘇) A.which B.what C.that D.where3.Villagersheredependonthefishingindustry,____therewon’tbemuchwork.(2008上海春季) A.where B.that C.bywhich D.withoutwhich4.I’llgiveyoumyfriend’shomeaddress,_____Icanbereachedmostevenings.(2008北京) A.which B.when C.whom D.where5.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,______arebeyondourcontrol.(2008湖南) A.mostofthem B.mostofwhich C.mostofwhat D.mostofthat6.Formanycitiesintheworld,thereisnoroomtospreadoutfurther,______NewYorkisanexample.(2008四川) A.forwhich B.inwhich C.ofwhich D.fromwhich7.Yesterdayshesoldhercar,_____sheboughtamonthago.(2008浙江) A.when B.where C.that D.which8.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,_____weremadeofsmalldiamonds.(2008陜西) A.thehandsofwhom B.whomthehandsof C.whichthehandsof D.thehandsofwhich9.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.(2008全國卷II) A.it B.what C.which D.that10.Bynineo’clock,alltheOlympictorchbccareshadreachedthetopofMountQomolangms,____appearedararerainbowsoon.( A.ofwhich B.onwhich C.fromwhich D.abovewhich11.ItwasalongtheMississippiRiver____MarkTwainspentmuchofhischildhood.(2008天津) A.how B.whichC.that D.where12.TheEnglish

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