現在完成時的被動語態回顧：現在完成時：（Presentperfectpassive）表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，或者過去開始的動作一直持續到現在。基本形式：主語+have/has+過去分詞常用的時間狀語：already已經,yet尚（未），還，仍；更；迄今為止,just剛才；僅僅，只是；正好；剛要,never從不；決不,ever在任何時候；曾經；一向，永遠；不斷地；究竟,sofar到目前為止,uptonow到目前為止；至今；迄今,for+時間段，since+時間點，bynow到如今；到目前為止,tillnow到現在為止，迄今等等...一、基本結構:主語+have/hasbeendone二、基本用法：一個被動的動作或狀態開始于過去，持續至今，并可能延續下去。三、形式：句式形式肯定句主語+have/hasbeendone+其他.否定句主語+have/hasnotbeendone+其他.一般疑問句Have/Has+主語+beendone+其他?特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+beendone+其他?例：1）A90yearoldhasbeenawarded"WomanOfTheYear"forbeingBritain'soldestfulltimeemployee–stillworking40hoursaweek.一位90歲的老人被授予“年度女性“稱號，因為她是英國年齡最大的全職員工———仍然每周工作40小時。2）Theyhaven'tbeentoldtheexcitingnewsyet,havethey?還沒有人告訴他們這個令人激動的消息，是嗎?3）—Hasherworkbeenfinished?她的工作完成了嗎?Yes,ithas.是的,完成了。4）Howlonghasthemachinebeenused?這臺機器使用多久了?用法：1.表示過去發生的動作對現在產生的影響或結果，且動作與主語是邏輯上的動賓關系，即主語是動作的承受者。常與時間狀語already,yet(否定句,疑問句),just,ever,recently,lately,sincethen其后，從此一直,eversince從那時到現在；自從；自…以后；從…起.Eg:Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetwillputoff.有人告訴我，運動會將會推遲（結果）Eg:Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeendone,andwe'rereadytostart.這項任務的所有準備工作已經完成，我們準備開始了。（影響）2.表示一個被動的動作或狀態從過去開始，持續到現在，并且有可能繼續持續下去。常與for+一段時間或since+時間點等時間狀語連用。sofar,uptonow,tillnow,untilnow,bynow,thesedays,overtime,inrecentyears,in/over/during/forthelast/pastyears.Eg:Themachinehasbeenrepairedfortwohours.這臺機器已經修理了兩個小時了（持續）3.在時間或條件狀語從句中，常用現在完成時的被動語態代替將來完成時的被動語態。Eg:Iwillgohomewhenmyhomeworkhasbeenfinished.家庭作業完成后我就回家。（將來某時處于被完成的狀態）Eg:Youshouldn'tleaveschoolbeforeyourhomeworkhasbeenfinished.你不應該在家庭作業完成之前就離開學校。五、現在完成時的被動語態與一般過去時的被動語態的區別動作發生的時間對現在有無影響現在完成時的被動語態過去有一般過去時的被動語態過去無Eg:Thelibrarywasbuiltlastyear.去年修好了(與現在無關)Eg:Thelibraryhasbeenbuilt.修好了(與現在有關)【注意一】主動語態變被動語態注意事項1.短語動詞的被動語態：主動語態中的謂語動詞是短語動詞時，變為被動語態時，不可丟掉構成短語動詞的介詞或副詞。1）Theytakegoodcareofthechildrenatschool.→Thechildrenaretakengoodcareofatschool.孩子們在學校受到很好的照顧。2）Youshouldn'tlaughatdisabledpeople.→Disabledpeopleshouldn'tbelaughedat.殘疾人不應該被嘲笑。2.帶雙賓語的動詞，變為被動語態時可以有兩種方法：(1)把間接賓語(指人)變為被動語態的主語，而把直接賓語(指事物)保留下來。(2)把直接賓語(指事物)變為被動語態的主語，而把間接賓語改為介詞to或for引起的狀語。用to還是for,根據動詞的搭配：一般動詞give,pass,show,send,bring要加介詞to;動詞buy,make,cook,mend要加介詞for。1）Hegavehersomemoney.他給她一些錢。→Shewasgivensomemoney./Somemoneywasgiventohim.2）Heboughtherawatch.他給她買了一塊表。→Shewasboughtawatch./Awatchwasboughtforher.3.帶有復合賓語的句子，變成被動語態時賓補相應變為主補：(1)在感官動詞(hear,see,watch,feel,notice等)和使役動詞(let,makehave等)在主動語態中后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓補，但是改為被動語態時，要加上to，作主補。(2)如果主動語態中doing或todo作賓補時，變為被動時仍然用doing或todo的形式。1）Weoftenseehimgoforawalkbytheriver.→Heisoftenseentogoforawalkbytheriver.我們經常看到他在河邊散散步2）Theymadetheboyswork12hoursaday.→Theboysweremadetowork12hoursaday.他們讓孩子們每天工作12個小時3）Isawhimplayingfootballatthatmoment.→Hewasseenplayingfootballatthatmoment.就在那一刻，我看見他在踢足球4）Ourteachertoldustocleantheroomatonce.→Weweretoldtocleantheroomatonce.老師告訴我們馬上打掃房間【注意二】使用被動語態時注意的幾個方面不用被動語態的情況1.系動詞look,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem,appear,go,prove,turn等與形容詞連用時。1）Icefeelscold.冰摸上去涼。2）Yourbedroomsmeltsoterrible.你的臥室氣味難聞。3）Hisplanproved(tobe)practical.這項計劃證明是符合實際的。2.表示開始、結束、運動的詞begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,shut等。1）Workbeganat7o'clockthismorning.上午七點開始工作。2）Theshopclosesat6p.meveryday.這家店鋪每天下午6點關門。3.表示主語的某種屬性的詞read,write,act,cut,play,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,look,shut等，通常和副詞well,easily,smoothly,badly,nicely等連用。其否定形式通常用won’t,表示拒絕。1）Thebookssellwell這些書很暢銷。2）Yourpenwritessmoothly.你的筆書寫起來很流暢。3）Thisknifecutswell.這把刀子很快。4）Thiscoatdrieseasily.這種外衣容易干。5）Therecorderwon'tplay.這錄音機不轉了。6）Thedoorwon'tlock/open.門鎖不上/打不開。get型被動語態：get+done表被動意義，相當于be+done1）Hegotpaidbythemonth.他是按月領薪水的。2）Hefellandgothurt.他摔倒受傷了。3）Theygotmarriedlastweek.他們上周結婚了。4）Hiscargotdamagedinaroadaccident.他的車在交通事故中被毀了。It+be+過去分詞+從句1）Itissaidthatsheknowsthreelanguages.(=Sheissaidtoknowthreelanguages.)據說她懂三種語言。2）ItisreportedthattheAmericanpresidentwillvisitChinanextweek.(=TheAmericanpresidentisreportedtovisitChinanextweek.)據報道美國總統下周要訪華。常見的沒有被動語態的動詞及短語：spread,happen,occur(發生),takeplace,breakout,belongto,etrue,comeintobeing,eout(出版),eup(被提出),consistof(由……組成),giveout(用完,耗盡,runout(用完),turnout(證明是),turnup(出現),workout(產生,結果),datefrom/backto(追溯到)等。六、補充：1.由finish,buy,start,begin,past,return,borrow,marry,open,join等非延續性動詞,不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，例如for+一段時間，howlong.若要表達相應的意思，則要改換動詞或時態.(1)轉化非延續形容詞，與表示一段時間的狀語連用.borrowkeep,buyhave,putonwear,gettosleepsleep.be+形容詞/副詞/介詞/名詞.start/beginbeon,gooutbeout.改變時態，不與一段時間的狀語連用.但在否定句中，非延續性動詞可以與一段時間連用.Eg:Ihaven'tborrowedbooksfromthelibrarysincelastyear.從去年起，我就沒有從圖書館借過書2.雙賓語動詞變被動語態,主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語give,send,bring,take,teach,show,tell,make,sing,write,read,sell,buy,pay,lend,pass,promise.(1)間接賓語變被動句主語，保留直接賓語主動句:Myunclehastakenmybrotheraputer.我叔叔給我弟弟帶了一臺電腦。被動句:Mybrotherhasbeentakenaputerbymyuncle.我哥哥被我叔叔拿走了臺電腦。(2)直接賓語變為被動句的主語，間接賓語的前面要加上介詞to或for被動句:Aputerhasbeentakentomybrotherbymyuncle.我叔叔把一臺電腦帶給了我哥哥.3.帶復合賓語的動詞變被動語態，主語+謂語+賓語+賓補賓語變為被動句的主語，賓語補足語保留在原處，成為主語補足語。主動句：Ihavetoldhertowaitforyou.我已經叫她等你了。被動句：shehasbeentoldtowaitforyoubyme.我告訴她等你。4.特殊:see,watch,hear,feel等感官動詞和have,let,make等使役動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式省略to.但變成被動語態后要還原to，不定式為主語補足語.主動句Theysawtheboygointotheroom.被動句Theboywasseentogointotheroom.5.副詞的位置,often,usually,always,never,hardly,seldom等副詞置于have/has和been之間.Eg:Suchamanhashardlybeenbelieved.這樣的人幾乎不被人相信。6.不及物動詞，沒有被動語態。happen,occur,takeplace,（發生）belongto,（屬于）breakout,（爆發）cost（花費）,last（持續）但可用主動語態表被動意義.Eg:Lightmusicsoundsbeautiful.輕音樂聽起來很美。七、常與現在完成時連用的時間狀語：already已經yet仍然；還recently/lately最近sincethen從那時起eversince自那以來ever曾經sofar到目前為止foralongtime很長一段時間bynow到現在為止inrecentyears在最近幾年里in/during/over+thepast/lastyears在過去的幾年里例：1.Thelockonthedoorhasbeenbroken.門上的鎖已經壞了2.Thewindowhasbeenbroken.窗戶已經被打破了3.Twolaptopshavebeenstolen.兩臺筆記本電腦被盜了4.Beakersandtesttubeshavebeendestroyed.燒杯和試管已被銷毀5.Thebookcasehasbeenopenedandsomefileshavebeentakenawaywhileothershavebeenthrowneverywhere.書柜被打開，一些文件被拿走，另一些被扔到各處。6.Therobothasbeendamaged.該機器人已被損壞練習一．選擇題1.—ItisreportedthatInternationalsearchandrescue(救援)teamshaverushedtoTurkeytohelpforthehugeearthquake.—An82memberChinaSearchandRescueTeamthereaswell.A.sendsB.wassentC.hasbeensentD.hassent2.—Thewindowisdirty.—Iknow.Itforweeks.A.hasn'tcleanedB.didn'tcleanC.wasn'tcleanedD.hasn'tbeencleaned3.Twohousesfortheteacherssincetwoyearsago.A.arebuiltB.willbebuiltC.havebeenbuiltD.werebuilt4.Manynewthingsinthelasttenyears.A.wereinventedB.willbeinventedC.areinventedD.havebeeninvented5.—Lily,willyougotoJenny'sbirthdaypartythisSaturday?—I'mnotsure,becauseIsofar.A.haveinvitedB.wasn'tinvitedC.haven'tbeeninvitedD.willbeinvited6.Threebooksbytheyoungmaninthepasttwoyears.Allofthemareverypopular.A.havebeenwrittenB.wroteC.werewrittenD.havewritten7.Don’teatthecake.Itinthefridgeformorethanaweek.A.willbekeptB.keepsC.hasbeenkeptD.kept8.—Doyouneedanyhelp?—No,thanks.Wealotofsupportsincelastyear.A.haveofferedB.havebeenofferedC.wereofferedD.wereoffering9.Theriverbywasteproductsfromthefactory.Wecanfindnofishinit.A.haspollutedB.willpolluteC.hasbeenpollutedD.willbepolluted10.Peoplewhotothepartyareveryexcited.A.haveinvitedB.hasbeeninvitedC.willinviteD.havebeeninvited二.將下列主動句變為被動句1.Youcanseethattheyhavenotpaintedthehouseforyears.2.Itissaidthattwothieveshavebrokenintothehouse.3.Havepeoplecriticizedhisviews?4.Hehasnottakenawaythetwobooks.5.Wherehaveyourepairedthemobilephone?6.ThepanyhasbroughtdownthepriceofthecolourTVsetagain.7.MyparentsgavemeatoyatChristmas.8.Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.9.Theysawtheboysmokingacigarette.10.Thebossforcedtheworkerstoworkdayandnight.三.用所給動詞的正確時態填空1.Look,whatanoldbridge!Itlookssospecial!Yeah,it(build)fornearly500years.2.Morethan14,000books(collect)sincethelibrary(build)lastmonth.3.Thisisaphotoofthepowerstationthat(set)upinmyhometown.4.Howmanyworkers(send)tobuildtherailwayrecently?5.Muchinformation(send)backtotheearthsincethespacemenbegantheirexplorationonthemoon.6.Muchparkingspaceincities(save)byusingsmallcars.7.Thispartofthesea(explore)manytimes.8.Allthepreparationforthetask(do),andwe'rereadytostart.9.I(employ)atthisjobsince1990.10.AkindofnewPC(build)withmorefunctionsrecently.11.IhearJan'slife(improve)bytheInternet.12.Theconstructionofthenewrailwaylines(finish)bytheworkersbynow.13.Noment(make)abouttheonlinedatabasetillnow.14.Agreatmanyfinecars(produce)bythecarfactorysincethetechnologicalrevolution.15.Much(write)aboutthewondersoftheWorldWideWebsincethen.16.Itissaidthatthebook(translate)intoseverallanguages.17.Lookatthewaythepaths(sweep).You'dbetterdoitagain.18.Thechild(take)careofbygrandmaalltheseyears.19.FirstasaPCandthenasalaptop,I(use)inofficesandhomessincethe1970s.20.Sincethe1970smanynewapplications(find)forme.四．句型訓練1.Uptonow,morethanonehighrisebuilding

aroundourcity,makingitbigger.

到目前為止,我們城市周圍已經建造了不止一座高層建筑,這使城市變得更大。2.Greatdiscoveries

inspaceexplorationinthelastfewdecades.

在過去的幾十年里,在太空探索中有了重大的發現。3.WearegladtobetoldthatLiTao

FudanUniversityforhistopscoreintheMathsContest.

我們很開心得知,李濤因為在數學競賽中得了高分已經被復旦大學錄取了。4.Althoughmanymeasures

,theworld'seconomyisstillgoingdown.

盡管已經采取了很多措施,世界經濟仍然在下滑。5.Manyahouse

inthepowerfulearthquakeso