專題09閱讀理解長難句及C篇考點揭秘01專題網絡·思維腦圖02考情分析·解密高考03高頻考點·以考定法04核心素養·微專題05創新好題·分層練高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英語閱讀C篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外．就是文中句子結構較為復雜，攙雜了大量的，對長難句的理解會直接影響我們的閱讀水平。那么如何破解閱讀理解中的長難句？長難句構成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)帶有較多成分的簡單句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多個從句的復合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒裝句、強調句考點一：簡單句中包含有復雜的修飾成分【考例】Swimmingpools，winetasting，andpinksunsets（atnormaleveninghours，not4intheafternoon）filledtheweekend，butthebestpart—particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables—wasa7a.m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmersmarketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall.考點二：.兩個句子成分之間被插入語等分隔?！究祭緿elightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight，myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrownsGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty，anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton，where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.考點三：從句套從句，環環相扣?！究祭縄twascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint，thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons—anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates，makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.考點四：某些特殊句式或特殊語法現象。【考例】Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess，givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.找謂語，定主語一般情況下，一個謂語形式的動詞對應其動作的發出者（主語），我們可以根據謂語動詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個句子中出現兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞，則該句可以是并列句或復合句（并列謂語動詞的情況除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment---althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【簡析】句意：提主干，去枝葉（從句等）一般情況下，一個句子中的主句所表達的信息為主要信息，從句所表達的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導致思維混亂，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【簡析】句意：尋關聯，辨邏輯一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復合句。而這些并列句或復合句之間需要一些關聯詞來連接。如果我們找準這些關聯詞，就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長句就容易對付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對英語中的常見的關聯詞諳熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【簡析】句意：看搭配，防隔離有時一個長句或難句是由一個或多個搭配構成，而且這些搭配中常常出現分隔現象。讀者若受分隔現象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對句意的理解就會發生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【簡析】句意：關鍵詞，抓線索有時某些句子句意模糊，讀者理不清頭緒，這時讀者只能依靠關鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意?？傊?，在碰到長句和難句時，要根據實際情況靈活運用上述方法，在平時閱讀過程中要加強對長句和難句的句法分析訓練。有時要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【簡析】句意：長難句分析除障礙---結構分析法高考閱讀理解和完形填空文章一般會有一些結構復雜的句子，增加了句子的長度和難度，干擾了學生正常的閱讀速度和思維方式，其實，長難句并不可怕，在正確劃分句子成分的基礎上，運用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁為簡、化長為短。一、長難句的常見形式1．復合句這些句子往往較長，一個從句套著另一個從句。其實，不管句子有多長、多復雜，它只由兩部分構成，即主干和修飾成分。主干主要指主謂賓結構(如：Iwantaticket.)或主系表結構(如：Themanisateacher.)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。應通過仔細分析，將每個修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個句子結構就清晰了。Iurgeyoutocontactyourstatelegislatorstomovethislegislationforwardsothatthisweekendwillbeoneofthelasttimeswhenwehaveto“fallback”．分析此句的主語為I，謂語是urge,sothat引導結果狀語從句。在結果狀語從句中when引導定語從句。2．分隔結構高考試題中出現較多的分隔結構是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現后置，也可以看作是插入現象?！癟heresultsareprettyexciting—stronglevelsofreductions—butthereclearlyaregoingtobethingstobelearnedfromtheareaswherethereductionsarenotasgreat.”saidPennStateUniversityprofessorElizabethMcGraw.提醒分析長難句時務必注意這些非限制性修飾成分，它們打斷了原來的行文邏輯，插入補充了一些額外的信息。3．成分省略或倒裝在英語句子中，用詞簡潔是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復，突出關鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。有時為了強調句子表達的重心，對句子進行倒裝。Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.分析此句正常語序為：Bytheendofthecentury,ifitisnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.二、長難句突破策略通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結構，把握句子的基本框架的基本步驟是：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子的附屬成分。方法一：較復雜單句的處理方法——找主謂語，即找主干成分較復雜單句在高考試卷中經常出現，所以應引起同學們的足夠重視。Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence,acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.分析主語是Akeyskill，謂語是is，表語是persistence,acharacteristic是同位語，解釋說明persistence。that引導同位語從句，解釋名詞characteristic。方法二：并列復合句的處理方法——找并列連詞Therewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid,butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.分析句中的but是并列連詞，連接兩個并列單句。方法三：主從復合句的處理方法——找從屬連詞Akeyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.分析該句主語是Akeyfinding,that引導表語從句，從句中含有which引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾名詞persistence。方法四：并列和主從復合句并存的處理方法——先讀懂并列復合句，再看主從復合句“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecoloroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”分析but引導兩個并列的主從復合句，but前的主從復合句中是before引導的時間狀語從句，該從句中show后是that引導的賓語從句；but后的主從復合句中，主語是thechange，謂語是willbe,that引導的同位語從句，解釋說明名詞signals的內容?！鹃L難句】1.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________2.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________3.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________4.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________5.DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________6.Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________7.Sciencecan'texplainthepowerofpets,butmanystudieshaveshownthatthecompanyofpetscanhelplowerbloodpressureandraisechancesofrecoveringfromaheartattack,reducelonelinessandspreadall-roundgoodcheer.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________8.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________9.Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________10.Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest,thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftconfusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.句子結構分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【閱讀C篇】1.【上海市楊浦高級中學2022-2023學年高三下學期3月月考英語試題】Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?It’saquestionthatthelateecologistDonellaMeadowswouldaskherstudentsatDartmouthCollegebackinthe1970s.Shesetouttocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,networkscientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicalsandthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpowerandstatus.Butthefoodsystemisnotanequalone.TherehavebeencallsforaWorldFoodandNutritionOrganization,sothatlegallybindingpoliciescanbeappliedtoallitsmembers.AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Ateamofresearchershasdonejustthat,throughtheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram.Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseintacklingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandembraceasystemsapproach,astheeditorsofNatureFoodadvocateintheirlauncheditorial.Meadowsknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.43.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.howtoconductresearchefficiently B.howtobuildaworldfoodorganizationC.anapproachtosolvingreal-worldproblem D.anapproachtoapplyingscientificfindings44.Accordingtoparagraph3,thestudyconductedbynetworkscientistsrevealedthat________.A.artificialintelligenceismoreusefulthantraditionalmethodsB.achievingsystemsthinkingrequiresidentifyingmorecomponentsC.weareunabletogainthoroughunderstandingofournutritioussystemD.somebiochemicalsarerelatedwiththeoccurrenceofcommondiseases45.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowabouttheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram?A.Itistheonlywayofsolvingimbalanceinourfoodsystem.B.Itaimstourgethegovernmentstocarryoutitsfoodpolicies.C.ItseekstosolvetheoreticalissuesaboutfoodandnutritionD.Ithascultivatedmanyinterdisciplinarytalentssinceitslaunch.46.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?A.Resultscan’tbeproduced. B.Visionbringsaboutchange.C.Actionmattersmorethansaying. D.Systemsthinkingistoodifficulttorealize.重點長難句：1."Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety."2."Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases."3."AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach."2.【上海市閔行區七寶中學2022學年高三上學期期中英語試卷】AsFransdeWaal,aprimatologist(靈長動物學家),recognizes,abetterwaytothinkaboutothercreatureswouldbetoaskourselveshowdifferentspecieshavedevelopeddifferentkindsofmindstosolvedifferentadaptiveproblems.Surelytheimportantquestionisnotwhetheranimalscandothesamethingshumanscan,buthowthoseanimalssolvethecognitive(認知的)problemstheyface,likehowtoimitatetheseafloor.Childrenandsomeanimalsaresointerestingnotbecausetheyaresmartlikeus,butbecausetheyaresmartinwayswehaven’tevenconsidered.Sometimesstudyingchildren’swaysofknowingcancastlightonadult-humancognition.Children’spretendplaymayhelpusunderstandouradulttasteforfiction.DeWaal’sresearchprovidesanotherinterestingexample.Wehumanbeingstendtothinkthatoursocialrelationshipsarerootedinourperceptions,beliefs,anddesires,andourunderstandingoftheperceptions,beliefs,anddesiresofothers—whatpsychologistscallour“theoryofmind.”Inthe80sand90s,developmentalpsychologistsshowedthatpre-schoolersandeveninfantsunderstandmindsapartfromtheirown.Butitwashardtoshowthatotheranimalsdidthesame.“Theoryofmind”becameacandidateforthespecial,uniquelyhumantrick.YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimps(黑猩猩)possessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships.Itturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee.Butexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext.Theevolutionaryanthropologist(人類學家)BrainHareandhiscolleaguesgaveajuniorchimpachoicebetweenpiecesoffoodthatadominantchimphadseenhiddenandotherpiecesithadnotseenhidden.Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen.Anyonewhohasgonetoanacademicconferencewillrecognizethatwemaybeinthesamesituation.Wemaysaythatwesignupbecausewe’reeagertofindoutwhatotherhumanbeingsthink,butwe’rejustasinterestedinwho’sontop.Manyofthepoliticaljudgmentswemaketheredon’thavemuchtodowithourtheoryofmind.Wemayshowourrespecttoafamousprofessorevenifwehavenorespectforhisideas.Untilrecently,however,therewasn’tmuchresearchintohowhumansdevelopandemploythiskindofpoliticalknowledge.Itmaybethatweunderstandthesocialworldintermsofdominance,likechimps,butwe’rejustnotusuallyaspoliticallymotivatedastheyare.Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics.43.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingshowsthatananimalissmart?A.Itcanbehavelikeahumankid.B.Itcanimitatewhathumanbeingsdo.C.Itcanfindasolutiontoitsownproblem.D.Itcanfigureoutthoseadaptiveproblems.44.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesour“theoryofmind”?A.Wetalkwithinfantsinawaythattheycanfullyunderstand.B.Wemakeguessesatwhatothersthinkwhileinteractingwiththem.C.Wehideouremotionswhenwetryestablishingcontactwithastranger.D.Wetrytounderstandhowkids’pretendplayaffectsourtasteforfiction.45.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Neitherhumannoranimalsdisplaytheirpreferencefordominance.B.Animalslivinginacompetitivepoliticalcontextaresmarter.C.Bothhumansandsomeanimalshavepoliticalintelligence.D.Humansaremoreinterestedinwho’sontopthananimals.46.Bytheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph,thewritermeansthat________.A.weknowlittleabouthowchimpsarepoliticallymotivatedB.ourpoliticalknowledgedoesn’talwaysdeterminehowwebehaveC.ourtheoryofmindmightenableustounderstandourtheoryofpoliticsD.moreresearchshouldbeconductedtounderstandanimals’socialworld重點長難句：1."Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen."2."Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics."3."YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimpspossessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships,butitturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee,andexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext."3.【上海市華東師范大學第二附屬中學紫竹校區2022學年高三上學期開學考試】Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoftoughtrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticulargoodnessindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone.”WroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbage