三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控

III

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

花生根結線蟲病俗稱地黃病、黃秧病等，是一種世界性病害。花生感病后，根的吸收功能被破壞，植株矮小發黃，花小且開花晚，結果少或不結果。一般減產20%～30%，嚴重的可減產70%以上，甚至絕收。

Peanutroot-knotnematodedisease,commonlyknownasdigitalisandyellowseedlingdisease,isaworldwidedisease.Afterthepeanutisinfected,theabsorptionfunctionoftherootisdestroyed,theplantisshortandyellow,theflowersaresmallandbloomlate,andthereislittleornofruiting.Generally,theyieldwillbereducedby20%~30%,andmaybemorethan70%oreven100%inseverecases.（一）癥狀識別主要為害植株的地下部。花生播種半個月后，當主根開始生長時，線蟲便可侵入主根尖端，使之膨大形成紡錘形蟲癭(根結)，初期為乳白色，后變為黃褐色。由于根部組織受到破壞，致使植株生長矮小。葉片發黃，葉片小，底葉葉緣焦灼，葉片早期脫落，病株開花遲，結果少而小，甚至不結果。

三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(I)SymptomIdentification

Itmainlyharmstheundergroundpartsofplants.Halfamonthafterthepeanutsaresown,whenthetaprootsstarttogrow,thenematodescaninvadeandenlargethetipsofthetaprootstospindle-shapedgalls(rootknots).Theyaremilkywhiteatthebeginningandthenturnyellowish-brown.Dwarfplantgrowthiscausedbyroottissuedestruction.Theleavesturnyellow,theleavesaresmall,themarginsofthebottomleavesarescorching,theleavesfalloffearly,thediseasedplantsbloomlate,thefruitsarefewandsmall,andevennofruitsareborne.（二）病原

病原線蟲有3個種，即花生根結線蟲、北方根結線蟲和爪哇根結線蟲，均屬側尾腺口綱、根結線蟲屬線蟲。

線蟲的整個生活史分為卵、幼蟲、成蟲3個階段。

三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(II)Etiology

Thereare3speciesofpathogenicnematodes,i.e.peanutroot-knotnematode,northernroot-knotnematodeandJavaroot-knotnematode,allofwhicharenematodesoftheclassParacaudaandtheroot-knotnematode.Thewholelifehistoryofnematodeshas3stages:eggs,larvae,andimagoes.（三）發病規律

以卵在卵囊內和幼蟲在根結內、果皮上隨病根和病果殼在土壤或糞肥中越冬。該病原線蟲可借病果及混有病株殘體的糞肥作近距離傳播，也可借農具、人畜、地面流水作近距離擴散。線蟲侵入的土壤溫度為12～34℃，最適溫度為20～26℃，最適土壤濕度為70％，土壤水量在20%以下和90%以上不利于侵入。連作病重，輪作病輕；砂壤土病重，黏壤土病輕；早播病重，晚播病輕；春播病重，夏播病輕；干旱年份發病重，多雨年份發病輕。

三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(III)OccurrenceRegularity

Theyoverwinteraseggsinoocystsandlarvaeinrootsandpeelswithdiseasedrootsandshellsinsoilormanure.

Thepathogenicnematodecanbespreadatcloserangebydiseasedfruitsandmanuremixedwithresiduesofdiseasedplants,orbyfarmtools,humansandanimals,andgroundrunningwater.

Thesoiltemperaturefornematodeintrusionis12~34°C,theoptimaltemperatureis20~26°C,theoptimalsoilhumidityis70%,andthesoilwatervolumebelow20%andabove90%isnotconducivetointrusion.Seriousincontinuouscroppingandgentleinrotation;seriousinsandyloamandgentleinclayloam;seriousinearlysowingandgentleinlatesowing;seriousinspringsowingandgentleinsummersowing;seriousindroughtyearsandgentleinrainyyears.（四）防治技術1、嚴格植物檢疫

花生根結線蟲是檢疫對象。加強檢疫工作保護無病區，不從病區調運花生種子；如確需調種時，應剝去果殼，只調果仁，并在調種前將其干燥到含水量10％以下，在調運其他寄主植物時，也應實施檢疫。2、農業防治

輪作倒茬，與小麥、玉米、高梁等禾本科作物輪作，輪作年限越長，防治效果越明顯；收獲時清除病根，并將病土犁翻、曝曬，可減少線蟲數量，病株、病根、病果要集中處理，清除田內外雜草寄主；合理施肥，增施有機肥；合理灌水，改善灌溉條件，修建排水溝，忌串灌，防止水澆傳播。

三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease(IV)ControlTechnique1.StrictplantquarantinePeanutroot-knotnematodesarequarantineobjects.Strengthenquarantineworktoprotectthedisease-freeareaanddonottransferpeanutseedsfromthediseasedarea.Whennecessarytotransferseeds,peelofftheshells,transferonlythekernels,anddrythemtoamoisturecontentbelow10%beforetransfer.Carryoutquarantinewhentransferringotherhostplants.2.AgriculturalcontrolRotatecropswithwheat,corn,sorghumandothergramineouscrops.Thelongertherotationperiod,themoreobviousthecontroleffect;removethediseasedrootsduringharvest,andplowandexposethediseasedsoiltothesuntoreducethenumberofnematodes.Treatdiseasedplants,rootsandfruitsinacentralizedmannertoremoveweedhostsinandoutofthefield;Carryoutreasonablefertilizationandadditionalapplicationoforganicfertilizer;irrigatereasonably,improveirrigationconditions,builddrainageditches,avoidcrossirrigationtopreventspreadbywatering.3、化學防治

播前溝施或穴施噻唑膦顆粒劑、阿維菌素顆粒劑。溝施方法：春耕時順犁溝均勻施入，并立即覆土，以免揮發降低藥效；穴施方法：藥劑加細土25kg/畝制成毒土施入穴內，覆土后播種；播種要分層播種，防止藥害。或阿維·吡蟲啉微囊懸浮劑、寡糖·噻唑膦顆粒劑等，溝施或穴施。

三花生根結線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease3.ChemicalcontrolBeforesowing,applythiazole-phosphinegranulesandavermectingranulesintheditchorhole.Ditchapplicationmethod:Applyevenlyalongtheploughduringspringploughing,andimmediatelycoverthesoiltoavoidvolatilizationandreducingtheefficacy;holeapplicationmethod:Applytoxicsoilmadeofch