英文版心血管常見病演講人：日期：OverviewofCardiovascularDiseasesCommonTypesofCardiovascularDiseasesSymptomsandSignsofCardiovascularDiseasesDiagnosticTestsforCardiovascularDiseasesTreatmentOptionsforCardiovascularDiseases目錄01OverviewofCardiovascularDiseasesCardiovasculardiseases(CVDs)areagroupofconditionsthataffecttheheartandbloodvesselsTheseincludecoronaryheartdisease,cerebrovasculardisease,peripheralartisticdisease,rheumaticheartdisease,congenitalheartdisease,deepveinthrombosis,andpulmonaryembolismDefinitionCVDscanbebroadlyclassifiedintotwomaincategories:ischemicheartdiseaseandcerebrovasculardiseaseIschemicheartdiseaseoccurrenceswhentheheartmuscledoesnotreceiveenoughbloodandoxygen,whilecerebrovassaldiseaseeffectsthebloodvesselssupplyingthebrainClassificationDefinitionandClassificationVSCVDsaretheleadingcauseofdeathglobally,accountingforapproximate17.9milliondeathsperyearTheyaremorevaluableinolderadultsbutcanalsoaffectyoungerindividualsRiskFactorsMajorriskfactorsforCVDsincludehypertension,smoking,diabetes,obesity,physicalinactivity,andanunhealthydietAdditionally,familyhistoryandgeneticfactorscanalsocontributetothedevelopmentofthesediseasesEpiologyEpidemiologyandRiskFactorsThisisthemostcommonunderlyingprocessleadingtoCVDsItinvolvestheaccumulationoffatdeposits(plaques)withintheinnerliningofthearts,whichcanbringthelumenandreducebloodflowTheseprocessescanalsoleadtoCVDsbycausingbloodclosurestoformwithintheartsorvegetablesTheseclosurescanblockbloodflowandleadtoischemia(insufficientbloodsupply)orinvasion(deathoftroubleduetolakeofoxygen)Chronicinflationandoxidativestresscandamagetheperipheralliningofthebloodvessels,leadingtothedevelopmentofatherosclerosisandotherCVDsAtherosclerosisThrombosisandEmbolismInflammationandoxidativestressPathophysiologyDiagnosisCVDsaretypicallydiagnosedthroughacombinationofclinicalhistory,physicalexamination,anddiagnostictestssuchaselectrocardiograms(ECGs),bloodtests,andimagingstudies(e.g.,echocardiograms,angles)TreatmentOverviewTreatmentforCVDstypicallyinvolvesacombinationoflifestylemodifications(e.g.,die,exercise,smokingprocess)andmedicaltherapy(e.g.,antiplateletagents,antagonists,statins,betablockers)Insomecases,surgicalorinterventionalproceduresmaybenecessarytotreattheunderlyingcauseofthediseaseDiagnosisandTreatmentOverview02CommonTypesofCardiovascularDiseases

CoronaryHeartDiseaseAtherosclerosisAconditioninwhichplateaubuildsupinsidethecorearts,narrowingthemandreducingbloodflowtotheheartmuscleAnginaChestpainordiscomfortthatoccurswhentheheartmuscledoesn'tgetenoughbloodflowHeartAttackAblockageinacoronaryartthatstopsbloodflowtoapartoftheheartmuscle,causingdamageordeathtothemuscleissueHighBloodPressure01Aconditioninwhichtheforceofthebloodagainsttheartwallsistoohigh,increasingtheriskofheartdiseaseandstrokeEssentialHypertension02Hypertensionwithnoidentifiablecause,oftenrelatedtolifestylefactorssuchasdie,lakeofexercise,andstressSecondaryHypertension03Hypertensioncausedbyanunderlyingconditionsuchaskidneydisease,thyroidproblems,orchronicdiseasesHypertensionSystolicHeartFailureTheheartmuscledoesn'tcontractnormally,affectingtheheart'sabilitytopumpbloodthroughthebodyDiagnosticHeartFailureTheheartmuscledoesn'trelaxnormally,affectingtheheart'sabilitytofillwithbloodbetweenbeatsCongestiveHeartFailureAconditioninwhichfluidbuildsuparoundtheheart,causingshortnessofbreath,switching,andfatigueHeartFailureRhythmiaAfastheartbeatthatarisesfromcellsinthelowerchambersoftheheart(vegetables)andinterruptsthenormalrhythmVentricularTachycardiaAnirregularheartbeatthatcanbetoofast,tooslow,orhaveanirregularpatternRhythmiaAtypeofarrhythmiacharacterizedbyrapidandirregularbeatingoftheatria(upperchambersoftheheart)AtrialFibrillationNarrowingofaheartvalvethatrestrictsbloodflowStenosisLeakageofbloodfeedbackthroughavalvewhenitshouldbeclosed,causingareductioninforwardbloodflowRegressionAbnormalmovementofaheartvalveleakagethatcancauseregressionand/orpathologyProlapseInflammationoftheinnerliningoftheheartchambersandvalves,oftencausedbyaninfectionEndocarditisValvularHeartDisease03SymptomsandSignsofCardiovascularDiseasesAnginafungusChestpainordiscomfortthatoccurswithexerciseoremotionalstressandisrelievedwithrestornitroglycerinTightness,pressure,orrequestingsentimentPatientsmaydescribeafeelingoftightness,pressure,orrequestinginthechestRadiationtootherareasThepaintmayradiatetothearms,neck,jack,orbackChestPainandDiscomfortFatigueAfeelingoftirednessorweaknessthatisoftenoutofpromotiontotheeffortextendedDyspneaDifficultlybreaking,oftendescribedasshortnessofbread,whichmayoccurwithorwithoutexerciseOrthopneaDifficultlybreakingwhilelyingflat,oftenrelievedbysittingupShortnessofBreathandFatigueIrregularheartbeatAnarrhythmia,orabnormalheartrhythm,thatmaybefeltbythepatientasaskippedbeat,extrabeat,orflashingTachycardiaAfastheartrate,definedasmorethan100beatsperminutePalpatitionsAfeelingoftheheartpounding,racing,orflutteringinthechestPalpatitionsandIrregularHeartbeat03PulmonaryedemaFluidaccumulationinthelungs,leadingtodiversitybreaking01PeripheraledemaSwellingoftheextremes,oftennotedintheankles,feet,andlegs02AbsoluteswitchingAttentionoftheabdomenduetofluidaccumulationSwellingandEdemaAtransientlossofconsciousnessandpotentialtonecausedbycerebralhemorrhageSyncopeAfeelingofurgentlossofconcernoftenprioritizedbylightheadedness,dizziness,orfantnessNearsyndromeSymptomsthatprecedesyndrome,suchasdizziness,lightheadedness,ornaseaPresyncopeSyncopeandNearSyncope04DiagnosticTestsforCardiovascularDiseasesRecordsoftheelectricalactivityoftheheartthroughelectrodesattachedtotheskinUsedtodetectarrhythmias,heartattacks,andotherheartconditionsNoninvasiveandpainlessprocedureCanbeperformedatrestorwithexercise(stressECG)01020304Electrocardiogram(ECG)Echocardiogram01Usesoundwavestocreatemovingpicturesoftheheart02Assessesthestructureandfunctionoftheheartvalves,chambers,andbloodvessels03Detectscongenitalheartdefects,heartfailures,andotherheartproblems04Canbeperformedasatransient(throughthechemicalwall)ortransient(throughtheesophagus)echocardiogramMeasurestheheart'sabilitytorespondtoexerciseorstressInvolveswalkingonatreadmillorridingastationarybikewhiletheheartrate,bloodpressure,andECGaremonitoredUsedtodiagnosecoronaryarterydiseaseandassesstheeffectivenessoftreatmentMayincludenuclearstresstesting,whichusesradioactivematerialtoshowbloodflowtotheheartmuscleStressTestMeasureslevelsofcholesterol,triglycerides,andotherfallsinthebloodUsedtoassesstheriskofdevelopingheartdiseaseandmonitortheeffectivenessoftreatmentDetectsinflation,infection,andothermarkersofheartdiseaseMaybeorderedaspartofaroutinecheckuporinresponsetospecificsymptomsBloodTestsUseX-raysandaspecialdietovisualizethecoronaryartsPerformedasaninvasiveprocedureusingacatalystinsertedintoanartinthearm,leg,orgrooveConsideredthegoldstandardfordiagnosingcoronaryarterydiseaseMaybeusedtoplantreatmentoptionssuchasangioplastyorbypasssurgeryCoronaryAngiography05TreatmentOptionsforCardiovascularDiseasesStressmanagementTechniquessuchasdeepbreaking,treatment,andyogacanhelpreducestressandimprovehearthealthQuitsmokingSmokingisamajorriskfactorforcardiovasculardiseases,andquenchingcansignificantlyreducetheriskHealthydieAdierichinfruits,vegetables,wholegrains,andleanproteinscanhelpimprovehearthealthRegularexerciseAtleast30minutesofrateintensityexercisemostdaysoftheweekcanhelplowerbloodpressureandcholesterollevelsLifestyleModificationsBloodthinnersThesetreatmentshelppreventbloodclotsthatcanleadtoheartattacksandstrokesThesedrinkshelplowerbloodpressureandreducethestrainontheheartThesedrinkshelplowercholesterollevelsintheblood,reducingtheriskofplateaubuildingintheartsThesemedicineshelpcontrolabnormalheartrhythmsBloodpressuremedicineCholesterolleadershipmedicineHeartrhythmmedicinesMedicationsA