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Chapter10TheUnitedStatesofAmerica
GovernmentCONTENTSUSConstitution1FederalSystem&
Government
2PoliticalParties3Election4ForeignPolicy51.USConstitutionConstitution—basic
instrumentlaw,drawnupin1787,cameintoeffectin1789.Twocharacters:separationofpowers,checkandbalances;
specifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.
1.USConstitutionSignificanceoftheConstitutionTakingprecedenceoverallstateconstitutionsandlaws,andoverlawsmadebythecongress;Firstofitskindintheworld,ithasinspireddozensofothercountriestoseekpoliticalreform.BasiclawofthelandNation’spoliticalstabilityEconomicgrowthSocialprogressWhatisfederalism?Whatistheseparationofpowers?WhatarethequalificationsforaUSPresident?HowdoyouunderstandthepowerofAmericanPresident?2.FederalSystem&GovernmentQuestionsforbrain-storming
2.FederalSystem&GovernmentTheFederalGovernmentTheExecutiveBranchTheLegislativeBranchTheJudicialBranch
2.12.2
2.3
2.42.1TheFederalGovernment
TheFederalGovernment—thecentralgovernment.Threeequalandseparatebranches:TheExecutivebranchTheLegislativebranchTheJudicialbranchTheyarecheckedandbalancedbyoneanother.2.1TheFederalGovernmentGovernmentJudicialBranchExecutiveBranchLegislativeBranchSystemofU.S.GovernmentChecksandBalances2.2Theexecutivebranch
Departments&WhiteHouseFunctionsofThePresident
QualificationsofThePresident
PresidentandScandal2.2.12.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.42.2.1Departments&WhiteHouseTheexecutivebranchconsistsof14departmentsandmanyindependentagencies;Cabinetisformedbydepartmentheads—secretaries;sourceofadviceandassistancetothepresidentPresidentischiefoftheexecutive.firstcitizenhiswife—FirstLadyOvalOffice:Bush’sNewRug2.2.1Departments&WhiteHouseOfficialpresidentialresidenceThepresidentworksandliveshereandtheofficesofmostofhisstaffsarealsolocatedthere,suchasWhiteHouseStaff,NationalSecurityCouncilandtheCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA),etc.
TheWhiteHouseatChristmasnight2.2.2FunctionsofThePresidentAsChiefExecutive,heisgiventheauthorityorduty:
tocommandthearmedforcesandgrantpardons;tomakeappointmentstocertainoffices;toconcludetreaties;tosendandreceivediplomaticandconsularofficials;toinformCongressonthe“stateoftheUnion”;torecommendlegislation,approveorvetobillspassedbyCongress,andensuretheexecutionoflaws.2.2.2FunctionsofThePresidentThepresident’slimits:majorappointmentswithapprovaloftheSenate;vetooverriddenbyCongresswithtwo-thirdsconsentoftheSenators;allappropriationslegislatedbyCongress;canbeimpeachedbyCongressifabusingpowerorcommittingcrimes;nopowertodismissCongress;hispolicycanbevetoedandabolishedbyTheSupremeCourt.2.2.3QualificationsofThePresident
Natural-bornAmericancitizenofandover35years-old;BeingresidentwithintheUSforatleast14years;Serveoneortwosuccessivetermsoffouryears.FranklinD.Roosevelt—theonlypresidentwhoservedmorethantwosuccessiveterms.AfterWorldWarII,Congressadoptedanamendmentlimitingapresidenttotwosuccessivetermsonly.Oath-TakingCeremony2.2.4PresidentandScandalWatergateScandalTheWatergatescandaloccurredin1972.Itremainsoneofthetoppresidentialscandalsofmoderntime.ChinesepoemsquotoedbyAmericanPresidentsObama:(TownHall)Chineseproverb:Considerthepastyoushallknowthefuture.Nixon
Chairmanhaswritten:Somanydeedscryouttobedone,andalwaysurgently;theworldrollson,timepresses.Tenthousandyearsaretoolong;seizetheday,seizethehour!Thisisthehour.Thisisthedayforourtwopeople
(現在就是我們兩國人民只爭朝夕的時候了)
Cliton(1998)inXi’anCity
LetusgivenewmeaningtothewordswrittenintheancientBookofRites,whatyoucalltheLiShi:Whenthegreatwayisfollowed,allunderheavenwillbeequal(讓我們給《禮記》這本歷史古書的文字賦予新的意義:當大家走偉大的道路時,世界所有的人都將是平等的)。Reagan:
Manycenturiesago,WangPo,afamousChinesepoet-philosopher,wrote,"Althoughweresideinfarcornersoftheworld,havingagoodfriendisakintohavingagoodneighbor."
SeniorBush(1989)
There'saChineseproverbthatsays:"Onegenerationplantsatree;thenextsitsinitsshade."
:…wherewerelishedthehistoryoftheThreeKingdomsandcouldalmosthearthepoetLiBo'sdescriptionof"themonkeyswhoscreamedfromthetwosideswithoutstopping."JuniorBush:(2005)
ThousandsofyearsbeforeThomasJeffersonorAbrahamLincoln,aChinesepoetwrotethat,“thepeopleshouldbecherished,thepeoplearetherootofacountry;therootfirm,thecountryistranquil.”
(在托馬斯·杰斐遜或亞伯拉罕·林肯誕生的幾千年前,就有一位中國詩人寫道:“人民應該被珍視,人民是國家的根基。根基牢固,國家就安寧)。這句話出自《尚書·夏書》中的“五子之歌”,原文是“民可近,不可下。民惟邦本,本固邦寧”。
Obama:
Thousandsofyearsago,thegreatphilosopherMenciussaid:'Atrailthroughthemountains,ifused,becomesapathinashorttime,but,ifunused,becomesblockedbygrassinanequallyshorttime.’"
(山徑之蹊間,介然用之而成路;為間不用,則茅塞之矣。今茅塞子之心矣—《孟子·盡心下》)。
2.2.4PresidentandScandalTodefeathisadversary,NixonhiredfiveburglarstosetupwiretapstogetconfidentialinformationintheDemocraticNationalCommitteeoffices;ItwasexposedandbecamethebiggestpoliticalscandalinthehistoryofAmerica;Becauseofthepressureofpublic,Nixonwasimpeachedandresignedin1974.ListentotheAudio:WatergateWhatqualificationsareprescribedforaRepresentativeandaSenator?WhatarethefunctionsoftheCongress?Brieflystatethelegislativeprocess—howdoesabillbecomelaw?WhatdoyouknowabouttheJudicialBranchandtheJurySystem?2.3TheLegislativeBranchQuestionsforbrain-storming2.3TheLegislativeBranchTheSenateTheHouseofRepresentatives
TheFunctionofCongressCongress2.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.3.1CongressLaw-makingandthesupremelegislativebody;Twohouses:theSenatetheHouseofRepresentatives
TheCapitol
isnolongeropenedtothepublicaftertheterroreventonSept.11th,2001.Capitol2.3.2TheSenate
100votingmembers,twofromeachstate;Theymaybereelectedforanunlimitednumberofsix-yearterms,chosenbyadirectelection;Qualificationsforbeingasenator:over30yearsold;aUScitizenforatleast9years;residentinthestatefromwhichheiselected.2.3.3TheHouseofRepresentatives435votingmembersplusanon-votingrepresentativefromPuertoRico,GumaandtheDistrictofColumbia;Statelegislaturedivideseachstateintocongressionaldistricts,eachdistrictelectingoneRepresentative;Qualificationsforbeingarepresentative:atleast25yearsold;aUScitizenfornolessthan7years;serveforatermoftwoyears.2.3.4TheFunctionofCongressFunctionofCongress—passinglawsfortheUnion;EitherhousemayintroducelegislationonanysubjectexcepttherevenuebillswhichmustoriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives.JointSessionofCongressTheconstitutionisgenerousinitsgrantofpowerstoCongress;Amongthesepowersare:thepowerto“spendandtaxinordertoprovideforthecommondefenseandgeneralwelfareoftheUnitedStates”;thepowertoborrowmoney;thepowertoregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongstates;
2.3.4TheFunctionofCongressthepowertodeclarewar,raiseandsupportarmies,andprovideandmaintainanavy;thepowertoestablishpostofficesandpostroads;thepowertosetupthefederalcourtsundertheSupremeCourt;thepower“tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecution”.2.3.4TheFunctionofCongress2.4TheJudicialBranchThejudicialbranchconsistsofaseriesofcourts:theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappeals—12thedistrictcourts—94TheSupremeCourt—highestcourt;OneChiefJusticeandeightAssociateJustices;decisionsaremadebythemajority.appointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate’sapproval;onlyremovedfromofficebyCongressthroughdifficultimpeachment.JurySystemInmostcriminaljusticesystemsandsomecivilcases,panelsareinitiallyselectedatrandomfromtheadultpopulationofthedistrict.Apersonwhoisservingon(isamemberof)ajuryisknownasajuror.Thenumberofjurorsisusuallytwelve,thoughsmallercasesmayrequireonlysix.
Somealternatejurorsarenominatedtofollowthetrialwhenjurorsdonotcompletethetrialforhealthorotherreasons(buttheydonottakepartindecidingtheverdict).Theroleofthejuryisthe“finderoffact”,whiletheJudgehasthesoleresponsibilityofinterpretingtheappropriatelawandinstructingthejuryaccordingly.
Occasionally,ajurymayfindthedefendant"notguilty"eventhoughheviolatedthelawifthejurythinksthatthelawisinvalidorunjust.JurySystemWhatarethedifferencesbetweenthetwomajorparties?Whatarethefunctionsofthemajorpartieswhenthegeneralelectioncomes?HowthepresidentisvotedintheUS?Whatisthe“winner-take-all”system?3.PoliticalPartiesQuestionsforbrain-storming3.PoliticalPartiesSymbolsofthepartiesTheDemocraticPartyTheRepublicanPartyFunctionofParties3.1
3.23.3
3.4
3.1Symbolsoftheparties
Donkey&ElephantIn1847,AmericanartistThomasNestdrewapoliticalpicturewithadonkeyrepresentingtheDemocraticPartyandanelephantrepresentingtheRepublicanParty.
TheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanPartyFromthenon,theybecamethesymbolofthetwoparties.3.2TheDemocraticPartyTheDemocraticParty—liberal;Government—playinganimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizingfullemployment;Favorcivilrightslaws,astrongsocialsecuritysystemandlessrestrictiveabortionlaws,etc.;MoredisposedtosearchoutamethodoflivingwithRussiaandChinaandtolookforreductioninarmsspending.3.3TheRepublicanPartyTheRepublicanParty—conservative;Favoraneconomicsystem—givingenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthegovernmenttocontrolinflation;Stresstheneedforlawandorder;Opposecompletegovernmentalsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortion;Favorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandsininternationalrelations.3.4FunctionofPartiesTonominatecandidatesforofficeandhelpthemintheirelectioncampaigns.findthemostsuitablecandidates;helpcandidatestocollectthemoneyneeded,mobilizethepartyactivistsorhirepeopletohelpthemwiththepropaganda;urgethepublictovoteforthemandunderminetherivalsbyexposingtheirpersonalflawsorattackingtheirpolicies.4.ElectionTherearemanykindsofelectionsintheUnitedStates.WhenanAmericanvotesinNovemberinthepresidentialelectioneachleapyear,heisvotinginseveralotherelectionsaswell;HealsovotesforaRepresentativeoraSenator;Atregularintervalshevotestochoosethegovernorofhisstate,themayorofhiscityandtheholdersofseverallocalpublicoffices.PresidentialElectionOnlythecandidatesnominatedbythetwomajorpartieshavethechancetowinaPresidentialelection;Theelectionprocessiscomplex;ThePresidentialelection(fourstages):Thefirststage:themajorpartiesholdconventionstochoosecandidatesforPresidentandVice-Presidentandtodeterminetheparty'splatform.Listentotheaudio:AmericanyouthsupportsDemocraticPartyPresidentialElectionThesecondstage
isthecampaigningstage.Byearlyfallthepresidentialraceison.Fromthattimeuntiltheelectionday,votersarebombardedfromallsides—byradio,television,newspapers,andpersonalcommunicationswithpoliticalmaterial.Therearewhistlestoptoursbytrain,byplane,andbycar.Thecandidatedeliverscountlessspeechesandshakescountlesshands.Thisisaveryimportantstageinthegeneralelection.PresidentialElectionThethirdstage
isthetimeforvoterstochoosethelistofpresidentialelectorsforthestate.ThenumberofelectorsofeachstateisequaltothatofitssenatorsandrepresentativesinCongress.Therearealtogether538presidentialelectors,535fromthestatesand3fromtheDistrictofColumbia(withoutseatsinCongress).PresidentialElectionAllthecandidatesofPresidentialelectorsarepartynominees.Peoplewillvotetheirpartycandidateforthepresidency.Asaresult,avoterisactuallychoosingaPresidentwhenhecastshisvoteforanelector.“Winner-take-all”principleIfthecandidatesofapartyfor“electors”inagivenstatereceiveamajorityofthetotalvote,thenthepartyisentitledtohavealltheelectoralvotesforthatstate.PresidentialElectionWhenthepresidentialelectorsarechosenoutinthepresidentialelectionyear,peoplehavealreadyknownwhoisgoingtobetheUSpresidentinthenextfouryears.Althoughtheresultisalreadyknown,theelectorsstillmeetintheirstatecapitalsandcasttheirvotesforPresidentandvice-PresidentonthefirstMondayafterthesecondWednesdayinDecember.Thatisthefourthstage.PresidentialElectionOnNovember2nd,2004,GeorgeWalkerBushwasreelectedasAmerica’sforty-thirdpresident.Butheisthefirstinsixteenyearstowinamajorityofthepopularvote.Thelastonewashisfather,in1988.SenateKerry&hiswife,TeresaPresidentBush&hiswife,LauraPresidentialElectionO’BamaandHillaryThetwomostlikelyDemocraticcandidatesfor2008PresidentialElection.WiththewithdrawalofHillaryClinton,O’Bama’ssuccessisontheway.
5.Foreignpolicy
NeutralityContainmentandIntervention
5.1
5.25.1Neutrality“DeclarationofNeutrality”;Americaenteredthewar—Germangovernmentresumedunrestrictedsubmarinewarfarein1917;WilsonsubmittedFourteenPointsin1918;5.1NeutralityFourteenPointsabandonmentofsecretinternationalagreements;freedomoftheseas;freetradebetweennations;reductionsinnationalarmaments(軍備、武器);adjustmentofcolonialclaimsintheinterestsoftheinhabitantsaffected;self-ruleforsubjugated(使屈服、征服)Europeannationalities;theestablishmentofanassociationofnationstoafford“mutualguaranteestogreatandsmallstatesalike”.WiththeoutbreakofWorldWarII,isolationistsentimentincreased;Neutralitylegislation—preventtheinvolvementofthewar;prohibitedtradeinarmswithanywarringnations;requiredcashforallothercommodities;forbadeAmericanmerchantshipsfromcarryingthosegoods.5.1NeutralityJapaneseattackatPearlHarboronDecember7,1941;AmericadeclaredwarwiththeAxisp
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