Chapter11AuxiliaryVerbsandModalVerbs

Warming-up

Discussion

Doyouknowanythingaboutauxiliaryverbs?Canyougivesomeexamples?

Introduction

ThreemaingroupsofauxiliaryverbsA.be,am,are,is,was,were,been,beingB.have,has,had,havingC.do,does,didTheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbs

A.be

a.Auxiliaryverbs

1)Invarioustenses

e.g.I’m

seeingafriendoff.Hewasgropinginthedark,sotospeak.Whatwere

youdoingwhenIcalled?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsA.be

a.Auxiliaryverbs

2)Inpassivevoice

e.g.Smokingisnotallowedinthisbuilding.Hewaspenalizedforafoul.Youarerequestedtogiveaperformance.Thetriphasbeencancelled.

3)Inpassiveforms

e.g.Hehatesbeinginterrupted.Sheisafraidofbeingseen

byherfather.Suchproblemshavetobehandledwithcare.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsA.be

b.Otherverbs

1)Usedaslink-verb

e.g.Heis(was)

anatheist.

Bealwaysonyourguard.Hehad(has)beeninBeijingforfiveyears.

TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsA.be

b.Otherverbs

2)Usedasintransitiveverbs

e.g.Thepartywillbeinaweek.Whenistheweddingtobe?Whatwillbe,will

be.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsA.be

c.be+infinitive

1)Toindicatethethingplanedtodo,similarto“begoingto”

e.g.Iam(was)toplay

Juliet.ThePresidentistomakeastatementtomorrow.She

wastohavegotmarriedlastmonth.

2)Thethingthatshouldbedone(should,must,oughtto,haveto,etc.)

e.g.Supposehecomeshere,whatamItotellhim?Youarenottosmokeintheroom.

TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsA.be

c.be+infinitive

3)beabletodosth

e.g.How

amItopaysuchadebt?Notasoundwastobeheard.

4)Thethingthatisduetohappensomeday

e.g.Theworst

isstilltocome.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthey

were

nevertomeetagain.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsB.have

a.auxiliaryverb

1)Toformperfecttenseandperfectcontinuoustense

e.g.I’veseenthisfilmbefore.Theyhadalreadytold

methenews.Whathasshebeendoingsince?

2)Perfectforms

e.g.I’mpleasedto

havemade

youracquaintance.Iregrettedhavingbeensorudetohim.

Nothavinggotananswer,hewasratherworried.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsB.haveb.Usedastransitiveverb

1)Toshowone’sbelongings

e.g.Mr.Green

hadlivingwithhimanephewandaniece.Thehousehasfiverooms.I

haveanimpressionthathe’sbeenimproving.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsB.haveb.Usedastransitiveverb

2)Toshowsomeactionsbyplusnouns(P256)

e.g.havealongwalkhaveadrinkofwater

haveafighthaveabath

3)Tomeaneat,drink,haveillness,etc.

e.g.Theyarehavingfishforsupper.Willyouhaveacigarette?Doyouoftenhavecolds?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsB.have

c.Toformsomesentencepatterns

1)have+n./pron.+infinitive(bareto)

e.g.I’llbeproudtohaveyoureadit.Iwon’thavehimcheatme.I’mgoingto

haveherlivewithme.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsB.have

c.Toformsomesentencepatterns

2)have+n./pron.+V.pp

e.g.He’shavingthemrepaired.Thepilothadhisplanehijacked.

3)have+n./pron.+V.ing

e.g.Hetriedtohavehertalking,butnouse.Shesoonhadusalllaughing.

TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsB.havec.Toformsomesentencepatterns

4)have(got)to

e.g.Ihadtowalkveryfasttoovertakeyou.TheselasttwodaysIhavehadtotakearest.Wemayhavetocanceltheplan.

5)havegot(=have)

e.g.Shehasn’tgotabankaccount.I’vegot

oneortwothingstoseeto.Itwasacutepneumoniathatshehadgot.

Theusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbs

C.do

a.auxiliaryverb

1)Toformnegativesentenceandinterrogativesentence

e.g.Doesheworkhere?Heliveshere,

doesn’the?

Didn’tshesingwell?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsC.doa.auxiliaryverb

2)Toemphasizesthbeforetheverb

e.g.Ididseeherattheparty.

Docome

withus.

3)Toindicatetheactionmentionedbeforetoavoidrepetition

e.g.Tomtalkstoomuch.—Yes,hedoes.Shedoesn’tdrivebutIdo.Hedidn’tseeyou,didhe?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsC.dob.transitiveverb

1)Addedwithanountoindicatedosth

e.g.I’mdoingsomeresearchonthesubject.Ihaveanumberofthingstodothismorning.Theywanttodobusinesswithus.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsC.dob.transitiveverb

2)Addedwithgerund

e.g.Hedoessomewritinginhissparetime.Shedidlotsofactingwhenshewasatuniversity.IdidsomereadingbeforeIwenttobed.

3)Addedwithsomenounsindicatingobject

e.g.We

didthejourneyinsixhours.Wedidtwoconcertslastweek.Haveyoudone

yourteeth?

TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsC.doc.intransitiveverb

1)Toindicatethesituationinstudy,work,etc.

e.g.He’sdoingwellatschool.Sheisdoingnicely.Everythinginthegardenisdoingwell.

2)Toindicate“that’senough,that’sOK,suitable,etc.”

e.g.Thisplacewoulddo

foragymnasium.Thatjacketwon’tdoforskiing.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsD.willa.Inthefuturetensee.g.Iwillgiveyouadefiniteanswertomorrow.

Will

youbetakingyourleaveinSouthAfrica?Bythistimenextyearshewillhavetakenheruniversitydegree.

b.Toindicaterequestintheinterrogativesentencese.g.Will

youtellherthatI’mMrs.Pater?Bringmethepapers,will

you?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsD.will

c.Usedinvariouspersons

1)Toshowagreement

e.g.Iwillhavenothingtodowiththismatter.Shewon’tsomuchaslookatDavid.

2)Toshowdetermination

e.g.Iwon’t

haveanythingsaidagainsther.I

won’tdoitanymore,Ipromiseyou.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsD.willc.Usedinvariouspersons

3)Toshowhabit,tendency

e.g.Shewillsitthereforhours,waitingforhersontocomehome.Thesethings

willhappen.Boys

will

beboys.

4)Toshoworder

e.g.You

will

reporttotheheadquartersrighttoday.Noonewillheavetheexaminationroombefore120’clock.

5)Toshowguess

e.g.Themanwiththeumbrella

will

bethePrimeMinister.Iknewhisfather,ProfessorPile—you’ll

haveheardofhim.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsE.woulda.auxiliaryverb

1)Toformthepastfuturetense(variouspersons)

e.g.Heknewhewouldbelate.Ithoughtshewould

belookingafteryou.FromhertriptoParis,shewould

returnonMondaymorning.

2)Toaskforadvice,requeststh.politely

e.g.Would

youkindlysendmehisaddress?Let’sfixaday.WouldSaturdaynightsuityou?Howdoyouthinkshe

wouldfeel?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsE.wouldb.subjunctivemood

1)Sentencesofunrealcondition

e.g.Ifweweremen,wewouldbedoingsomethingnow.Hewouldbedelightedifyouwenttoseehim.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsE.wouldb.subjunctivemood

2)Sentencesofimpliedcondition

e.g.She’dbestupidnottoaccept.Intheolddaysshewouldhave

argued.

3)Otherconditions

e.g.Iwishthesunwouldcomeout.Sheburnedtheletterssothatherhusbandwouldneverreadthem.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsE.would

c.usedinpastconditions,toshow“agreement”

e.g.Shejustwouldn’tdowhatIaskedher.Theyhadtodothatwhetherthey

would

ornot.

d.thepasthabitualactions

e.g.Whenhewasyounghewouldoftenwalkinthesewoods.He’dalwaysbethefirsttooffertohelp.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsE.would

e.toshowguess

e.g.I’d

sayshe’sabout40.Iwouldimaginethejourneywilltakeaboutanhour.Thepersonyoumentionedwouldbeherfather.

f.somestructures

e.g.Wherewould

you

like

tosit?I’d

hate

toleaveyou.I’d

prefertogobyplane.I’d

ratherhavetheblueone.F.shalla.auxiliaryverb

1)Mainlyusedinthefirstpersontoforminterrogativesentencestoaskforadvice

e.g.Whattimeshall

Icome?Whereshall

wegoforourholiday?Let’slookatitagain,

shallwe?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsTheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsF.shalla.auxiliaryverb

2)UsedinthepositivesentenceandnegativesentenceinBritishEnglishtoformthefuturetense

e.g.Ishallbeveryhappytoseehimagain.Weshan’t

bearrivinguntilteno’clock.

b.Toshow“regulation,promise,order,etc.”inliterarywordsinBritishEnglish

e.g.Ishallwritetoyouattheendofthemonth.Ifyoureallywantapony,youshallhaveone.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsG.should

a.auxiliaryverb

InBritishEnglish,usedinthefirstpersontoformpastfuturetense

e.g.Ishould(would)

bemostgratefulifyoucoulddoitforme.IneverthoughtIshould(would)seeyouagain.

b.Modalverb

e.g.Sheconsideredhowsheshould

answer.You

should

trythatnewrestaurant.

Should

Itryagain?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsG.should

c.Usedincertainsentencestoshowpolitemood

e.g.Ishouldliketophonemylawyer.Weshouldbegratefulforyourhelp.TherearealotofthingsIshouldhavelikedtoaskyou.

d.Toformpredicateinsomeobjectclauses

e.g.Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.HearrangedthatI

shouldgoabroad.Shedeterminedthatheshouldstudymusic.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsG.should

e.Toformpredicateinsomesubjectclausese.g.Itisadvisablethateveryone

shouldhave

amap.Itisbetterthathe

shouldhear

fromyou.

Itisonlyrightthatshe

shouldhave

ashare.

f.Sometimesusedinsomesubordinateclauseseveninthemainclausestohavethecolorofaffection

e.g.It’squeerthatyou

shouldbe

sodifferentfromJane.

Ifinditquiteastonishingthathe

shouldbe

sorudetoyou.

Why

should

he

haveasked

yousuchaquestion?TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsG.should

g.Usedinsentencesofunrealconditione.g.IfIwasaskedtoworkonSundayIshouldresign.IshouldnothavelaughedifIhadthoughtyouwereserious.Weshouldn’thavesucceededwithoutourhelp.Icouldpersuadehertomakeroomforyoushould

itbe

necessary.Ifyou

shouldbepassing,docomeandseeus.TheusageofsomemainauxiliaryverbsG.should

h.Insomeadverbialclausesintroducedby“incase,sothat,lest,etc.”e.g.Hereisashillingincaseyoushouldneedit.Hewasterrifiedlestheshouldslipontheicyrocks.Shehiditunderthepillowsothatheshouldnot

seeit.

i.Toindicateguesse.g.Heshouldhavearrivedbynow.Ishouldsayshe’soverforty.

TheusageofmodalverbsA.Can

Itisusedtoindicatethepresentorfuturesituations.

a.ability(beabletodosth)e.g.Shecanrunveryfast.Ican’tpayyoutoday.Canyouwaittilltomorrow?

b.possibilitye.g.Canyouhelpmewiththebox?I’mafraidIcan’tgowithyou.TheusageofmodalverbsA.Can

c.sometimesexistthedescribedsituatione.g.Youcanbeveryannoying.Scotlandcanbeverycold.

d.possible(usedinnegativeandinterrogativesentences)e.g.Surelyyoucan’tbehungry.You’veonlyjusthadlunch.There’ssomeoneoutside—Whocanitbe?

e.permittodosth.(similartomay)e.g.Youcan(may)takethebookhome.Youcan’tsmokehere.TheusageofmodalverbsB.Could

a.Usedasthepastformofcan,indicatingthepastsituation

1)ability

e.g.IcoulddriveacarbeforeIleftschool.Shecouldn’tanswertheteacher’squestion.

2)possibility

e.g.Itwassodarkwecouldseenothing.Hecouldbeprettynaughtywhenhewasachild.TheusageofmodalverbsB.Could

b.Tosubstitute“can”,indicatingthepresentsituation

1)topolitelyaskforrequirements,idea,suggestion,etc.

e.g.Couldyoushowmetheway?Icoulddoitnowifyoulike.

2)usedininterrogativeandnegativesentencestoshowsurprise,disbelief,etc.

e.g.Howcouldyoubesocareless?Icouldn’thaveleftitonthebus.TheusageofmodalverbsB.Could

c.Usedinthesentencesofunrealconditione.g.Youcouldgetintouniversityifyouapplied.IcouldhaveearnedsomethingifIhadmeantto.

d.could+have+V.pp,indicatingthepastsituation

1)indicatepossible/impossibleatthattimee.g.Themoneyhasdisappeared!Who

couldhavetaken

it?

Don’tworry—they

couldhave

justforgotten

tophone.TheusageofmodalverbsB.Couldd.could+have+V.pp,indicatingthepastsituation

2)indicateshouldhavedone

e.g.Hecouldhavesentamessage.Theaccidentcouldhavebeenprevented.

3)proposeindirectcriticism

e.g.Youcouldhavebeenmoreconsiderate.Theycouldhaveletmeknowtheyweregoingtobelate.

Theusageofmodalverbs

C.may

a.Toaskquestionsforpermissione.g.MayIuseyourphone?Imayleavenow,mayn’tI?

b.Usedinthedeclarativesentencestoshowwhetheritispermittede.g.Youmayonlyborrowbooksfortwoweeks.Passengersmaycrossbythefootbridge.TheusageofmodalverbsC.may

c.Toshowpossibilitye.g.Annamay

knowTom’saddress.Hemayhavegoneabroad.

d.Usedinsomeadverbialclausese.g.Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.Howevermuchshemaydesireit,shecan’texpresshersympatheticfeelings.

e.Toshowwishe.g.Mayyoubehappy!

Longmayshelivetoenjoyhergoodfortune!

TheusageofmodalverbsC.may

f.Usedinsomeidioms

1)mayaswell

e.g.Youmayaswellbringmeachocolatetoo.

2)may…but

e.g.Oxfordmayhavechangedalotinrecentyears,butit’sstillabeautifulcity.

3)maywell…

e.g.Hisappearancehaschangedsomuchthatyoumaywellnotrecognizehim.TheusageofmodalverbsD.might

a.Usedasthepastformof“may”

1)toshowpermission

e.g.IaskedifImightgohomehalfanhourearliertoday.

2)toexpresspossibility

e.g.Hesaidhemightbelate.

3)usedinsomeadverbialclauses

e.g.Shewasnotallowedtogotobed,lestshemightbeneeded.TheusageofmodalverbsD.might

b.Tosubstitutemay,indicatingpresentsituations

1)toexpresspermissione.g.Inthatcaseyoumightbringyourfathertolivewithus.

2)toexpresspossibilitye.g.Hemighthavegonehome.

c.Usedinthesentencesofunrealconditione.g.IfIhadknownthefilmwasaboutWales,Imighthavegonetoseeit.TheusageofmodalverbsD.might

d.Toexpresslightercomplaintorcriticisme.g.Youmighttellmeifyou’regoingtobelate.

e.mightaswelle.g.Youmightaswellphonethecustomerservicedepartmentaboutit.TheusageofmodalverbsE.Must

a.Toexpresscompulsoryrequirements,indicatingpresentorfuturesituationse.g.Youmustcutdownonsmoking.

#“mustn’t”indicatesforbiddenthingse.g.Carsmustnotparkinfrontoftheentrance.

#“hadto”isclearerthan“must”inexpressingthepastsituationse.g.Ihadtogotoseethedentist.Sheaskedhimifshemust(hadto)workovertime.TheusageofmodalverbsE.Must

b.Toexpressexpectatione.g.Theymustbetwins.There’salotofnoisefromnextdoor.Theymustbehavingaparty.

c.shoulddosth.e.g.Youmustseewhattheauthoritieshavetosay.Youmustrecognizethatwecan’tallowsuchbehavior.TheusageofmodalverbsF.ought

a.Toexpress“shoulddosth.”e.g.Yououghttoreadthisbook.It’smarvelous!IknewIoughttowritetoher.

#Perfectform,presentformorpassiveformcanbeusedafter“oughtto”.e.g.Theyoughttohavestoppedatthetrafficlights.Weoughttobeleavingnow.Somethingoughttobedoneaboutit.TheusageofmodalverbsF.ought

b.Toexpressguesse.g.Heoughttobethere(tohavearrived)bynow.WeoughttobehearingfromWendysoon.Theusageofsemi-modalverbsA.need

a.Usedasamodalverb

1)usedinthenegativesentences,meaning“notnecessarytodoso”

e.g.Youneedn’tmaketwocopies.Onewilldo.Weneedn’thavepackedourthickclothes.Theweatherwasreallywarm.Theusageofsemi-modalverbsA.need

a.Usedasamodalverb

2)usedinthesentenceshavingnegativemeaning

e.g.Ineedhardlytellyouthatthejobisdangerous.

Nobodyneedbeafraidofcatchingthedisease.

3)toforminterrogativesentencesorinthesubordinateclausesindicatinginterrogativemeaning

e.g.Needhedoitatonce?Whyneedyougotoday?IwonderifIneedbringmymosquito-net.Idonotseewhyweneeddiscussitfurther.Theusageofsemi-modalverbsA.need

b.Usedasatransitiveverb

1)beforeanounorpronoun

e.g.Alllivingthingsneedwater.Whatweneedissomeproof.

2)beforetheinfinitive

e.g.Doweneedtobuyticketsinadvance?Allyouneedtodois(to)fillinthisform.Theusageofsemi-modalverbsA.need

b.Usedasatransitiveverb

3)beforegerund

e.g.Hishairneededcutting.Thegardendoesn’tneedwatering—itrainedlastnight.

4)beforecomplexobject

e.g.Heneededhiseyestested.Weneedyoutoworkforus.Theusageofsemi-modalverbsB.dare

a.Usedasamodalverb

1)usedinthenegativesentences

e.g.Idaren’taskhertomarryme.Hedoesn’tdare(to)sayanything.

Noone

daredspeakofit.(negativemeaning)Theusageofsemi-modalverbsB.dare

2)usedintheinterrogativesentencesandclausesofcondition

e.g.Iwonderifshedaredcomehome.

Dareyouinterrupthim?Howdarehetakemybicyclewithoutevenasking!

3)usedinthesentencesintroducedby“Idaresay,don’tyoudare”

e.g.Idaresayyou’reright.Don’tyoudaretellmyparentsaboutthis!Theusageofsemi-modalverbsB.dare

b.Usedasatransitiveverb

1)daretodosth.

e.g.Hedarestoaccusemeofdishonesty.Isatattheback,neverdaringtospeak.Theusageofsemi-modalverbsB.dare

b.Usedasatransitiveverb

2)daretofaceortry

e.g.Hewilldareanydanger.Theactressdaredanewwayofplayingthatfamou