Content

1.PrinciplesforAIsafetygovernance 1

2.FrameworkforAIsafetygovernance 4

3.ClassificationofAIsafetyrisks 5

3.1AI'sinherentsafetyrisks 6

3.2SafetyrisksinAIapplications 9

4.Technologicalmeasurestoaddressrisks 13

4.1AddressingAI’sinherentsafetyrisks 13

4.2AddressingsafetyrisksinAIapplications 15

5.Comprehensivegovernancemeasures 17

6.SafetyguidelinesforAIdevelopmentandapplication 21

6.1Safetyguidelinesformodelalgorithmdevelopers 21

6.2SafetyguidelinesforAIserviceproviders 23

6.3Safetyguidelinesforusersinkeyareas 24

6.4Safetyguidelinesforgeneralusers 26

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AISafetyGovernanceFramework

AISafetyGovernanceFramework

(V1.0)

ArtificialIntelligence(AI),anewareaofhumandevelopment,presentssignificantopportunitiestotheworldwhileposingvariousrisksandchallenges.Upholdingapeople-centeredapproachandadheringtotheprincipleofdevelopingAIforgood,thisframeworkhasbeenformulatedtoimplementtheGlobalAIGovernanceInitiativeandpromoteconsensusandcoordinatedeffortsonAIsafetygovernanceamonggovernments,internationalorganizations,companies,researchinstitutes,civilorganizations,andindividuals,aimingtoeffectivelypreventanddefuseAIsafetyrisks.

1.PrinciplesforAIsafetygovernance

-Committoavisionofcommon,comprehensive,cooperative,andsustainablesecuritywhileputtingequalemphasisondevelopmentandsecurity

-PrioritizetheinnovativedevelopmentofAI

-TakeeffectivelypreventinganddefusingAIsafetyrisksasthestartingpointandultimategoal

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-Establishgovernancemechanismsthatengageallstakeholders,integratetechnologyandmanagement,andensurecoordinatedeffortsandcollaborationamongthem

-EnsurethatallpartiesinvolvedfullyshouldertheirresponsibilitiesforAIsafety

-Createawhole-process,all-elementgovernancechain

-Fosterasafe,reliable,equitable,andtransparentAIforthetechnicalresearch,development,andapplication

-PromotethehealthydevelopmentandregulatedapplicationofAI

-Effectivelysafeguardnationalsovereignty,securityanddevelopmentinterests

-Protectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofcitizens,legalpersonsandotherorganizations

-GuaranteethatAItechnologybenefitshumanity

1.1Beinclusiveandprudenttoensuresafety

WeencouragedevelopmentandinnovationandtakeaninclusiveapproachtoAIresearch,development,andapplication.WemakeeveryefforttoensureAIsafety,andwilltaketimelymeasurestoaddressanyrisksthatthreatennationalsecurity,harmthepublicinterest,orinfringeuponthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofindividuals.

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1.2Identifyriskswithagilegovernance

BycloselytrackingtrendsinAIresearch,development,andapplication,weidentifyAIsafetyrisksfromtwoperspectives:thetechnologyitselfanditsapplication.Weproposetailoredpreventivemeasurestomitigatetheserisks.Wefollowtheevolutionofsafetyrisks,swiftlyadjustingourgovernancemeasuresasneeded.Wearecommittedtoimprovingthegovernancemechanismsandmethodswhilepromptlyrespondingtoissueswarrantinggovernmentoversight.

1.3Integratetechnologyandmanagementforcoordinatedresponse

WeadoptacomprehensivesafetygovernanceapproachthatintegratestechnologyandmanagementtopreventandaddressvarioussafetyrisksthroughouttheentireprocessofAIresearch,development,andapplication.WithintheAIresearch,development,andapplicationchain,itisessentialtoensurethatallrelevantparties,includingmodelandalgorithmresearchersanddevelopers,serviceproviders,andusers,assumetheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesforAIsafety.Thisapproachwellleveragestherolesofgovernancemechanismsinvolvinggovernmentoversight,industryself-regulation,andpublicscrutiny.

1.4Promoteopennessandcooperationforjointgovernanceandsharedbenefits

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WepromoteinternationalcooperationonAIsafetygovernance,withthebestpracticessharedworldwide.WeadvocateestablishingopenplatformsandadvanceeffortstobuildbroadconsensusonaglobalAIgovernancesystemthroughdialogueandcooperationacrossvariousdisciplines,fields,regions,andnations.

2.FrameworkforAIsafetygovernance

Basedonthenotionofriskmanagement,thisframeworkoutlinescontrolmeasurestoaddressdifferenttypesofAIsafetyrisksthroughtechnologicalandmanagerialstrategies.AsAIresearch,development,andapplicationrapidlyevolves,leadingtochangesintheforms,impacts,andourperceptionofsafetyrisks,itisnecessarytocontinuouslyupdatecontrolmeasures,andinviteallstakeholderstorefinethegovernanceframework.

2.1Safetyandsecurityrisks

ByexaminingthecharacteristicsofAItechnologyanditsapplicationscenariosacrossvariousindustriesandfields,wepinpointsafetyandsecurityrisksandpotentialdangersthatareinherentlylinkedtothetechnologyitselfanditsapplication.

2.2Technicalcountermeasures

Regardingmodelsandalgorithms,trainingdata,computingfacilities,

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productsandservices,andapplicationscenarios,weproposetargetedtechnicalmeasurestoimprovethesafety,fairness,reliability,androbustnessofAIproductsandapplications.Thesemeasuresincludesecuresoftwaredevelopment,dataqualityimprovement,constructionandoperationssecurityenhancement,andconductingevaluation,monitoring,andreinforcementactivities.

2.3Comprehensivegovernancemeasures

Inaccordancewiththeprincipleofcoordinatedeffortsandjointgovernance,weclarifythemeasuresthatallstakeholders,includingtechnologyresearchinstitutions,productandserviceproviders,users,governmentagencies,industryassociations,andsocialorganizations,shouldtaketoidentify,prevent,andrespondtoAIsafetyrisks.

2.4SafetyguidelinesforAIdevelopmentandapplication

WeproposeseveralsafetyguidelinesforAImodelandalgorithmdevelopers,AIserviceproviders,usersinkeyareas,andgeneralusers,todevelopandapplyAItechnology.

3.ClassificationofAIsafetyrisks

SafetyrisksexistateverystagethroughouttheAIchain,fromsystemdesigntoresearchanddevelopment(R&D),training,testing,deployment,

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utilization,andmaintenance.Theserisksstemfrominherenttechnicalflawsaswellasmisuse,abuse,andmalicioususeofAI.

3.1AI'sinherentsafetyrisks

3.1.1Risksfrommodelsandalgorithms(a)Risksofexplainability

AIalgorithms,representedbydeeplearning,havecomplexinternal

workings.Theirblack-boxorgrey-boxinferenceprocessresultsinunpredictableanduntraceableoutputs,makingitchallengingtoquicklyrectifythemortracetheiroriginsforaccountabilityshouldanyanomaliesarise.

(b)Risksofbiasanddiscrimination

Duringthealgorithmdesignandtrainingprocess,personalbiasesmaybeintroduced,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Additionally,poor-qualitydatasetscanleadtobiasedordiscriminatoryoutcomesinthealgorithm'sdesignandoutputs,includingdiscriminatorycontentregardingethnicity,religion,nationalityandregion.

(c)Risksofrobustness

Asdeepneuralnetworksarenormallynon-linearandlargeinsize,AIsystemsaresusceptibletocomplexandchangingoperationalenvironmentsormaliciousinterferenceandinductions,possiblyleadingtovariousproblemslikereducedperformanceanddecision-makingerrors.

(d)Risksofstealingandtampering

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Corealgorithminformation,includingparameters,structures,andfunctions,facesrisksofinversionattacks,stealing,modification,andevenbackdoorinjection,whichcanleadtoinfringementofintellectualpropertyrights(IPR)andleakageofbusinesssecrets.Itcanalsoleadtounreliableinference,wrongdecisionoutputandevenoperationalfailures.

(e)Risksofunreliableoutput

GenerativeAIcancausehallucinations,meaningthatanAImodelgeneratesuntruthfulorunreasonablecontent,butpresentsitasifitwereafact,leadingtobiasedandmisleadinginformation.

(f)Risksofadversarialattack

Attackerscancraftwell-designedadversarialexamplestosubtlymislead,influenceandevenmanipulateAImodels,causingincorrectoutputsandpotentiallyleadingtooperationalfailures.

3.1.2Risksfromdata

(a)Risksofillegalcollectionanduseofdata

ThecollectionofAItrainingdataandtheinteractionwithusersduringserviceprovisionposesecurityrisks,includingcollectingdatawithoutconsentandimproperuseofdataandpersonalinformation.

(b)Risksofimpropercontentandpoisoningintrainingdata

Ifthetrainingdataincludesillegalorharmfulinformationlikefalse,biasedandIPR-infringingcontent,orlacksdiversityinitssources,theoutputmayincludeharmfulcontentlikeillegal,malicious,orextremeinformation.Trainingdataisalsoatriskofbeingpoisonedfromtampering,error

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injection,ormisleadingactionsbyattackers.Thiscaninterferewiththemodel'sprobabilitydistribution,reducingitsaccuracyandreliability.

(c)Risksofunregulatedtrainingdataannotation

Issueswithtrainingdataannotation,suchasincompleteannotationguidelines,incapableannotators,anderrorsinannotation,canaffecttheaccuracy,reliability,andeffectivenessofmodelsandalgorithms.Moreover,theycanintroducetrainingbiases,amplifydiscrimination,reducegeneralizationabilities,andresultinincorrectoutputs.

(d)Risksofdataleakage

InAIresearch,development,andapplications,issuessuchasimproperdataprocessing,unauthorizedaccess,maliciousattacks,anddeceptiveinteractionscanleadtodataandpersonalinformationleaks.

3.1.3RisksfromAIsystems

(a)Risksofexploitationthroughdefectsandbackdoors

ThestandardizedAPI,featurelibraries,toolkitsusedinthedesign,training,andverificationstagesofAIalgorithmsandmodels,developmentinterfaces,andexecutionplatforms,maycontainlogicalflawsandvulnerabilities.Theseweaknessescanbeexploited,andinsomecases,backdoorscanbeintentionallyembedded,posingsignificantrisksofbeingtriggeredandusedforattacks.

(b)Risksofcomputinginfrastructuresecurity

ThecomputinginfrastructureunderpinningAItrainingandoperations,whichreliesondiverseandubiquitouscomputingnodesandvarioustypes

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ofcomputingresources,facesriskssuchasmaliciousconsumptionofcomputingresourcesandcross-boundarytransmissionofsecuritythreatsatthelayerofcomputinginfrastructure.

(c)Risksofsupplychainsecurity

TheAIindustryreliesonahighlyglobalizedsupplychain.However,certaincountriesmayuseunilateralcoercivemeasures,suchastechnologybarriersandexportrestrictions,tocreatedevelopmentobstaclesandmaliciouslydisrupttheglobalAIsupplychain.Thiscanleadtosignificantrisksofsupplydisruptionsforchips,software,andtools.

3.2SafetyrisksinAIapplications

3.2.1Cyberspacerisks

(a)Risksofinformationandcontentsafety

AI-generatedorsynthesizedcontentcanleadtothespreadoffalseinformation,discriminationandbias,privacyleakage,andinfringementissues,threateningthesafetyofcitizens'livesandproperty,nationalsecurity,ideologicalsecurity,andcausingethicalrisks.Ifusers’inputscontainharmfulcontent,themodelmayoutputillegalordamaginginformationwithoutrobustsecuritymechanisms.

(b)Risksofconfusingfacts,misleadingusers,andbypassingauthentication

AIsystemsandtheiroutputs,ifnotclearlylabeled,canmakeitdifficultforuserstodiscernwhethertheyareinteractingwithAIandtoidentifythe

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sourceofgeneratedcontent.Thiscanimpedeusers'abilitytodeterminetheauthenticityofinformation,leadingtomisjudgmentandmisunderstanding.Additionally,AI-generatedhighlyrealisticimages,audio,andvideosmaycircumventexistingidentityverificationmechanisms,suchasfacialrecognitionandvoicerecognition,renderingtheseauthenticationprocessesineffective.

(c)Risksofinformationleakageduetoimproperusage

Staffofgovernmentagenciesandenterprises,iffailingtousetheAIserviceinaregulatedandpropermanner,mayinputinternaldataandindustrialinformationintotheAImodel,leadingtoleakageofworksecrets,businesssecretsandothersensitivebusinessdata.

(d)Risksofabuseforcyberattacks

AIcanbeusedinlaunchingautomaticcyberattacksorincreasingattackefficiency,includingexploringandmakinguseofvulnerabilities,crackingpasswords,generatingmaliciouscodes,sendingphishingemails,networkscanning,andsocialengineeringattacks.Alltheselowerthethresholdforcyberattacksandincreasethedifficultyofsecurityprotection.

(e)Risksofsecurityflawtransmissioncausedbymodelreuse

Re-engineeringorfine-tuningbasedonfoundationmodelsiscommonlyusedinAIapplications.Ifsecurityflawsoccurinfoundationmodels,itwillleadtorisktransmissiontodownstreammodels.

3.2.2Real-worldrisks

(a)Inducingtraditionaleconomicandsocialsecurityrisks

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AIisusedinfinance,energy,telecommunications,traffic,andpeople'slivelihoods,suchasself-drivingandsmartdiagnosisandtreatment.Hallucinationsanderroneousdecisionsofmodelsandalgorithms,alongwithissuessuchassystemperformancedegradation,interruption,andlossofcontrolcausedbyimproperuseorexternalattacks,willposesecuritythreatstousers'personalsafety,property,andsocioeconomicsecurityandstability.

(b)RisksofusingAIinillegalandcriminalactivities

AIcanbeusedintraditionalillegalorcriminalactivitiesrelatedtoterrorism,violence,gambling,anddrugs,suchasteachingcriminaltechniques,concealingillicitacts,andcreatingtoolsforillegalandcriminalactivities.

(c)Risksofmisuseofdual-useitemsandtechnologies

Duetoimproperuseorabuse,AIcanposeseriousriskstonationalsecurity,economicsecurity,andpublichealthsecurity,suchasgreatlyreducingthecapabilityrequirementsfornon-expertstodesign,synthesize,acquire,andusenuclear,biological,andchemicalweaponsandmissiles;designingcyberweaponsthatlaunchnetworkattacksonawiderangeofpotentialtargetsthroughmethodslikeautomaticvulnerabilitydiscoveringandexploiting.

3.2.3Cognitiverisks

(a)Risksofamplifyingtheeffectsof"informationcocoons"

AIcanbeextensivelyutilizedforcustomizedinformationservices,collectinguserinformation,andanalyzingtypesofusers,theirneeds,intentions,preferences,habits,andevenmainstreampublicawarenessoveracertain

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period.Itcanthenbeusedtoofferformulaicandtailoredinformationandservice,aggravatingtheeffectsof"informationcocoons."

(b)Risksofusageinlaunchingcognitivewarfare

AIcanbeusedtomakeandspreadfakenews,images,audio,andvideos,propagatecontentofterrorism,extremism,andorganizedcrimes,interfereininternalaffairsofothercountries,socialsystems,andsocialorder,andjeopardizesovereigntyofothercountries.AIcanshapepublicvaluesandcognitivethinkingwithsocialmediabotsgainingdiscoursepowerandagenda-settingpowerincyberspace.

3.2.4Ethicalrisks

(a)Risksofexacerbatingsocialdiscriminationandprejudice,andwideningtheintelligencedivide

AIcanbeusedtocollectandanalyzehumanbehaviors,socialstatus,economicstatus,andindividualpersonalities,labelingandcategorizinggroupsofpeopletotreatthemdiscriminatingly,thuscausingsystematicalandstructuralsocialdiscriminationandprejudice.Atthesametime,theintelligencedividewouldbeexpandedamongregions.

(b)Risksofchallengingtraditionalsocialorder

ThedevelopmentandapplicationofAImayleadtotremendouschangesinproductiontoolsandrelations,acceleratingthereconstructionoftraditionalindustrymodes,transformingtraditionalviewsonemployment,fertility,andeducation,andbringingchallengestostableperformanceoftraditionalsocialorder.

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(c)RisksofAIbecominguncontrollableinthefuture

WiththefastdevelopmentofAItechnologies,thereisariskofAIautonomouslyacquiringexternalresources,conductingself-replication,becomeself-aware,seekingforexternalpower,andattemptingtoseizecontrolfromhumans.

4.Technologicalmeasurestoaddressrisks

Respondingtotheaboverisks,AIdevelopers,serviceproviders,andsystemusersshouldpreventrisksbytakingtechnologicalmeasuresinthefieldsoftrainingdata,computinginfrastructures,modelsandalgorithms,productservices,andapplicationscenarios.

4.1AddressingAI’sinherentsafetyrisks

4.1.1Addressingrisksfrommodelsandalgorithms

(a)ExplainabilityandpredictabilityofAIshouldbeconstantlyimprovedtoprovideclearexplanationfortheinternalstructure,reasoninglogic,technicalinterfaces,andoutputresultsofAIsystems,accuratelyreflectingtheprocessbywhichAIsystemsproduceoutcomes.

(b)Securedevelopmentstandardsshouldbeestablishedandimplementedinthedesign,R&D,deployment,andmaintenanceprocessestoeliminateasmanysecurityflawsanddiscriminationtendenciesinmodelsandalgorithmsaspossibleandenhancerobustness.

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4.1.2Addressingrisksfromdata

(a)Securityrulesondatacollectionandusage,andonprocessingpersonalinformationshouldbeabidedbyinallproceduresoftrainingdataanduserinteractiondata,includingdatacollection,storage,usage,processing,transmission,provision,publication,anddeletion.Thisaimstofullyensureuser’slegitimaterightsstipulatedbylawsandregulations,suchastheirrightstocontrol,tobeinformed,andtochoose.

(b)ProtectionofIPRshouldbestrengthenedtopreventinfringementonIPRinstagessuchasselectingtrainingdataandresultoutputs.

(c)Trainingdatashouldbestrictlyselectedtoensureexclusionofsensitivedatainhigh-riskfieldssuchasnuclear,biological,andchemicalweaponsandmissiles.

(d)Datasecuritymanagementshouldbestrengthenedtocomplywithdatasecurityandpersonalinformationprotectionstandardsandregulationsiftrainingdatacontainssensitivepersonalinformationandimportantdata.

(e)Tousetruthful,precise,objective,anddiversetrainingdatafromlegitimatesources,andfilterineffective,wrong,andbiaseddatainatimely

manner.

(f)Thecross-borderprovisionofAIservicesshouldcomplywiththeregulationsoncross-borderdataflow.TheexternalprovisionofAImodelsandalgorithmsshouldcomplywithexportcontrolrequirements.

4.1.3AddressingrisksfromAIsystem

(a)Toproperlydisclosetheprinciples,capacities,applicationscenarios,and

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safetyrisksofAItechnologiesandproducts,toclearlylabeloutputs,andtoconstantlymakeAIsystemsmoretransparent.

(b)Toenhancetheriskidentification,detection,andmitigationofplatformswheremultipleAImodelsorsystemscongregate,soastopreventmaliciousactsorattacksandinvasionsthattargettheplatformsfromimpactingtheAImodelsorsystemstheysupport.

(c)Tostrengthenthecapacityofconstructing,managing,andoperatingAIcomputingplatformsandAIsystemservicessafely,withanaimtoensureuninterruptedinfrastructureoperationandserviceprovision.

(d)Tofullyconsiderthesupplychainsecurityofthechips,software,tools,computinginfrastructure,anddatasourcesadoptedforAIsystems.Totrackthevulnerabilitiesandflawsofbothsoftwareandhardwareproductsandmaketimelyrepairandreinforcementtoensuresystemsecurity.

4.2AddressingsafetyrisksinAIapplications

4.2.1Addressingcyberspacerisks

(a)Asecurityprotectionmechanismshouldbeestablishedtopreventmodel

frombeinginterferedandtamperedduringoperationtoensurereliableoutputs.

(b)AdatasafeguardshouldbesetuptomakesurethatAIsystemscomplywithapplicablelawsandregulationswhenoutputtingsensitivepersonalinformationandimportantdata.

4.2.2Addressingreal-worldrisks

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(a)Toestablishservicelimitationsaccordingtousers’actualapplicationscenariosandcutAIsystems’featuresthatmightbeabused.AIsystemsshouldnotprovideservicesthatgobeyondthepresetscope.

(b)ToimprovetheabilitytotracetheenduseofAIsystemstopreventhigh-riskapplicationscenariossuchasmanufacturingofweaponsofmassdestruction,likenuclear,biological,chemicalweaponsandmissiles.

4.2.3Addressingcognitiverisks

(a)Toidentifyunexpected,untruthful,andinaccurateoutputsviatechnologicalmeans,andregulatetheminaccordancewithlawsandregulations.

(b)StrictmeasuresshouldbetakentopreventabuseofAIsystemsthatcollect,connect,gather,analyze,anddigintousers’inquiriestoprofiletheiridentity,preference,andpersonalmindset.

(c)TointensifyR&DofAI-generatedcontent(AIGC)testingtechnologies,aimingtobetterprevent,detect,andnavigatethecognitivewarfare.

4.2.4Addressingethicalrisks

(a)Trainingdatashouldbefilteredandoutputsshouldbeverifiedduringalgorithmdesign,modeltrainingandoptimization,serviceprovisionandotherprocesses,inanefforttopreventdiscriminationbasedonethnicities,beliefs,nationalities,region,gender,age,occupationandhealthfactors,amongothers.

(b)AIsystemsappliedinkeysectors,suchasgovernmentdepartments,criticalinformationinfrastructure,andareasdirectlyaffectingpublicsafety

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andpeople'shealthandsafety,shouldbeequippedwithhigh-efficientemergencymanagementandcontrolmeasures.

5.Comprehensivegovernancemeasures

Whileadoptingtechnologicalcontrols,weshouldformulateandrefinecomprehensiveAIsafetyandsecurityriskgovernancemechanismsandregulationsthatengagemulti-stakeholderparticipation,includingtechnologyR&Dinstitutions,serviceproviders,users,governmentauthorities,industryassociations,andsocialorganizations.

5.1Toimplementatieredandcategory-basedmanagementforAIapplication.WeshouldclassifyandgradeAIsystemsbasedontheirfeatures,functions,andapplicationscenarios,andsetupatestingandassessmentsystembasedonAIrisklevels.Weshouldbolsterend-usemanagementofAI,andimposerequirementsontheadoptionofAItechnologiesbyspecificusersandinspecificscenarios,therebypreventingAIsystemabuse.WeshouldregisterAIsystemswhosecomputingandreasoningcapacitieshavereachedacertainthresholdorthoseareappliedinspecificindustriesandsectors,anddemandthatsuchsystemspossessthesafetyprotectioncapacitythroughoutthelifecycleincludingdesign,R&D,testing,deployment,utilization,andmaintenance.

5.2TodevelopatraceabilitymanagementsystemforAIservices.

WeshouldusedigitalcertificatestolabeltheAIsystemsservingthepublic.WeshouldformulateandintroducestandardsandregulationsonAIoutput

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labeling,andclarifyrequirementsforexplicitandimplicitlabelsthroughoutkeystagesincludingcreationsources,transmissionpaths,anddistributionchannels,withaviewtoenableuserstoidentifyandjudgeinformationsourcesandcredibility.

5.3ToimproveAIdatasecurityandpersonalinformationprotectionregulations.WeshouldexplicatetherequirementsfordatasecurityandpersonalinformationprotectioninvariousstagessuchasAItraining,labeling,utilization,andoutputbasedonthefeaturesofAItechnologiesandapplications.

5.4TocreatearesponsibleAIR&Dandapplicationsystem.Weshouldproposepragmaticinstructionsandbestpracticestoupholdthepeople-centeredapproachandadheretotheprincipleofdevelopingAIforgoodinAIR&Dandapplication,andcontinuouslyalignAI’sdesign,R&D,andapplicationprocesseswithsuchvaluesandethics.Weshouldexplorethecopyrightprotection,developmentandutilizationsystemsthatadapttotheAIeraandcontinuouslyadvancetheconstructionofhigh-qualityfoundationalcorporaanddatasetstoprovidepremiumresourcesforthesafedevelopmentofAI.WeshouldestablishAI-relatedethicalreviewstandards,norms,andguidelinestoimprovetheethicalreviewsystem.

5.5TostrengthenAIsupplychainsecurity.WeshouldpromoteknowledgesharinginAI,makeAItechnologiesavailabletothepublicunderopen-sourceterms,andjointlydevelopAIchips,frameworks,andsoftware.Weshouldguidetheindustrytobuildanopenecosystem,enhancethe

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diversityofsupplychainsources,andensurethesecurityandstabilityoftheAIsupplychain.

5.6ToadvanceresearchonAIexplainability.Weshouldorganizeandconductresearchonthetransparency,trustworthiness,anderror-correctionmechanisminAIdecision-makingfromtheperspectivesofmachinelearningtheory,trainingmethodsandhuman-computerinteraction.ContinuouseffortsshouldbemadetoenhancetheexplainabilityandpredictabilityofAItopreventmaliciousconsequencesresultingfromunintendeddecisionsmadebyAIsystems.

5.7Toshareinformation,andemergencyresponseofAIsafetyrisksandthreats.Weshouldcontinuouslytrackandanalyzesecurityvulnerabilities,defects,risks,threats,andsafetyincidentsrelatedtoAItechnologies,softwareandhardwareproducts,services,andotheraspects.Weshouldcoordinatewithrelevantdevelopersandserviceproviderstoestablishareportingandsharinginformationmechanismonrisksandthreats.WeshouldestablishanemergencyresponsemechanismforAIsafetyandsecurityincidents,formulateemergencyplans,conductemergencydrills,andhandleAIsafetyhazards,AIsecuritythreats,andeventstimely,rapidly,andeffectively.

5.8ToenhancethetrainingofAIsafetytalents.WeshouldpromotethedevelopmentofAIsafetyeducationinparallelwithAIdiscipline.Weshouldleverageschoolsandresearchinstitutionstostrengthentalentcultivationinthefieldsofdesign,development