HillsLikeWhiteElephants

ErnestHemingwayContentWordTestQuestionsforUnderstandingHemingwayCooperativePrincipleCoordinationSubordinationPartIWordTestWordTestExplainthefollowingpartwithonewordlearntinthetext,thefirstletterofwhichisgiven.

aplacewheretwoormorecables,riversorotherthingsmeetorarejoinedj__________thinkingthatsb/sthisfunny,sothatyousmileorlaugha_______amedicalprocedureinvolvinganincisionwithinstrumentso______togivealoud,highcry,becauseyouarehurt,frightened,excited,etc.s______afirmblacksubstancewithastrongtastel______PartIIQuestionsforUnderstanding23Whatdidtheytalkabout?Whatdowhiteelephantssymbolize?1II.QuestionsHemingwayusesrepetitioneffectivelyinhisstory.FindoneexampleofarepetitionandgiveabriefexplanationforwhyyouthinkHemingwayincludesthisrepetition.PartIIIHemingway&LostGenerationErnestHemingwayisoneofthemostfamousAmericannovelists,short-storywritersandessayists,whosedeceptivelysimpleprosestylehasinfluencedawiderangeofwriters.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.In1961,Hemingwaydiedofaself-inflictedshotgunwoundtotheheadinhishomeinKetchum,Idaho.

III.HemingwayThe"LostGeneration"isatermusedtocharacterizeageneralfeelingofdisillusionmentofAmericanliterarynotableswholivedinEurope,mostnotablyParis,aftertheFirstWorldWar.ItwasfirstusedbyGertrudeStaine,hereferredtoartistsasthe"LostGeneration"—atermHemingwaypopularizedwiththepublicationofTheSunAlsoRises.III.LostGenerationStein,intellingHemingwaythestory,added,“Thatiswhatyouare.That’swhatyouallare…Allofyouyoungpeoplewhoservedinthewar.Youarealostgeneration.”ThetermwaspopularizedbyErnestHemingway

whouseditasoneoftwocontrastingepigraphsforhisnovel,“TheSunAlsoRises.”

III.LostGenerationThe“LostGeneration”isatermusedtocharacterizes

ageneralfeelingofdisillusionmentofAmericanliterarynotables,afterthefirstworldwar.Theyfeltdisappointed,confusedandhesitationtothesocietyandlife.MostofthemtookpartintheworldwarI.III.LostGenerationTheSunAlsoRises

(1926)AFarewelltoArms

(1929)TheSnowsofKilimanjaro

(1936)ForWhomtheBellTolls

(1940)TheOldManandtheSea

(1952)III.Hisrepresentativeworks

PartIVCooperative

PrincipleGricenoticedthatindailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythings

directlybuttendtoimplythem.Abasicunderlyingassumptionwemakewhenwespeaktooneanotheristhatwearetryingtoco-operatewithoneanothertoconstruct

meaningful

conversation.IV.CooperativePrincipleGrice(1975):

Makeyourcontributionsuchasitisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged."

在所有的語言交際活動中，為了達到一定的目標，說話人和聽話人之間存在著一種默契，一種雙方都遵守的原則，即合作原則。IV.CooperativePrincipleInotherwords,weasspeakerstrytocontributemeaningful,productiveutterancestofurthertheconversation.Itthenfollowsthat,aslisteners,weassumethatourconversationalpartnersaredoingthesame.IV.CooperativePrincipleMaximofMannerMaximofQuality

MaximofQuantityMaximofRelation

TheCPbeingveryroughandgeneralformulation,

tospecifytheCPfurther,Griceintroduced

fourcategoriesmaximsasfollowsIV.CooperativePrincipleMaximofQualityTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue1.

Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse2.

Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.IVCooperativePrincipleMaximofQuantity1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired（forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange）.2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.IVCooperativePrincipleMaximofRelation

--Berelevant.IVCooperativePrincipleMaximofMannerBeperspicuous.1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief.(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)4.Beorderly.

IVCooperativePrinciple23Didthegirlviolatethemaximofquality/quantity/relation/manner?

Didthemanviolatethemaximofquality/quantity/relation/manner?1IV.QuestionsGiveabriefexplanationforwhythegirlorthemanviolatethemaximofquality/quantity/relation/manner?PartVCoordination&Subordination魯迅《祝福》這是魯鎮年終的大典，致敬盡禮，迎接福神，拜求來年一年中的好運氣。Thisisthegreatend-of-yearceremonyinLuchen,whenpeoplereverentlywelcometheGodofFortuneandsolicitgoodfortuneforthecomingyear.1.CouldyoutranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese.Coordination（并列）CoordinationisacommonsyntacticpatterninEnglishand

otherlanguagesformedbygroupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,butandor.Subordination（從屬）Subordinationreferstotheprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus，onebeingdependentupontheother,andusuallyaconstituentoftheother.ThusthesubordinateconstituentsarewordswhichmodifytheHead.2.DefinitionofCoordination&SubordinationJohnbelieves(thattheairplanewasinventedbyandIrishman).

Elizabethopenedherpresents(beforeJohnfinishedhisdinner).

Thewoman(thatIlove)ismovingtothesouth.

ComplementclausesAdverbialclausesRelativeclausesClausescanbeusedassubordinateconstituents.Thethreebasictypesofsubordinateclausesare:Itstoppedatthisjunctionfortwominutes_____wentontoMadrid.Shehadtakenoffherhat_____putinonthetable.Helookedupthetracks_____couldnotseethetrain.Comingback,hewalkedthroughthebarroom,_______peoplewaitingforthetrainweredrinking.Inonehandshecarriedawickerbasket,_______wasabrokenbowl,empty;intheothersheheldabamboopolelongerthanherself,splitatthebottom:itwascleatshehadbecomeabeggar.4.Filltheblankswithsuitablewords.

and

and

but

where

inwhich010203(1)Ashiverrandownmyspine.(2)Ifeltmorenervousthanduringanunexpectedexaminationatschool.(3)Unfortunatelytheteacherstandsbyone’sside.(1)TheChinesepeoplehavealwayshadaperception.(2)Inequalityratherthanwantisthecauseoftrouble.(1)Puttingontheuniformmeansalloftheseareyourjobs.(2)Iwouldliketogivemyalltothelab,tobringhopesforpeoplelivinginvirus-strickenareas.5.Connectthesentencesbycoordinatorsorconvertingoneofthemintoasubordina