壓力管道資料(Pressurepipingdata)

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Thefirstchapteristheintroductionofthe“1996Labor

DepartmentofLaborissued[1996]140"textissued"ontheissue

of“safetymanagementandsupervisionoverpressurepipelines

provisionsz，(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“Supervision

Regulations")Notice”,marksthepressurepipelineinour

countrymanagementintothelegalmanagementstage.

''SupervisionRegulations/"design,thedefinitionofpressure

pipeandpressurepipemanufacturing,installation,use,

inspectionandrepair,transformationandsoonframeworkof

safetymanagementregulationsandsupervision,inorderto

minimizethepressureinthepipelineoperationaccidents,

effectivelyguaranteethesafeoperationofpipelinepressure,

protectpeople,slivesandthesecurityoftheproperty.

Becausethesafetymanagementofthepressurepipelinehasjust

started,manytechniciansengagedinthisfielddonotknowmuch

aboutthisthing,andtherearefewpublicationsaboutit.In

ordertodopressurepipelinedesign,manufacture,

installation,use,inspectionandrepairpersonnelaboutthe

transformationofthepressurepipeandthebasicknowledgeof

technology,writeabook,tomeettheirneeds,atthesametime,

webelievethattheimplementationofthe,'Supervision

Regulations"alsohavesomehelp.Akindofspecialequipment

characteristicsofthepipelinepressurepipelineasthefirst

sectionofthematerialtransportationplaysaveryimportant

roleinmodernindustrialproductionandpeople,slife,itis

likethebodyofthevessel,withoutit,lifewillnotexist.

However,therearemanykindsofpipesusedinpractice,and

theworkingconditionsvarygreatly.Thefactorsandlinksare

alsomany,andpipelineaccidentshappenfrequently,which

seriouslyaffectthesafetyofpeople,slivesandproperty.To

thisend,theMinistryoflaborwillbethoseoperating

conditionsharsh,accidentserioushazardpipelinenamed

pressurepipeline,andformulatecorrespondinglawsand

regulationsformanagement.Apressurepiping,definitionand

classificationof''SupervisionRegulations"clearlypointed

out:thepressurepipeisusedintheproductionandlifemay

causeexplosionorpoisoningriskofspecialequipmentis

larger,itspecificallyreferstothepipelinehasthe

followingproperties:A,GB5044transportation?''Occupation

exposuretotoxicsubstancesclassification，/toxicitythe

degreespecifiedinthepipelineforextremelyharmfulmedium;

B,transportationGB50160??”codeforfireprotectiondesign

ofpetrochemicalenterprisesand”GBJ16"codeforfire

protectiondesignofbuildings"intheprovisionsofthefire

hazardofaandBmediumpipeline;C,themaximumworking

pressure(gaugepressureisgreaterthanorequalto0.IMPa,

thesamebelow),thetransmissionmediumforgas(steam),

liquefiedgaspipe;D,themaximumworkingpressureisgreater

thanorequalto0.IMPa,thetransmissionmediumisflammable,

explosive,toxic,corrosiveormaximumA1iquidpipewhose

temperatureishigherthanthestandardboilingpoint.The

pipingauxiliaryfacilitiesandtheirsafetyprotection

devicesstipulatedinEandforth.Note?:GB5044standard

toxicitymediumisdividedintofourlevels,themaximum

allowableconcentrationwereextremelyharmful(I):“0.Img/m3;

highhazard(II):0.Img/m3"lmg/m3;moderatehazard(III):

1.0mg/m3~10.0mg/m3;mildharm(IV)10.0mg/m3?.Note?GB50160

standardfirehazardofflammablegasisdividedintotwo

categories:A,B:agasexplosionlimitofflammablegasand

airmixtureislessthan10%(volume);Bgasforcombustible

gasandairmixtureexplosion1imitisequaltoorgreaterthan

10%(volume)note?:GB50160standardfirehazardofliquid

hydrocarbonflammableliquid,accordingtothefollowing

classification:aClassA:15?0.C,steampressure

IMPaandothersimilarliquidhydrocarbonliquids;aBclass

ofaClassA:flammableliquidoutside,flashpointlessthan

28?C;b=28:aflash?Ctolessthan45?Cflammableliquids;

BB:flashpoint>45?Cto<60?Cclassaflammableliquid;

C:flashpoint>60?Ctolessthan120?CflammableliquidC;

B:flashpoint>120flammableliquidC?.Amongthem,theEin

the“pipelinefacilities"referstothepressurepipingsystem

forpipefittings(includingelbow,reducer,pipecap,three

links,strengthenthenozzle,strengtheningpipejoints,

reducingnipple,nipple,GuanGu,instrumentpipemouth,funnel,

quickconnector,etc.)connections(includingflange,gasket,

bolt/nut,orificeplate,flange,blindcoveretc.),pipeline

equipment(includingallkindsofvalves,filters,traps,

mirroretc.),support(includingvarioustypesofpipehangers)

installedinthepressuretubeandotherfacilitiesontheroad.

Inordertofacilitatetheimplementationofthesupervision

regulations,itisnecessarytoclassifythepressurepipes

accordingtodifferentoperatingconditionsanddifferentuses,

andmanagethemseparately,justaspressurevesselsdo.Tothis

end,thenationalqualityandTechnicalSupervisionQuality

SupervisionBureaupan[1999]272paperissuedaz，certification

andmanagementofpressurepipelinedesignqualification”

(hereinafterreferredtoasthemanagementapproach",")

followingpressurepipelinemanagementmeasures"arethe

classificationandgradingmethods:1,longdistancepipeline

fortheGAclass,thelevelisdividedintolongdistance

pipeline:A,oneofthefollowingconditionsaremet:GAI?

Transportingtoxic,flammableandexplosivegas,pipeline

designpressureP>1.6MPa;?Transportingtoxic,flammableand

explosiveliquidmediumconveyingdistance?Morethannominal

pipediameterandpipe200kmDN=300mm;?Slurrymediumpipeline

thedistanceislargerthan50Kmandthenominalpipediameter

DN=150mm.LongdistancepipelineB,oneofthefollowing

conditionsaremet:GA2?Transportingtoxic,flammableand

explosivegasmedium,designpressureP1.6MPapipeline;??GAI?

Pipelineoutsidetherange;?GAI?Pipelineoutsidetherange;

2,publicpipelineisdividedintoGBclasslevelGB1:gas

pipelinepipeline;heatpipeforpipelineGB2.3,the

industrialpipelinefortheGCclass,grade:A,inlinewith

industrialpipelineoneofthefollowingconditionsisGC1:

GB5044''occupationoftransport?Exposuretotoxicsubstances”

classification,degreeoftoxicityforpipelineextremely

harmfulmedium;?”GB50160transportationofpetrochemical

enterprises''andGBJ16'codeforfireprotectiondesignof

architecturaldesignfirestandards'7intheprovisionsofthe

firehazardofaandBcombustiblegasoracombustibleliquid

mediumandthedesignpressureP=4.OMPapipeline;?Conveying

fluidmedium,combustibleandtoxicfluidmedium,pipeline

designpressureofPisgreaterthanorequalto4.OMPaandthe

designoftemperaturemorethan400DEGC;andconveyingfluid

medium?DesignpressureP=10.OMPathepipeline.B,in1ine

withindustrialpipelineoneofthefollowingconditionsisGC2:

“GB50160?Transportpetrochemicalenterprisedesignfire

protectionstandard7"and"GBJ16"codeforfireprotection

designofbuildingsintheprovisionsofthefirehazardofa

andBcombustiblegasoracombustibleliquidmediumand

P<4.OMPadesignpressurepipelineconveyingfluidmedium;

combustibleandtoxic?Thefluidmediumpressurepipeline

designandP<4.OMPadesigntemperaturemorethan400DEGC;?

Conveyingfluidmedium,non-toxicnonflammablefluidmedium,

pipelinedesignpressureP<10.OMPaandtemperaturemorethan

400DEGC;?Conveyingfluidmedium,pipelinedesignpressure

P<10.OMPaandtemperatureof<400DEGC.Note:conveying

distancereferstothedirectdistancebetweentheproducing

area,thestoragehouseandtheuserforthetransportationof

thecommercialmediumpipeline.Asapilotunitofpressure

pipelinedesigncertification:SinopecGroupCompany,the

，zmanagementapproach7'in1998beforetheintroductionofthe

pressurepipelineintheindustryclassificationmethodinthe

“designunitofpressurepipelinecertificationandmanagement

measures"in,

Andsubstantiveoperationswerecarriedout.Inorderto

facilitatethecomparisonoftheunitsthathaveobtainedthe

designcertificationaccordingtotheclassificationmethods

ofSinopecGroup,

Introducetheclassificationmethodofpressurepipelineput

forwardbySinopecGroupcorporation.Itdividesthepressure

pipelineintosixmajorcategories,inwhichthelatterthree

aremadeupofthemselvesandarenolongerinserialnumbers.

Thespecificcontentsareasfollows:firstclass:A,conveying

mediumpipeline,highdegreeofextremehazard(exceptbenzene);

B,thedesignpressureforpipeline35.OMPa=P=10.OMPa;

second:A,P<10.OMPadesignpressure,conveyingaandBa

combustiblegas,aliquefiedhydrocarbon,apipelineBB,a

flammableliquidmedium;B,theworkingtemperatureishigher

thantheflashpointofflammableliquidmediumpipeline;C,

Pdesignpressureislargerthan4.OMPa,non-toxic,non

combustiblemediumpiping(liquidpipelinenotcontaining

mediumwater);third:A,BclassBandCcombustibleliquid

pipelines;B,designpressureP=1.6MPa,noncombustible

mediumpiping(liquidpipelinenotcontainingmediumwater);

C,Pdesignpressureislargerthan0.IMPa,thetransmission

mediumisgas(steam),toxic,corrosiveorworkingtemperature

isgreaterthanorequaltoTheboilingpointoftheliquid

pipelinestandards;(fourth):ultrahighpressurepipeline

(pipelinedesignpressureP>35.OMPa);(fifth):pipeline;

(sixth):publicpipeline(includingpublicgaspipelineand

commonheatpipe).Two,theactualcharacteristicsofpressure

pipelineintheindustrialproduction,theuseofpressure

pipelinetypeismany,inapetroleumprocessingplantfor

example,pressurevesselbutitcontainsdozensofTaiwan,more

Yutai,butitcontainsthepressurepipelinewillbeupto

thousandsofpipelineaccessoriesusedtotensofthousandsof

pieces,andthesepipesandcomponentsisoftenscatteredin

dozensorevenhundredsoffactory.Inaddition,the

installationofthepipelineismostlycarriedouton-site.

Therefore,comparedwiththepressurevessel,thesafety

managementofthepressurepipelineismorecomplicated.Tosum

up,pressurepipingandpressurevesselincomparison,hasthe

followingmainfeatures:A,variety,quantity,design,

manufacturing,installationandapplicationmanagement

aspectsasweknow,themorelinks,thehighertheprobability

oftheproblem;themorelinks,themoreinfluencefactors,the

greatertheamountofinformationcontainedthus,thediversity

andcomplexityofthepressurepipelinesafetymanagementand

safetysupervision.B,slendernessratio,spanlargespace,

complicatedboundaryconditionsthatthepipelinestrength

calculationnotonlyonthebasisofthedesignusingmature

filmstressformulaormiddlediameterformula,itshouldalso

considertherequirementsofmechanicalequipmentconnected

withit,effectofintermediatesupportconditions,their

requirementsandthermalexpansionandcontractionvibration

etc..Therefore,inthepipinglayoutdesignshouldbetomeet

theprocessrequirements,butalsoshouldconsiderallrelevant

equipment,supportingconditions,geographicalconditions

(forthepipeline),theplanningofthewholecity(cityof

publicpipeline)andotherfactors.C,on-siteinstallation

workload,pressurevesselisbasicallymanufacturedinthe

factory,itsmanufacturingenvironmentandmanufacturing

equipmentguaranteeisbetter.Theinstallationofthepressure

pipefieldisheavyandtheenvironmentalconditionsarepoor,

sotheinstallationqualityisrelativelypoor,sothatmore

managementandsupervisionarerequired.D,awiderangeof

materialsused,theuseofcomplexpressurevessels,withmore

platesandforgingmaterials,butalsorelativelymature.In

additiontoplatesandforgingmaterials,pressurepipesare

oftenusedinpipesandcastings.Forsomeoperatingconditions

tocompletethesematerialsisdifficult,thatistosay,a

suitablematerialforamediumenvironmentandselected,plates

andforgingssometimeseasytoobtain,andthecastingisnot

easytoobtain,andviceversa.Forexample,0Crl8Nil0Ti

material,thepipes,platesandforgingsareeasytoobtain,

andthecastingisnoteasytoget,thisisbecausethetitanium

elementinthematerialcanbeeasilyoxidized,andthegeneral

lackoffoundrycorrespondingprotectionmeansoftitaniumin

thecastingisnotoxidized,

Therefore,theASTMmaterialstandardsimplydoesnotlistthe

castingbrandofthismaterial.Forthisreason,theproject

sometimeshastotakedifferentmaterialsondifferent

componentsofthesamepipe,whichleadstotheappearanceof

dissimilarmaterialconnections,another

Besides,becauseofthesmallerlengthoftheequipment,itcan

usecompositeplateorsurfacinglayertosolvetheproblemof

corrosionprotection,butthepipelineisnoteasytodo.

Sometimesthesamepipemayconnecttwoormoreequipmentat

differentoperatingconditionsatthesametime,sothe

materialselectionofthepipelineshouldbetakenintoaccount,

andthematerialofeachequipmentcanbeadaptedtothetwo.

WaitoE,pipelineanditscomponentproductionplant

productionscaleissmall,productqualityguaranteeispoor,

manypipecomponentsproductiontechnologyisnotcomplicated,

productionequipmentrequirementsarenothigh,manysmall

productionplantscanalsoproduce.However,someofthemhave

poortechnicalpower,inadequateproductionequipmentand

imperfectproductionmanagement,soproductqualityis

difficulttobeguaranteed.Thinkingquestion:1.Whatis

calledpressurepipe?Whatarethemainpressurepiping

accessoryfacilitiesindesign?2,“howtoclassifythe

pressurepipinginthemethodofcertificationandmanagement

ofpressurepipingdesignunits?”3,GB5044standardsforthe

degreeoftoxicityofthemediaishowtoclassify?4,GB50160,

/zfireprotectiondesigncodeforpetrochemicalenterprises",

howtoclassifythefireriskofflammablegas?5,GB50160,

“fireprotectiondesigncodeforpetrochemicalenterprises”,

howtoclassifythefireriskofliquidhydrocarbonand

flammableliquid?6.Whatarethecharacteristicsofpressure

pipesandpressurevessels?Thesecondsectionresearch

categoryofpressurepipelinetoachievesecurity,along

periodofpressurepipelineoperation,isalsothemost

economical,mustbefromthedesign,manufacture,installation

andapplicationoffouraspectstograsp,bothare

indispensable.Therefore,thestudyofthepressurepipeline

isaroundthesefouraspectsofresearch.Asdescribedinthe

previoussection,thecomplexityofpipelineresearchhasbeen

decidedbythediversityofoperationconditions,application

environment,applicationtime,applicationspaceand

manufacturingandconstructionlinksofpressurepipelines.It

involvesnotonlymetalmaterials,metalcorrosion,

theoreticalmechanics,materialmechanics,mechanical

vibration,fluidmechanicsandotherbasicdisciplines,but

alsorelatedtopetroleumprocessingtechnologyandother

engineeringdisciplines.Theformeristhebasisofthestudy,

whilethelatteristhethemeofthestudyandproblemsolving.

Obviously,itisnotrealistictointroducetheseproblemsin

abookinacomprehensiveanddetailedway,andthereisa

divisionoflaborinallaspectsoftheactualproject.This

booktriestofromtheangleofdesigntointroducethebasic

knowledgeandtechnologyofpressurepipelinedesign,

manufacturing,installationandotheraspectsofthe

application,thisisnotonlybecauseofthedesignofthislink

throughoutthewholeprocessofthepressurepipelinesafety

management,anditisthebasisofpressurepipeadvanced

technology,reasonableeconomyandsafeandreliable.Adesign,

atpresent,inthepipelineengineeringdesign,whether

domesticorforeignengineeringcompanyordesigninstitute,

wehaveacceptedistheengineeringdesignofpressurepiping

intopiping,pipingmaterialpipingdesignandmechanical

designofthreeparts,ordividedintothreeprofessionalto

complete.Threeprofessionalisindependentandinterrelated,

itisthethreebranchesofacontent,oristhethreestepin

aprocess,materialdesignisthefoundation,thepipinglayout

isthepurpose,andthepipelinemechanicaldesignisthe

guarantee.Inthedesignofextensivepressurepipelineinthe

past,thisdivisionoflaborisnotclear,sothedesignunit

ofpipingmaterialsandmechanicalaspectsoftheless,sothat

thedesignofpressurepipelineisblindnessandempiricism,

anditslackofscientific.Atpresent,therearestillmany

designunitsforpressurepipingpipingmaterialsandpipe

mechanicaldesigninadequateattention,personnelarenot

matching.Tothisend,SinopecGroupinthedesignofpressure

pipingcertificationtothedesignunitclearlyputforwardthe

allocationofpipingmaterialsandpipemachineryprofessional

full-timeorpart-timetechnicalpersonnelrequirements.

Theauthorbelievesthatthisrequirementiscorrectandtimely,

becausethedesignofpipingmaterialsandpipingmachineryis

thebasisandguaranteeforthedesignofpressurepiping,and

itisalsotheweaklinkofmostdesignunits.(1)pipinglayout

Pipinglayoutisusuallydonebypipinglayout(Design)

engineers(hereinafterreferredtoaspipingengineers).

Strictlyspeaking,thepipinglayoutshouldincludetwoparts:

equipmentlayoutandpipinglayoutdesign,someunitseven

arrangementalsobeclassifiedintooneprofessionalto

complete,whilethedesignunitismoreitwillbedesignedas

aseparatelink.Devicelayoutreferstothedesignprocessof

machinery,equipment,buildings,structures,etc.,whichare

usedinaproductionfacility.Itinvolvesprocessrequirements,

productionoperationsandmaintenancerequirements,andthe

requirementsofthefourrelations,wherethetopography,

topographyandsizerequirements,thenaturalenvironmentand

livingenvironmentrequirements.Thearrangementofthedevice

directlyaffectstheoperation,maintenance,safety,beauty

andeconomyofthedevice.Italsoplaysamacrocontrolrole

inthedesignofthepipeline.Asaresult,thelayoutofthe

equipmentisusuallyaccomplishedbyaSeniorPipingEngineer

withpipingdesignexperience.Thepipinglayoutdrawingsto

showthroughthepipelineposition,strike,support,andcan

meettheprocessrequirements,meettherequirementsofthe

pipelinestrength,stiffness,operationandmaintenance,meet

firesafetyrequirements,andfinallytheamountofpipeline

components.Pipinglayout(Design)processcanbebroadly

dividedintothefollowingthreelinks,namelypipingresearch,

pipingdetaileddesign,designdocumentationandarchiving.1,

wemustfirstunderstandtheresearchresearchonpipingpiping

designconditionsanduserrequirements,andthendeterminethe

designandapplicationofstandardspecification,and

commissionedprofessionalpipingmaterialsdeterminethe

pipelinelevel,finallyintothepipeline,operatingplatform

support,integratedplanningandlayout,andwillbeclosed,

thepipelinenecessaryentrustedtopipelinemachinery

professionalmechanicalanalysis.A,designconditiondesign

shouldincludetheunitconstructionenvironmentalconditions

(suchastemperature,humidity,wind,wind,snow,earthquake,

geology,environmentetc.)andprocessconditions(suchas

water,electricity,gas,windandotherpublicworksconditions,

unitscale,mediumproperties,mediumtemperature,medium

pressure,Dingthetimeofoperation,etc.),construction

period(suchasdesignschedule,procurementschedule,

constructionscheduleandconstructiontime)etc..Users

sometimesalsoputforwardsomerequirements,suchasoperation

requirements,firesafetyrequirements,environmental

protectionrequirements,equipmentstandardsrequirements,

designdocuments,contentrequirementsandsoon.Design

conditionsanduserrequirementsarethebasicconditionsfor

design.Reasonabledesignisputforwardintheseconditions

therequirementsassignedtouse,shouldattachgreat

importancetotheserequirements,butalsotheproperbalance

ofcertainrequirements,andfinallyitwasthebestin

technology,economyandsecurity.Thedeterminationofthe

gradesofB,pipingandpipingiswithinthescopeofpiping

materialstudies,whichwillbedescribedbelow.Th