頁參考文獻[1]董潔霜，范柄全．現代港口發展的區位優勢理論研究[J]．世界地理研究，2003，12(2):47－51[2]唐秋生，余秋林．基于SWOT模型的重慶港口經濟發展分析[J]．重慶交通大學學報(社科版)，2008，8(2):16－19

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[6]李文榮，曹妃甸.港口經濟發展對策探討[J]．沿海企業與科技，2006(2):217－234[7]邁克爾·波特.競爭優勢[M].北京：華夏出版社，1997[8]林淼，宋彬云．我國鐵路運輸發展戰略的SWOT分析[A]．鐵道運輸與經濟[9]羅貫三．港航物流是重慶發展現代物流的首選[J]．中國港口，2008[10]夏東進．論國外港口物流發展對我國的啟示[J]．現代商貿工業，2009[11]尚芯新．關于港口物流發展的幾點思考[J]．中國新技術新產品，2009[12]王小平，沈宏賓．我國港口物流現狀及發展趨勢[J]．物流工程與管理管控，2009[13]李?。貞c發展港口物流初探[J]．商場現代化，2008[14]趙毅．香港港口物流發展初探[M]．江蘇城市規劃，2009[15]葉青．重慶港物流發展SWOT分析與對策[J]．中國水運，2004[16]MartinChristopher．LogisticsandSupplyChainManagement-StrategiesforReducingCostsandImprovingServices[M]．FinancialTimes/PitmanPublishing，1994[17]BenjaminSBlanchard．LogisticsEngineeringandManagement(4thEdition)[M].RenticeHall,1992[18]JamesC.Johnson,DonaldF.Wood．ContemporaryLogistics(4thEdition)[M],MacmillanPublishingCompany,1990[19]DonaldWaters．GlobalLogisticsandDistributionPlanning[M]BocaRaton：CRCPress，1999[20]IgorHAnsoff．TheNewCorporateStrategy[M].NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,1998附錄英文原文StudyonTheriskofbillofladingLiHuaJiangBillofloadingisadocumentforinternationaltradeandshippingandplaysallimportantroleintheprocessofinternationaltradefrombartertodocumentarytransaction．However,manyproblemsarisesfromthepracticeofusingB／L，includingexchangingL／GcleanB／L.antidatedandadvancedB／LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／LInlightofthesituationmentionedabove，thisdissertationprobesintotheproblemsandrecognizestheriskswhichrelevantpartiesshallburden.Correspondingly,itproposesseveralcountermeasureforimprovement.WiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandthefrequentuseofLetterofCredit(L／C)alloverworld，thesystemofB／ListhreatenedbythephenomenasuchasexchangingLetterofGuarantee(L／G)forcleanB/L，antidatedB/LandadvancedB／LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／L．Althoughthesephenomenaarequotidianinthecarriageofgoodsbysea,therelevantpartieswhofailtorecognizethesephenomenashallburdenunnecessaryloss．1.CausesforExchangingL／GforCleanB／LIntheinternationalsaleofgoods，Iftheshipperdeliverstheflawedgoods，thecarriershouldmakeanoteinB／L、withaviewtosecuringandprotectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsoftheconsigneeortheholderofB／L，accordingtotheprincipleofhonestyandcredibility．TheaboveisaboutthesystemofmakinganoteinB/L．Astothepaymentmethod．mostpaymentsaresettledbyL／C.L／CbyitselfisaseparatetransactionfromthesaleOrothercontractsonwhichitmaybebased．Consequently,L／Cisonlydocumentsbusiness．Banksonlyexamineapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsappearOntheirfacetoconstitutea.plyingpresentation。Ifthereisanydiscrepancy，bankswillrefusenegotiation．Ifthecarrierfindsparticularsconcerningthedescription，mark，numberofpackagesorpieces，weightorquantityofthegoodswhichdonotaccuratelyrepresentthegoodsactuallyreceived，itwillmakeanoteinB／L．Inthatcase，B／Lisunclean．AccordingtoUCP600。theuncleanB/Lcan'tbenegotiatedinbanksbecauseitisnot.plyingwiththecleanandshippedB／LstipulatedinL／C．InordertoobtainthecleanB／L．theshippersurrendersL／GtothecarrierindicatingthattheshipperundertakestoindemnifythecarrieragainstlossresultingfromthecleanB／Lissuedbythecarrierwhodidn’ttransferthenotationfrommale’sreceipttoB/L．Apparently,surrenderingL/Gisacertainkindoffraud．However．L/Gcanfacilitatethetransferoftheflawedgoodsfromtheshippertothecarrier．SoexchangingL／GforcleanB／Lisuseduniversally．Asamatteroffact,thispracticehaspositiveeffectinpromotingeconomyandshippingtoSomedegree．2.TheLegalBasisforL／GValidityExchangingL／GforcleanB／Lhasbeenanaccustomedpracticeintheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtheshippingindustry，whichcanabatethecontradictionbetweenthecarrierandtheshipperwhendisputesovertheflawedgoodsarise．Forinstance，AmericaandFrancedenyL／GValidity，However,internationalconvention，HamburgRulesfirstformulatesthelegalstatusandValidityofL／Ginsomeareas.Sothecarrierhasafighttoclaim.pensationfromtheshipper,whoissuedUQafterindemnifiedagainstthethirdpartythelossresultingfromL／GButifL／Gresultingindefraudingathirdparty,includingaconsignee，suchL／Gisvoidevenbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,andthecarrierhasnofighttoclaim.pensationfromtheshipperevenifithasindemnifiedtheconsignee．(1)CountermeasuresofExchangingL／GforCleanB／LWecanseethatdeliveryL／Ghasbothpositiveandnegativeeffects．Tosomeextent，issuanceofL／Gisinevitableforsmoothdeliveryofgoods．Astothecarrier,itshouldbecarefulattheacceptanceofL/Gtotheconsignee.itshouldbeactivetoexaminethegoodsandclaims.pensationimmediatelywhentheproblemarises.Astotheshipper,itshouldpreparethegoodsforloadingontimeandstipulatetoacceptsomenotationinsalecontract．(2)CountermeasuresAdoptedbytheConsigneeInanofficialandwrittenreplytotheproblemaboutL／GValidity,SupremePeople’sCourtstipulatedasfollow：“Inthecarriageofgoodsbysea，theconsigneeisnotboundbyL／GwhichtheshipperissuedinexchangeforthecleanB／L．NomatterhowL／Gisstipulated,itcall’taffecttheconsigneetoclaimfor.pensationagainstthecarrierortheshipper．”thestipulationexpressesthattheconsigneeisnotboundbyL／Ganditcanincreasethepossibilityofreceivingthe.pensationfromthecarrier.However,thestipulationthattheconsigneecanclaimfor.pensationdoesn’tmeanthatitcallsuccessfullyreceivethe.pensationTherefore，iftheconsigneeisnotfamiliarwiththeshipperandthereisnobusinessrelationshipbefore,theconsigneeshallinvestigatepositivelythecreditandqualificationoftheshipperandthecarrierthroughsuchorganizationasBankofChinaofInternationalMaritimeBureau．Whenthingsgowrong,theconsigneeshouldbringanactionontimebeforethedefrauderreceivespaymentforgoods(3)SimilaritiesandDifferencesofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LAntidatedB／LmeansthatashippedB／L，whoseissuedateispriortotheactualshipmentdate．WhileAdvancedB／LmeansthatashippedB／Lissuedwhenthecarrierhasnotbegunloadingor.pletedshipment.BothantidatedB／LandadvancedB／Lfraudulentlyrecordtheshipmentdate．TheshipmentdaterecordedinB／Lispriortotheactualshipmentdateifthegoodsindeedareloadedontoshipintheend．Tobespecific，similaritiesareasfollows：①BothkindsofB／LalwaysoccurunderpaymentofL／C．2.BothkindsofB／Linvolvetheconspiredfraudbetweentheshipperandthecarrier,especiallywhentheshipperisliableforcharteringshiporbookingspaceunderCIFandCFRtradeterms.②BecausebothkindsofB／Lobscuretheconsigneefromthefactofdelayinshipment,whentheconsigneelearnthetruth,itcanchoosetoreceivethegoodswithcondition，ortorefusetoreceivethegoodsortoclaim.pensationaccordingtotheconditionofdamagetogoods．③IftheissuingbankidentifiesantidatedB／LandadvancedB／L．ithastherighttorefusenegotiation．AccordingtoUCP600，abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform，sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness，falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument,whichisaboutbank’Sexonerationfromliability．However,ifthedocumentexaminedbythebankisfalse，thebankstillhastherighttorefusetoreceiveB／L.(4)CausesandRisksofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LMostantidatedB／Lareissuedbythecarderattherequestoftheshipper．TheaimofantidatedB／ListhattheshippermakessurethattheshipmentdateisconsistentwithrequirementofthesalecontractandL／C，soitCanfulfilltheobligationofdeliveryandsettleforeignexchangesuccessfullyandsmoothly．UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsandContractLawconsidertheobligationofdeliveryasanimportantone.Iftheshippercan’tdeliverthegoodsorcan’tdeliverthegoodsontime，itisdeemedbreachescontractfundamentallyandtheconsigneecancancelthecontract。Evenifthegoodshavealreadyarrivedattheportofdestination,theconsigneeCallrefusetotakedeliveryofgoodsifitcanprovethattheshipperdidn’tfinishshipmentwithinthetimeofshipment．Moreover,underpaymentofL／C，accordingtoUCP600，theexpirydateforpresentationmustbeconsistentwithstipulationinL／CwhentheshippernegotiatesB／L.Ifnot，thebankwillrefusetoreceivesuchB／L．thepaymentofL／Cwillbevoid．andthecreditofbankwillbechangedintothecreditofbusiness．Consequently,theshipperwillconfronttheriskofnotreceivingthepaymentforgoods．Therefore，theshipperrequires．thecarriertoissueanantidatedB／Lwhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthestipulatedtimeofshipment．(5)CountermeasuresofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LInordertodecreaseunnecessarylossoftherelevantpartiesresultingfromantidatedB／LandadvancedB／L，thecountermeasuresshouldbeconsideredintwoways：insystemestablishmentandinpractice．SomeonesuggeststhatthebankCanofferaextendedservice．Thatis，thebankcontactswiththedesignatedorganizationsandisliableforcheckingwhethertheshipmentconditionisconsistentwithbothdocumentandL／C．However，banksneitherguaranteethatthereisn’tanyfraud，norguaranteewhetherthesalecontractissuccessful.AccordingtostipulationofUCP600，abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform，sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness．falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument，norforthecreditandqualificationofthecarrier：butabankonlyisliableforexaminingapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsappearontheirfacetoconstitutea.plyingpresentation．SoinordertoavoidtheantidatedB／LandadvanedB／LtheconsigneemustrequiretheshippertobringtherelevantdocumentsissuedbyauthenticinspectionorganizationwhichCanprovetheaccuracyandauthenticityoftheshipmentdate,otherthanB／Landinsurancepolicy．Otherwise,theshipperCan’tsettleforeignexchange．3.TheCarrier’sRequirementWiththedevelopmentoftheshipmentindustry,thetimeoftransportationisdecreasing,especiallyinshort-distancetransportation．However,theoperationprocedureofB／Lisstilloperatedinthetraditionalway,whichisbadlylaggedbehind．Therefore，itis.monthatB／Lhavenotreachedtheconsigneewhilethegoodshavearrivedatportofdestination．MostcarriersaleawareofabidingbytheobligationofdeliverywiththeoriginalB／L，otherwisetheywilltakerisksofindemnifyinglossofordamagetogoods．Thereasonwhytheconsigneeisanxioustotakedeliver),ofgoodswithouttheoriginalB／Listoavoidtheextracharge.Normally,theconsigneecanstorethegoodswithinsomedaysforfree．However,iftheconsigneedoesn’tapplytothecustomswithinsuchtime，itwillbearotherchargessuchasdemurragecharge，containerdetentionchargeandsurchargeondelayeddeclarationofimportgoods．Secondly,ifthegoodsareforemergencyorperishableetc。，theconsigneewilltrytopersuadethecarriertodelivergoodswithcopyB/LandL／GAdditionally,underthedevelopmentofmodernlogistics．theimposeroritsagentoritsdistributorswishtoshortentheperiodfromproductiontomarketingwithaviewtoeconomizingcostandenhancingefficiency．Sotheconsigneerequiresthegoodsinjusttimeandwillnotleavetoomuchextratimeinunloadingport．(1)DelayedArrivaloftheDocumentandB／LL／Cisauniversalmethodofpaymentintheinternationaltrade．ThegoodsmayberesoldmanytimeswhenthedocumentsandB／Lhavenotbeenexaminedbyebanks,whichcausesB／Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport，MoreoverunderL／C.theissuingbankhasaobligationofexaminingapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsare，ontheirface，in.pliancewiththetermsandconditionsofL／Candconsistentwithoneanother．Thebankisverycautionstoexaminedocuments．IfthebankconsiderstherearesomeseriousdiscrepanciesamongB／L,packinglist,invoiceandspecificstipulationofL/C.itwillrejectfullsetofdocumentsandrequiretheshippertoremakeanewfullsetofdocumentsaccordingtothestipulation．withintheexpirydateofL/C．ThesituationmentionedabovecausesB／Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport．(2)RisksofDeliveryofGoodswithoutPresentationoftheOriginalB／LAlthoughitisnecessaryforexistenceofdeliveryofgoodswithouttheoriginalB／L，itstillviolatestheprincipleofdeliveryofgoodswiththeoriginalB／L.First,itharmsrightsofthelegalholderofB／L；second，theshippermaynotreceivethepaymentforgoodsandthecarriermayfacetheriskofthearrestofships．CountermeasuresofonepartymayonlybenefititselfandCannotguaranteeothers’rightsandinterestsasawhole．Therefore，itisnecessarytodosomelegislativeapproaches，whichmaycreateawin-win-winsituation．EstablishmentofUniformStandardforL/GB／LAct,ThewriterbelievesB／LActisafundamentaltooltoformulatethedeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／L，antidatedB／LoradvancedB／LandexchangingL／GforcleanB／L．However,thereisnoB／LActinOurcountry,whichisalegislativevacancyinsuchabigshippingcountryandWTOmember．SinceB／Liscrucialincarriageofgoodsbysea,thereisstillnowayforseawaybillandtheelectronictoreplaceB／L．U．S．A．andsomeEuropeancountrieshavealreadypromulgatedB／LAct．OurcountryshouldconstituteB／LActasaspeciallawunderMaritimeCode．TherelevantproblemofdeliverywithouttheoriginalB／L，L／GandsooilshouldbestipulatedinB／LAct.4.RisksoftheElectronicB／LTheelectronicB／LcannotonlypreventtherisksofantidatedB／LandadvancedB／LbutalsoavoiddeliverywithouttheoriginalB／L．ExchangingL／GforcleanB／Lisa.promisebetweenthesystemofmakinganoteinB／Landtheefficiencyof.merce．AntidatedB／LandadvancedB／LiSforthe.plianceintheshipmentdatewithL／Corthecontract．UndertheelectronicB／L，thepartiesconcernedsendandreceivemessagethroughastandardformat．Sincethereisnowrittendocument,whentheshipperdeliversgoodstotheportofshipmentandwhenthecarrierreceivesgoodsarestoredinEDIsystem，theconsigneeCanchecktheshipmentdateby.puternetworktoavoidantidatadB／LandadvancedB／L．TheelectronicB／LbasesonElectronicDataInterchange，i．e．theinterchangeoftradedataiseffectedbyteletransmission．Thatis，thegoodsownershipoftransferiseffectbyEDIsystem．5.BackgroundoftheElectronicB／LPeopleseektoadoptaseriesofnewdocumentsfortransportationsuchasseawaybillandtheelectronicB／LsincethereareinevitabledefectsinthetraditionalB／L．Astoseawaybill，itstillhasthefollowingproblems：Firstly,theshipperlosescontrolofgoodsaftershipmentandbearstheriskofnotreceivingthepaymentforgoods；secondly,nonnegotiability,theseawaybilldoesn’tfitthepracticeoftheresaleofgoodsintransit．Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,peoplestarttoexploretheelectronicB／L．AtypicallegislationofdigitalizationisUNCITRALModelLawonElectronicCommerce．TwoMainProblemsConfrontingtheElectronicB／LTheRulesadoptsthefunctional—equivalentprincipleonbasisoftheaimandfunctionofthetraditionalB／Landanalyseshowtoachievetheseaimandfunctionbyelectronictechnology．ItsaimistosimulatethetraditionalB／Ltomaximumextentthroughthetechnologicandproceduralmethodinelectronictransferofgoodsownership．UnderRules，thecarrierisakeyofelectronicB／L．Thatis，thecarrierissuestheelectronicB／L，makesnonofficialregisteroftheelectronicB／UstransferandcontrolsthesecretregistersystemonwhichtheoperationoftheelectronicB／Lbases．Article4(d)inRulesstipulatesthattheinformationofthereceiptmessagehavethesameforceandeffectasiftheywerecontainedinapaperB／L.Article7(d)inRulesstipulatesthatthetransferoftheRightofControlandTransfershallhavethesameeffectsasthetransferofsuchrightsunderapaperB／L．Article11stipulatesthatthecarrierandtheshipperandallsubsequentpartiesutilizingtheseproceduresagreethatanynationalorlocallaw,customorpracticerequitingtheContractofCarriagetobeevidencedinwritingandsigned．issatisfiedbythetransmittedandconfirmedelectronicdataresidingon.puterdatastorage．InagreeingtoadopttheseRules，thepartiesshallbetakentohaveagreednottoraisethedefensethatthiscontractisnotinwriting．Therefore，theelectronicdataisequivalenttowriting．二、英文翻譯海運提單風險研究李華江提單作為國際貿易和航運的文件，并從物物交換，以文件交易形式.因而在國際貿易過程中起著重要作用，然而許多問題源于在實踐采用中提單時，包括交換保函和清潔提單、倒簽和先付提單以及運送貨物在原來的提單沒有提到的情況下，在本文探討到的問題和認識的風險，并確認哪些是有關各方應負擔的風險。與此相對應，它提出了一些改善對策。隨著科學技術的發展和頻繁使用的信用證（L/C的）遍布世界的，系統的提單，而受到威脅的現象，如清潔已交換保函（L/G）時，倒簽提單和先付提單，以及交付貨物，原來沒有的提單.盡管這些現象在海上貨物運輸中有詳細而具體的介紹，但如果未能認識到這些現象，有關各方可能會負擔那些不必要的損失。一、產生清潔提單和保函交換的原因在國際貨物買賣中，根據誠實信用原則，如果承運人送達的貨物有缺陷，承運人應在提單上標明，以保證和保護收貨人的合法權益，著就是程序要求的關于在制單時應注明的信息。至于付款方法，許多海上貿易是通過信用證解決的，它主要是基于獨立的交易買賣或其他交易合同合約形式。因此，信用證僅僅是一種商業文件，銀行僅基于單據審查報告確定，而不論文件表面上看其來是否構成完整的單據，但如果有任何差異，銀行將拒絕付款。如果承運人發現細節的描述，標記，包數或件數，重量或數量的貨物，與實際收到的貨物不相符，它會記下。這樣的話，提單將不再是清潔提單，根據UCP600規定，在收到不清潔的提單時銀行有權拒絕交付，因為她不符合清潔提單和信用證的要求。為了獲得清潔提單承運人向托運人保證，對承運人造成的損失進行賠償。顯然，放棄保函是一種典型的欺詐行為。然而，保函在某種程度上可以促進有缺陷的貨物的轉讓。于是，用提單交換保函在全球范圍內得到了普遍使用。事實上，這種做法在某種程度上具有促進經濟和航運發展的積極作用。二、保函有效性的法律基礎使用保函交換清潔提單者一做法在國際貨物買賣中已得到廣泛的使用，當交付的貨物出現缺陷是，它可以緩解承運人與托運人之間的矛盾。例如，在美國和法國他們就拒絕承認保函的有效性，然而，在漢堡規則國際公約中，對保函在一些地區的法律效力作了系統的規定，所以承運人有權要求賠償向托運人簽發后，向受第三方造成的損失，但如果保函導致的第三方欺詐，包括收貨人，這樣保函就可以避免承運人和托運人之間不一致，而導致的索賠。（1）包含交換清潔提單的具體對策我們可以看到，交換保函既具有其積極的一面又有其不利的一面，在某種程度上，保函又是貨物能夠順利流動的基礎，如果沒有保函國際間的貨物貿易將無法順利進行。就承運人而言，他們在接受保函的時候需要非常的小心，他們要非常細致的檢查貨物，當發現貨物有問題時應當立即提出賠償的要求。對發貨人而言，在準備裝船期間他應該仔細檢查貨物是否符合銷售合同合約條約條款的具體的規定。（2）收貨人采取的對策最高法院在正式的書面回答關于保函問題的有效性時做出了如下規定：“在海上運輸貨物，收貨人不是必須要按照承運人提出的用保函交換清潔提單。無論保函作何規定，這都不會影響收貨人要求承運人賠償損失?！币幎ū砻?，保函對收貨人的約束力是有限的，著可能增加對承運人提出賠償要求的可能性。然而，規定收貨人可以要求賠償并不意味著它就一定能成功獲得補償，因此，如果收貨人不熟悉托運人并沒有業務關系前，收貨人應當積極調查信用資質和托運人與承運人通過這樣的機構為中國國際銀行海事局。當事情出錯，收貨人應在詐騙方收到貨物之前提起訴訟。（3）倒簽提單與先付提單的相同與區別不論是倒簽提單還是先付提單他們都記錄欺詐裝運日期。如果貨物是裝上船舶的，則具體日期記錄在貨物裝運日之前。具體而言，具有下述相似點：①兩種提單都是采用信用證付款形式。②兩種提單都涉及有關承運人和托運人陰謀欺詐的行為，尤其是在CIF術語下當托運人負責租船或訂艙時。③由于這兩種選擇模糊了收貨人事實上裝運延遲的問題，當收貨人了解了真相之后它可以選擇接收貨物的條件，或拒絕接受貨物或要求賠償根據條件損壞的貨物。④如果開證行在確定倒簽提單和先付提單后，它有權拒絕有關提單的談判。根據UCP600，銀行不承擔責任或責任的形式，充分性，準確性，真實性，偽造或法律效力的文件，這是對銀行的責任免除。然而，如果文檔審查銀行是假的，銀行仍有權拒絕接受提單。（4）倒簽提單和先付提單的風險及原因大部分倒簽提單是由承運人在托運人的要求下制定的。倒簽提單的目的是托運人保證出貨日期與銷售合同合約和信用證的要求相一致，因而他能履行交付義務和外匯結算的成功和順利。聯合聯合國國際貨物銷售合同合約公約貨物與合同合約法考慮交付義務的一個重要的。如果托運人不能交貨或不能按時交貨，視為違反合同合約的根本和收貨人可以取消合同合約。即使貨物已到港目的地，收貨人拒絕提貨，如果他能證明托運人沒有完成的時間內裝船發貨。此外，在信用證付款下，根據UCP600的規定，交單到期日，必須與信用證相符合，如果不符，銀行有權拒絕接受提單并且拒絕根據信用證條約條款付款，而且提供信