附錄1英文原文HydraulicExcavators1.HydraulicExcavatorspicture2.BasicConceptAnexcavatorisanengineeringvehicleconsistingofanarticulatedarm(boom,stick),bucketandcabmountedonapivot(arotatingplatform)atopanundercarriagewithtracksorwheels.Theirdesignisanaturalprogressionfromthesteamshovel.Thehistoryofheavyexcavatingmachinerybeganin1835whenthedippershovelwasinventedtoexcavatehardsoilandrockandtoloadtrucks.Ofcourse,withtheinventionofgasoline-anddiesel-poweredvehicles,constructionequipmentbecameevenmoreadaptable.Mostconstructionequipmentispoweredbydieselengines,althoughelectric-power,batterypower,andpropanetanksareusedonspecializedequipment.Designmodificationsaredrivenbycustomerdemand.Asof2000,thetwoprimaryareaswherecustomerswouldliketoseemoreimprovementsareintheeaseofoperationandtheoperator'scomfort.Theneedforsimpleoperationisforcedbythefactthattherearefewerskilledoperatorsinthemarketplace.Andoperationsandreliabilityarebothimprovingbecauseofthecontinuingintegrationofelectronics,automation,betterenginetechnology,andon-boarddiagnostics.Itisnowuptothemanufacturerstocost-effectivelyincorporateimprovements.3.Applications1234567891.diggingandloading2.stonework3.miningengineering4.rockbreaking5.pipelaying6.hoistingheavyobject7.clearupsideslope8.watercourseclearance9.removaltreatment4.ComponentsandFeatures1）OverallStructure1.dieselengineandhydraulicsystem2.undercarriage3.swingmechanism4.workequipmentassembly5.steeringandoperatingsystem2）MajorComponentsDieselEngineandHydraulicSystem:1.dieselengine2.hydraulicpumpUndercarriage:1.mainframe2.track3.trackidler4.trackframe5.finaldrive(drivingmotoranddrivesprocket)WorkEquipmentAssembly:1.bucket2.bucketlinkage3.bucketcylinder4.arm5.armcylinder6.boom7.hydraulicpipeline8.boomcylinder9.bucketlipGeneralPurposeBucket:1.anti-torsionpipefittedforincreasedstrength2.twopiecesideplates3.wearstrapsfittedtoincreasebasestrength4.cuttingedgeSteeringandOperatingSystem:1.driver’sSeat2.armrest3.joystickcontrol4.controlpedal5.travellever6.monitor7.console5.TypicalHydraulicSystem1.hydraulicpump2、4.distributingvalvegroup3.checkvalve5.speedlimitvalve6.hydrauliccylinder7、8.travelinghydraulicMotor9.doublespeedvalve10.slewinghydraulicmotor11.boomcylinder12.auxiliarycylinder13.armcylinder14.bucketcylinder15.backpressurevalve16.oilcooler17.oilfilter6.Dimensions1.ShippingHeight2.ShippingLength3.TailSwingRadius4.LengthtoCenterofRollers5.TrackLength6.GroundClearance7.TrackGauge8.TransportWidth9.CabHeight10.CounterweightClearance7.WorkingRanges1.MaximumDiggingDepth2.MaximumReachatGroundLevel3.MaximumCuttingHeight4.MaximumLoadingHeight5.MinimumLoadingHeight6.MaximumDepthCutforLevelBottom7.MaximumVerticalWallDiggingDepth8.SmallExcavatorFeaturesMustangintroducesanewbucketserieswithinnovativedesignimprovementsthatachievegreaterbucketvolumes,higherbreakoutforcesandimprovedverticaldigging.Standardheadlightsmountedontheboomandatthefrontofthecabprovideexcellentnighttimevisibility.3.Tohelpavoiddamageanddowntime,Mustangsecurelyroutesbucketcylinderhosesthroughthedipperstick.Forfasterattachmentmanagementandpartsreplacement,weconnectboomandarmhosesontheoutsideofthemachine.4.Independentrightandleftboomswing,foroffsetdigging.5.Specialdiggingsituationscallforspecializeddiggingmachines,whichallowverticaldiggingevenonslopesupto15degrees.6.Mustang’schassisincludesedgesreinforcedwithcastiron—nearlyindestructible.Thisheavy-dutyreinforcedbumperprotectscomponentsagainstaccidentalcollisions.9.NewTechnologyofTypicalHydraulicExcavator1）IntroductionTheHitachiZAXIS-3seriesnew-generationhydraulicexcavatorsarepackedwithahostoftechnologicalfeatures–cleanengine,Hitachiadvancedhydraulictechnologies,withstrongundercarriageandfrontattachment,pluswellmatchingofpowerandspeed.TheZAXIS-3seriescangetthejobdonewithprovenproductivity,durability,andreliability,especiallyinheavy-dutyexcavationandquarryoperations.Toyieldhighproductionyetmaintainlowfuelconsumption,suchwastheobjectiveofthedevelopmentofanewengineandhydraulicsystem.2）AdvancedHydraulicTechnologies1.IncreasedDiggingForce7%morebucketdiggingforceand8%morearmdiggingforce.2.EnhancedBoomRecirculationSystemIncombinedoperationofboomlowerandarm,armspeedcanbeincreasedbyapproximately15%overtheconventional.Pressurizedoilfromboomcylinderbottomsideisdeliveredtoboomcylinderrodsidetolowertheboom,assistedbyboomweight.Conventionally,pressurisedoilfrompumpisdeliveredtoboomcylinderrodsidetolowertheboom.Thenewsystemalsoallowsanefficientcombinedoperationofswingandloweringtheboom.BoomModeSelectorTheamountthebodycanbeliftedorpulledbythefrontofmachinecanbeONorOFFselected.Thishelpstoprovideformorecomfortableoperationandcontributestolongercomponentservicelife.Larger-DiameterFrontPipingArmpipingisincreasedindiametertoreducehydraulicloss(theoretically7%)forspeedyfrontoperation.CombinedOperationofBoomandArmIncombinedoperationofswing+boomlower+armroll-out,orinleveling(boomlower+armroll-out),armroll-outspeedcanbeincreasedgreatly.Here’swhy.Avariablethrottle,providedinthearmcircuit,adjuststheflowwhenneededtoreducehydrauliclossincombinedoperationwitharmroll-out.NewBucketRegenerativeSystemSwiftbucketactionscanbedoneincombinedoperationforexcavationthroughthenewbucketregenerativecircuit.Whentheloadtothebucketislight,pressurizedoilfrombucketcylinderrodsideisdeliveredthrougharegenerativevalvetobucketcylinderbottomsidefortheeffectiveuseofhydraulicenergy.10.StrengthenedUndercarriage1.IncreasedLoadingCapacityofSwingBearingTheswingcircleballbearingultilizesmoreballstoboosttheloadingcapacityoftheswingcirclebyapproximately6%,allowingstableswingevenintoughoperation.2.StrengthenedTrackLinksThebossdiameterofeachtracklinkisincreasedbyapproximately19%.Thethicknessofeachtracklinkisalsoincreasedbyapproximately57%.Thickenedtracklinksextendservicelife.3.StrengthenedUpperRollerBracketTheupperrollerbracketwallthicknessisincreasedforhigherstrength.4.FullTrackGuardProvidedStandardOntheH-specificationmachines,fulltrackguardsareprovidedstandard.Fulltrackguardsprotecttracklinksandlowerrollersfromdamageanddeformation.Moreover,theyalsokeepoutstones,preventingtheoverloadtotheundercarriagetoreducewearanddamage.5.PressedMasterPinsThemasterpinofeachtracklinkispressed,insteadofmasterpinusingapinretentiontoavoiddisengagement.6.StrengthenedIdlerPedestalThebearinglengthoftheidlerpedestalisextendedbyapproximately67%toincreasedurabilityandservicelife.StrengthenedIdlerBracketTheidlerbracketisthickenedforrigiditytopreventdeformationandincreasedurability.11.StrengthenedFrontComponents1.5%IncreaseinStrengthwithStrongerPinMaterialThestrengthofpins,usedinthearmandboom,isincreasedby5%,usinghardersteelmaterial.2.StrengthenedGeneral-PurposeBucketBucketteetharereshapedasSuper-Vteethforsmoothpenetrationandhigherproduction.Bushingsareutilizedatbothendsofabucketpintoeliminateclearances,preventingjerkyoperation.3.StrengthenedH-BucketforHeavy-DutyTheheavy-dutybucketisreshaped,andbucketpartsarestrengthenedtoincreasedurability.12.EnhancedOperatorComfortThespaciouscabisergonomicallydesignedwithexcellentvisibilitytoreduceoperatorfatigueandburden.ExcellentVisibilityTheglasswindowsarewidenedforexcellentvisibility,especiallyimprovingrightdownwardviewduringtravelandexcavation.AmpleFootSpaceFootspaceisexpandedforward,andpedalsarereshapedforpleasantoperation.Short-StrokeLeversFingertipcontrolofshort-stokelevers,withthehelpofarmrests,allowslong,continuousoperationwithlessfatigue（30%reductioninlevercontroleffort）.Comfort-DesignedOperatorTheoperatorseatisergonomicallydesignedforlong-hourpleasantoperation.Theseatbackiswidenedtoholdtheoperatorsecurely,andtheheadrestisreshaped.Theoperatorseatisstrengthenedtoreducevibrationandshocks,andincreasedurability.Fluid-FilledElasticMountsThecabrestsonfluid-filledelasticmountsthatabsorbshocksandvibrationtoenhanceoperatorcomfort.LargeMultilanguage,MultiFunctionMonitorThelargecolorLCDmonitor,teamedupwiththerearviewcamera(optional)onthecounterweight,givestheoperatorunobstructedrearwardview.Thissystemenhancessafetyduringswingandreversing.13.SimplifiedMaintenanceFocusingonsimplifiedmaintenance,includingeasyinspection,serviceandcleaning.SimplifiedCleaningaroundEngineTheradiatorandoilcoolerarelaidoutinparallelarrangementforeasydemounting,insteadofconventionalinlinearrangement.Thisnewarrangementsignificantlyhelpsfacilitatecleaningaroundtheradiaterandoilcooler.DualMainFuelFiltersProvidedStandardInadditiontoapre-filter,dualmainfuelfiltersareprovidedstandardtoreducecloggingofthefuellinetotheengine.EasyDrainingTheengineoilpanisfittedwithadraincoupler.Whendraining,anassociateddrainhoseisconnectedtothedraincoupler.Unlikeacock,thedraincouplerisreliable,avoidingoilspillsandvandalism.AutomaticLubricationThefrontattachmentisautomaticallylubricated,exceptforbucketlubricatingpointsatthetopofarmthatarerepositionedforsidelubrication.ExtendedHydraulicOilFilterChangeIntervalsHydraulicoilfilterchangeintervalsareextendedfrom500hoursto1000hourstohelpreducerunningcosts.14.EnvironmentalPreservationBoardingacleanenginecomplyingwiththerigorousemissionregulations.EnvironmentallyFriendlyDesignsThecleanenginecomplyingwiththeemissionregulationsStageIIIinEUandTier3inUS(EPA)isboardedtoreduceemissionscontainingnitrogenoxide(NOx)andparticulatematter(PM).2.LowNoiseEngineEnginenoiseisreducedbyapproximately2dBwiththerobustengine.ItgoeswithoutsayingthattheenginemeetstheEUnoiseregulations.3.Variable-SpeedFanTheenginecoolingfanisalarge1120mmdiametervariable-speedelectro-hydraulicfan.Thisfanautomaticallystartswhentemperaturecomesintothehightemperaturerange,ensuringlownoiseoperation.4.ProvenMufflerAprovenlargemufflerisprovidedtoreducesoundandexhaustemissionsgreatly.5.MarkingofRecyclablePartsAllresinpartsaremarkedforthesakeofrecycling.Thishelpseasetheseparationofrecyclablewastes。6.ReducingtheBurdentotheEnvironmentLead-freedesignisachievedthroughtheuseoflead-freewireharnesscovering,radiator,oilcoolerandothers.Noasbestosisused.Theuseofaluminumradiator,oilcoolerandintercoolerincreasesthedurabilityofthemachine.7.BiodegradableHydraulicOilDegradablehydraulicoilisecological,whichisdecomposedintowaterandcarbondioxideinwaterandground.15.EnhancedSafety1.CRESIICabTheCRESIIcabisdesignedtohelpwith“justincase”protectionfortheoperator.Safetyincaseoftippingisimproved.Thecabtopcanwithstandnine-foldloading.2.H/RCabTheH/RcabutilizesthereinforcedfrontwindowandFOPSattheroofforprotectionagainstfallingobjects.Thefrontglasswindow,madeofstraight-laminated,isfixedtoshutoutdirtanddebris.ThecabprovidedwithafullguardsatisfiestheOPG(LevelII)cabrequirementsstipulatedbyISO.3.NewPilotControlShut-OffLeverTheenginecannotstartunlessthelockleverislockedcompletely.Thispreventsunintendedrapidlurchingbyunintendedtouchingacontrollever.2中文翻譯

液壓挖掘機液壓挖掘機圖片基本概念挖掘機是一種由鉸接臂桿（動臂和斗桿）、鏟斗和安裝于履帶或輪式底盤上的轉(zhuǎn)盤（一種旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺）所組成的工程機械（車輛）。挖掘機是在蒸汽鏟的基礎(chǔ)上自然發(fā)展起來的。重型挖掘機的歷史始于1835年，當時發(fā)明了拉鏟式挖掘機用于開挖堅硬的土石方及裝載卡車。當然，隨著汽油機和柴油機車輛的發(fā)明，工程機械也變得越來越適用。雖然在一些專用設(shè)備上使用了電力驅(qū)動、蓄電池驅(qū)動和丙烷氣罐，然而大多數(shù)工程機械仍然依靠柴油機驅(qū)動。客戶要求推動著設(shè)計的改進。自從2000年以來，客戶所期望改進的兩個主要方面為操作方便性和操作舒適性。操作簡單的要求迫于在市場中很難找到熟練操作人員的事實。由于電子技術(shù)、自動化、高性能發(fā)動機技術(shù)、在線診斷技術(shù)的不斷集成，操作性和可靠性均得到了不斷的改進。目前，制造商在進行各種成本效益方面的改進。應(yīng)用1234567891.挖掘裝載2.石方工程3.采掘工程4.巖石破碎5.鋪設(shè)管道6.起吊重物7.整理邊坡8.疏通水道9.清理作業(yè)4.組成與特點1）總體結(jié)構(gòu)1.柴油機及液壓系統(tǒng)2.行走支承機構(gòu)3.回轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)4.工作裝置總成5.轉(zhuǎn)向操縱系統(tǒng)2）主要部件柴油機及液壓系統(tǒng)：1.柴油機2.液壓泵行走支承機構(gòu)：1.主機架2.履帶3.導(dǎo)向輪4.履帶臺車架5.最終傳動裝置（液壓馬達與驅(qū)動鏈輪）工作裝置總成：1.鏟斗2.鏟斗連接件3.鏟斗油缸4.斗桿5.斗桿油缸6.動臂7.液壓管路8.動臂油缸9.斗齒通用鏟斗：1.抗扭增強鋼管2.兩邊側(cè)板3.斗底增強耐磨板條4.切削刃轉(zhuǎn)向操縱系統(tǒng)：1.駕駛員座椅2.扶手3.操縱控制手柄4.操縱踏板5.行走操縱桿6.工況監(jiān)視器7.儀表控制臺5.典型液壓系統(tǒng)1.液壓泵2、4.分配閥組3.單向閥5.速度限制閥6.液壓缸7、8.行走液壓馬達9.雙速閥10.回轉(zhuǎn)液壓馬達11.動臂油缸12.輔助油缸13.斗桿油缸14.鏟斗油缸15.背壓閥16.冷卻器17.濾油器6.尺寸規(guī)格1.海運高度2.海運長度3.尾部擺動半徑4.滾輪中心距離5.履帶長度6.離地間隙7.軌距8.運輸寬度9.駕駛室高度10.配重離地間隙7.工作范圍1.最大挖掘深度2.最大水平移動距離3.最大挖掘高度4.最大裝載高度5.最小裝載高度6.最大水平切削深度7.最大垂直挖掘深度8.小型挖掘機特點新型鏟斗系列進行了改進設(shè)計，具有更大的斗容量、更強的破碎力和更好的垂直挖掘。安裝于動臂上和駕駛室前方的標準照明燈提供了最佳的夜間視覺。為避免損壞和停機，沿桿臂安全布置液壓缸軟管。為快速處理附件和更換零件，在機器外部連接動臂和斗桿軟管。動臂左、右獨立擺動，以適應(yīng)側(cè)向挖掘。特殊的挖掘環(huán)境需要專業(yè)的挖掘機械，即使在15°的坡道上也可進行垂直挖掘作業(yè)。底盤進行了鑄鐵棱邊強化，幾乎不可損壞。這種重型保險裝置可在碰撞事故中保護機械部件。9.典型液壓挖掘機新技術(shù)1)簡介日立ZAXIS-3系列新一代液壓挖掘機具有一系列技術(shù)特點：清潔發(fā)動機，先進的日立液壓技術(shù)，堅固耐用的行走底盤和工作裝置附件，以及功率與速度的良好匹配。ZAXIS-3系列挖掘機所具有的生產(chǎn)率、壽命和可靠性得到了檢驗證實，特別是在重型挖掘和采石場作業(yè)更加適用。以較低的燃料消耗獲得更大的生產(chǎn)能力是新型發(fā)動機和液壓系統(tǒng)研究的目標。2)先進的液壓技術(shù)1.挖掘力增加。鏟斗挖掘力增加7%，桿臂挖掘力增加8%。2.加速型動臂再循環(huán)系統(tǒng)動臂下降與桿臂組合作業(yè)時，與常規(guī)挖掘機相比較桿臂速度大約可增加15%。動臂油缸底部一端的壓力油被輸送到動臂油缸的活塞桿一邊，以降低動臂，動臂重量加速了降低過程。而在一般情況下，通過使來自液壓泵的壓力油流入動臂油缸活塞桿一端降低動臂。新系統(tǒng)也可以實現(xiàn)擺動與降低動臂的高效組合作業(yè)。3.動臂工作模式選擇挖掘機前部工裝提升或推移機體的力量大小可通過一個ON/OFF選擇開關(guān)進行選擇。這種選擇有助于提高操作舒適性和延長部件工作壽命。大直徑前部管路增加桿臂油管直徑以減少液壓損失（理論上為7%）提高作業(yè)速度。動臂與桿臂的組合作業(yè)在回轉(zhuǎn)+動臂下降+桿臂外伸的組合作業(yè)中，或者在平整作業(yè)（動臂下降+桿臂外伸）中，可大大提高桿臂外伸速度。原因在于，在桿臂外伸的組合作業(yè)中當需要減少液壓損失時，桿臂回路中的可變節(jié)流閥將對流量進行調(diào)節(jié)。新型鏟斗再循環(huán)系統(tǒng)通過新型的鏟斗再循環(huán)回路能夠加快組合挖掘作業(yè)中鏟斗的動作。當鏟斗上的載荷較輕時，由鏟斗油缸活塞桿一端產(chǎn)生的壓力油通過再循環(huán)閥傳輸?shù)界P斗油缸底端以便有效利用液壓能量。10.加強型行走機構(gòu)1.回轉(zhuǎn)軸承承載能力增強回轉(zhuǎn)循環(huán)滾珠軸承采用了更多的滾珠，使?jié)L圈的承載能力大約提高了6%，即使在重載工況下也能穩(wěn)定運行。2.強化履帶鏈每一履帶鏈條的凸臺直徑增加了大約19%。每一履帶鏈條的厚度