LectureonKnowledgeofEnglishAttributiveClauseinSeniorHighSchool目錄OverviewofrelevantclausesAttributiveclaimsguidedbyrelativepronounsObjectiveclaimsguidedbyrelevantadvisors目錄SpecialusageofattributiveclausesPracticeandAnalysisofAttributiveClauseTheapplicationofrelevantclaimsinwriting01OverviewofrelevantclausesAttributiveclausesaresubborderclausesthatmodifyanounorpronounbyprovidingadditionalinformationaboutit.Theyalwaysfollowthemodifiednounorpronounandareintroducedbyarelatedpronounsuchas"who,""which,"or"that."TheycanbeeitherdefiningornondefiningAdefiningrelativeclauseidentifiesthepersonorthingitmodifications,whileanondefiningclauseprovidesadditionalinformationwithoutidentifyingthepersonorthingitmodificationsThedefinitionofattributeclausesByusingrelevantclauses,writerscanprovidemoreinformationaboutaperson,place,orthingwithoutbreakingtheflowofthesentenceAddinginformationRelativeclausescanhelpmakethemeaningofapresencecleanerbyprovidingspecificdetailsorexamplesClarifyingmeaningWriterscanuserelevantclausestoemphasizecertificateinformationbyplacingitinaprospectivepositioninthepresenceEmphasizinginformationThefunctionofrelevantclausesAccordingtothefunctionofthemodifyingclause,relevantclausescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:definingandnondefiningDefiningrelativeclausesidentifythepersonorthingtheymodify,whilenondefiningclausesprovideadditionalinformationwithoutidentifyingthepersonorthingtheymodifyDefiningrelativeclausescanbefurtherclassifiedintorestrictiveandnonrestrictiverelativeclausesRestrictiverelativeclausesareessentialtothemeaningofthepresence,whilenonrestrictiverelativeclausesprovideadditionalinformationthatisnotessentialtothemeaningofthepresenceClassificationofrelevantclauses02AttributiveclaimsguidedbyrelativepronounsTheattributiveclauseintroducedbyWhoWhentheantecedentisaperson,"who"isusedasarelativepronountoguidetherelativeclause.Examplesentence:Thestudentwhowon'tthesizeisthemostDiligentoneintheclass(Theaward-winningstudentisthemosthardworkingintheclass.)AttributiveclaimsguidedbyrelativepronounsTheattributiveclauseintroducedbywho,which,thatWhichguidedrelativeclauseWhentheantecedentisobjectorthing,"which"isusedasarelativepronountoguidetherelativeclause.Examplesentence:Themoviewhichwasreleasedlastyearwasablockbuster(Themoviereleasedlastyearwasablockbuster.)AttributiveclaimsguidedbyrelativepronounsTheattributiveclauseintroducedbywho,which,thatExamplesentence:ThebookthatIborrowedfromthelibraryisveryinterestingThebooksIborrowedfromthelibraryareveryinterestingTheattributiveclauseintroducedbyThatItcanrefertobothpeopleandthings:"that"isusedasarelativepronountoguiderelativeclausestomodifypeople,things,orthings.AttributiveclaimsguidedbyrelativepronounsTheattributiveclauseintroducedbywho,which,that03Objectiveclaimsguidedbyrelevantadvisors"WhenIwasyoung,Ioftenplayedinthepark."Therelationshipwiththemaintense:Whenthemainclauseisinthepasttense,thesubordinateclausecanusethepastorpresenttenseasneeded,suchas"Whenhearrived,hefoundthatthetrainhadalreadyleft."Whenintroducedrelativeclauses"Wheretherivermeetsthesea,thereisabeautifulbeach."Therelationshipwiththemainclause:Thesubordinateclauseusuallymodifiesthenouninthemainclause,indicatingthepositionorstateofthenoun,forexample,"Iwanttogowheretheairiscleanandthepeoplearefriendly."Whereguidedrelativeclauses"Whyshelefthomeisamystery."Therelationshipwiththemainclause:Thesubordinateclauseisusuallyplacedafterthemainclausetosupplementtheexplanationoftheactionorstateinthemainclause,suchas"Idon'tknowwhyheisleft,buthenevercameback."Theattributiveclauseguidedbywhy04SpecialusageofattributiveclausesRestrictiverelativeclauseArestrictiverelativeclauseisusedtoprovideessentialinformationaboutanoun,anditcannotbecommittedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentenceItisoftenacceptedbyacommon要點一要點二NonrestrictiverelativeclauseAnonrestrictiverelativeclauseisusedtoprovideadditionalinformationaboutanoun,anditcanbecommittedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentenceItisoftenacceptedbyacommonThedifferencebetweenrestrictiveandnonrestrictiverelativeclausesArelativeclaimmodificationsanouninthemainclaim,anditisintroducedbyarelativeclaim(who,who,who,who,which)RelativeclaimAnAppetiteclausealsomodifiesanouninthemainclause,butitisintroducedbyacommaornopunctationItprovidesadditionalinformationaboutthenounAppetiteclauseThedifferencebetweenrelativeandapparentclaimsAs:AsisusedinrelevantclausestointroduceareasonorconditionItisoftenfollowedbyacommaBut:ButisusedinrelevantclausestointroducecontrastinginformationItisoftenfollowedbyacommaThatisusedinrelevantclausestointroduceacomparisonItisoftenfollowedbyacommaTheusageofas,but,thatinrelevantclauses05PracticeandAnalysisofAttributiveClauseProvideapresencewithamissingattributeclauseandaskstudentstochoosethecorrectcompletionfrommultiplechoicesExerciseFormatToassessstudents'understandingofthefunctionandplacementofattributiveclausesinEnglishsentencesPurpose"The__________carwasdamagedintheaccident."(A)red,(B)redwhichwasparked(C)red,whichwasparked(D)parkedredExampleMultipleChoiceExerciseExerciseFormat01ProvideaseriesofincompleteintentionsorparagraphsandaskstudentstocompletethemusingappropriateattributeclausesPurpose02Toassessstudents'abilitytoconstructgrammaticallycorrectandcontextuallyappropriateattributeclausesExample03"The__________student__________theexamwasJohn."(attributed,passed)CloseTestExerciseFormatProvidestudentswithapassagecontainingcomplexsenseswithmultipleattributiveclausesandaskthemtounderstandandanalyzethestructureandmeaningoftheclausesPurposeToimprovestudents'readingcomprehensionskillsandtheirabilitytoanalyzecomplexsensescontainingmultipleclausesExample"The__________novel,whichwaswrittenby__________author,dealswiththemesof__________."(genre,pricewinning,love)Readingcomprehensionexercises06TheapplicationofrelevantclaimsinwritingTheroleofrelevantclaimsinpresencestructureRelativeclausescanprovidemorespecificinformationaboutthesubjectofthepresence,addingprecisiontothecommunicationPrecisionRelativeclausescanaddcomplexitytopresencestructure,makingitmoreinterestingandinformativeStructuralorganizationTheycanclarifytherelationshipbetweenideas,makingthemeaningofthepresenceclearanceClearcommunication123Relativeclausescanconnectideaswithinaparagraph