職稱英語綜合類B級模擬45

第1部分：詞匯選項

1、Jackwasdismissed.

A.fired

B.fined

C.exhausted

D.criticized

2、Theconclusioncanbededucedfromthepremises.

A,goneB.derived

C?doneD.come

3、Swimmingwillbebannedinthislake.

A.forbiddenB.allowedC.permittedD.

promoted

4、She*soneofthesmarteststudentsinthewholeschool.

A.mostbeautifulB.cleverest

C.cunningD.hardest

5、Firsteditionsofcertainpopularbookscannotbeobtainedforloveormoney.

A.atanyplaceB.atanypriceC.inanylanguageD.inany

country

6、Iftheweathermanhaspredictedaccuratelyztomorrowwillbeaperfectday

forourpicnic.

A.astutelyB.correctlyC.carefullyD.acutely

7、Thelatestcensusisencouraging.

A.statementB.assessment

C.evaluationD.count

8、Jackeventuallyovertookthelasttruck.

A.hitB.passed

C.reachedD.led

9、Safetyisalwaysourprimaryconcern.

A.leastB.secondaryC.lastD.chief

10>Duringthepasttenyearstherehavebeendramaticchangesintheinternational

situation.

A.permanentB.powerfulC.strikingD.practical

ll^Themostcrucialproblemanyeconomicsystemfacesishowtouseitsscarce

resources.

A.puzzlingB.difficult

C.terrifyingD.urgent

12>Whatweretheeffectsofthedecisionshemade?

A.reasonsB.resultsC.causesD.bases

13>Thepolicemanwrotedownalltheparticularsoftheaccident.

A.secretsB.details

C.benefitsD.words

14、Everyweekthemagazinepresentstheprofileofawell-knownsports

personality.

A.successB.descriptionC.evidenceD.plan

15>Shestoodtheretremblingwithfear.

A.jumpingB.cryingC.swayingD.shaking

第2部分：閱讀判斷

1.MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferently

Malepilotsflyinggeneralaviating(private)aircraftintheUnitedStates

aremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-making,while

femalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.These

aretheresultsofastudybyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversity

BloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.

Thestudyidentifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsin

termsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved.

"Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviation

deathsintheUnitedStates.Thecrashrateformalepilotszasformotor

vehicledrivers,exceedsthatofcrashesoffemalepilots,nexplainsSusan

P.Baker.MPH,professorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloomberg

SchoolofPublicHealth.“Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablished

contributorstoaviationcrashes,wefocusedononlymaturepilots,todetermine

thegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.H

Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchproject

onpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviation

crashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997,involving144

femalepilotsand267realepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematched

withmalepilotsina1：2ratio,byage,classesofmedicalandpilotcertificates,

stateorareaofcrash,andyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashes

andthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledge

ofpilotgender.

Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthe

mostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexes,leadingto59percentoffemalepilots,

crashesand36percentofmales.Experiencingmechanicalfailure,running

outoffuelzandlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearupwereamongthe

factorsmorelikelywithmales,whilestalling(失速)wasmorelikelywith

females.

Themajorityofthecrashes-95percentforfemalesand88percentfor

males-involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkinetics

wasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexes,butwasmorecommonamong

females(accountingfor81percentofthecrashes)thanmales(accountingfor

48percent).Males,however,appearedmorelikelytobeguiltyofpoordecision

-making,risk-taking,andinattentiveness,examplesofwhichinclude

misjudgingweatherandvisibilityorflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.

Females,thoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraftz

weregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts.

16>Malepilotsaremorelikelytocrastlthanfemalepilots.

A.RightB.WrnngC.Notmentioned

17、Crashesofprivateaircraftaccountforonlyasmallpartofaviation

accidents.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

18>Itisalreadyknownthataircraftcrashesaremostlycausedbyyoungand

inexperiencedpilots.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

19>Bothmaleandfemalepilotsflyinggeneralaviating(private)aircraft

areundergreatstress.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20、Theresearchdatainvolvedmorethan400pilotsaged40-63.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

21、Themajorityofthecrashesareduetobadweatherconditions.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

22、Lossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffandstallingisthemostcommon

errorofcrashwithfemalepilots.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

第3部分：概括大意與完成句子

Icebergs

1

1Icebergsareamongnaturesmostspectacular（壯觀的）creationszandyet

mostpeoplehaveneverseenone.Avagueairofmysteryenvelopsthem.They

comeintobeing—somewhere—infaraway,frigidwaterszamidthunderousnoise

andsplashingturbulencezwhichinmostcasenoonehearsorsees.Theyexist

onlyashorttimeandthenslowlywasteaway（消融）justasunnoticed.

2Objectsofsheerest（最純粹的）beautytheyhavebeencalled.Appearing

inanendlessvarietyofshapes,theymaybedazzlinglywhite,ortheymay

beglassyblue,greenorpurple,tintedfaintlyorindarkerhues.Theyare

graceful,stately,inspiring—incalm,sunlightseas.

3Buttheyarealsocalledfrighteninganddangerouszandthattheyare—in

thenightzinthefog,andinstorms.Eveninclearweatheroneiswiseto

stayasafedistanceawayfromthem.Mostoftheirbulkishiddenbelowthe

water,sotheirunderwaterpartsmayextendoutfarbeyondthevisibletop.

Also,theymayrolloverunexpectedly,churningthewatersaroundthem.

4Icebergsarepartsofglaciersthatbreakoff,driftintothewater,

floataboutawhilezandfinallymelt.Icebergsafloattodayaremadeof

snowflakesthathavefallenoverlongagesoftime.Theyembodysnowsthat

drifteddownhundredszormanythousandszorinsomecasesmaybeamillion

yearsago.Thesnowsfellinpolarregionsandoncoldmountainszwherethey

meltedonlyalittleornotatall,andsocollectedtogreatdepthsover

theyearsandcenturies.Aseachyear1ssnowaccumulationlayonthesurface,

evaporationandmeltingcausedthesnowflakesslowlytolosetheirfeathery

pointsandbecometinygrainsofice.Whennewsnowfellontopoftheold,

ittooturnedtoicygrains.Soblanketsofsnowandicegrainsmountedlayer

uponlayerandwereofsuchgreatthicknessthattheweightoftheupperlayers

compressedthelowerones.Withtimeandpressurefromabove,themanysmall

icegrainsjoinedandchangedtolargercrystalszandeventuallythedeeper

crystalsmergedintoasolidmassofice.

A.FormationofIceberg

B.IcebergIsBeautiful

C.ColorofIceberg

D.IcebergIsDangerous

E.IcebergIsMysterious

F.ClassificationofIceberg

23>Paragraph1

24、Paragraph2

25>Paragraph3

26、Paragraph4

ANewCitizenshipTest

1Lastweek,asampleofthenewUScitizenship（公民身份）examwasreleased

bytheUSCitizenshipandImmigrationServices（US-CIS）.Itwillbetried

outin10citiesearlynextyeartoreplacethecurrenttestin2008.Instead

ofaskinghowmanystripestheUSflaghas,asthecurrenttestdoes,the

newoneaskswhythereare13stripes.Insteadofhavingtonamethebranches

ofgovernment,anapplicantisaskedtoexplainwhytherearethree.

2"Thegoalistomakeitmoremeaningful,"explainsEmilioGonzalez,director

oftheUS-CIS.Immigrantswhopassitareexpectedtohaveabetter"understanding

andrespect"forUScivic（公民的）values,Gonzalezsays.

3TheUSisn11theonlycountrydealingwithcitizenshipteststhataimto

geta"sharedcommitmentfromimmigrantsfortheiradoptedcountry1s"values".

Inrecentyears,inadditiontotheusualrequirementoflanguage/workskills

andeconomicstatus,severalEuropeancountrieshaveadoptedcitizenshiptests.

BritainintroducedanewcitizenshiptestlastNovember.InMarch,anewDutch

lawtookeffectrequiringallwould-beimmigrantstotakeacitizenshiptest.

Itinvolvedwatchingavideoshowingnude（裸體的）womenbathingatbeaches

andgay（同性戀的）menkissinginpublic.Theaimwastoensurethat"newcomers

willbecomfortablewiththecountry*sliberalsocialmores（風俗）”.

4Europehasbeenknownforwelcomingimmigrantsfordecades.But,today,

thefactisthatsomeimmigrantsarekeptapartfromlocalcitizensbyculture

andtheybecomehostiletoeachother.Promotingintegrationhasbecomea

majorconcernforEuropeancountries,aftertheriotinginMuslimghettoes

（少數民族聚居區）inFranceandthekillingofDutchpublicfiguresbyreligious

extremists.

5Officialsbelievethataperson*sattachmenttoacountrycanbetested

byhisorherknowledgeofthecountry.However,somecriticssaythatthe

changescandolittletohelppeopleassimilate（同化）themselves.nImmigration

isaculturewartoday.Isgivinganewtesttherightwaytolessentheaccusations

inthatfight?HsaysAliNoorani,oftheMassachusettsImmigrantandRefugee

AdvocacyCoalition（難民辯護聯盟）.

27>APreparationfortakingacitizenshiptest

BCitizenshiptestsinEuropeancountries

CImportanceofpromotingintegration

DNecessitytoknowthebranchesofgovernment

EDifferentviewsonthenewcitizenshiptest

FGoalofthenewcitizenshiptest

23.Paragraph2

28、Paragraph3

29、Paragraph4

30、Paragraph5

31>Atoknowalotmoreaboutthecountry

Btowatchavideo

Ctohelpimmigrantsacceptthenewculture

DtomarryAmericancitizens

Etodolow-skilljobs

Ftoanswer

27.Thequestionsinthenewcitizenshiptestaremoredifficult.

32、Would-beimmigrantstotheUSaraexpected.

33>IntheDutchcitizenshiptest,allwould-beimmigrantsarerequired.

34、Somepeoplefearthatchangesinthecitizenshiptestwilldolittle.

第4部分：閱讀理解

第/'-/ntj

Drivento

Distraction

1

JoeCoyneslidesintothedriversseatzstartsupthecarandheadsto

town.Theemptystretchofinterstategiveswaytourbancongestion,andCoyne

hitsthebrakesasapedestriansuddenlycrossesthestreetinfrontofhim.

Butevenifhehadn1tstoppedintime,thewomanwouldhavebeensafe.

Sheisn1treal.Neitheristhetown.AndCoyneisn1treallydriving.Coyne

isdemonstratingacomputerizeddrivingsimulatorthatishelpingresearchers

atOldDominionUniversity（ODU）examinehowin-vehicleguidancesystemsaffect

thepersonbehindthewheel.

Theresearcherswanttoknowifsuchsystemszwhichgiveaudibleorwritten

directions,aretoodistracting—orwhetheranydistractionsareoffsetby

thebenefitsdriversgetfromhavinghelpfindingtheirwayinunfamiliar

locations.

1H

"Werelookingattheperformanceandmentalworkloadofdriverszsaid

CarylBaldwin,theassistantpsychologyprofessorleadingtheresearch,which

involvesmeasuringdrivers*reactiontimeandbrainactivityastheyrespond

toauditoryandvisualCues.

Theresearchersjustcompletedastudyofthementalworkloadinvolved

indrivingthroughdifferentkindsofenvironmentsandheavyvs.lighttraffic.

Preliminaryresultsshowthataspeople"getintomorechallengingdriving

situations,theydon11haveanyextramentalenergytorespondtosomething

elseintheenvironment,nBaldwinsaid.

Butthetradeoffscouldbeworthit,shesaid.Thenextstepistotest

differentwaysofgivingdriversnavigationalinformationandhowthosemethods

changethedrivers*mentalworkload.

"Isitbestiftheyseeapicture...thatshowstheirposition,amapkind

ofdisplay?"Baldwinsaid."Isitbestiftheyhearit?n

Navigationalsystemsnowonthemarketgivepoint-by-pointdirectionsthat

followaprescribedroute."They*reveryunforgiving,"Baldwinsaid."Ifyou

missaturn,theycanalmostseemtogetangry."

Thatstyleofdirectionsalsocanbefrustratingforpeoplewhoprefer

moregeneralinstructions.Butsuchbroaddirectionscanconfusedriverswho

preferroutedirectionszBaldwinsaid.

Perhapsmanufacturersshouldallowdriverstochoosethestyleofdirections

theywant,ormodifysystemstopresentsomeinformationinawaythatmakes

senselOforpeoplewhopreferthesurveystylezshesaid.

Interestingly,otherresearchhasshownthatabout60percentofmenprefer

thesurveystyle,while60percentwomenprefertheroutestylezBaldwinsaid.

Thisexplainstheclassiclittlethingofwhymendon*tliketostopandask

fordirectionsandwomendozBaldwinadded.

35、Whichstatementistrueofthedescriptioninthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.IfCoynehadstoppedthecarintime,hewouldn*thavehitthewoman.

B.Thewomanwouldhavebeenknockedover,ifCoynehadfollowedthetraffic

regulations.

C.Coyneisnotreallydrivingsoitisimpossibleforhimtohavehit

thewoman.

D.Ifthewomanhadnotcrossedthestreetsuddenly,Coynewouldnothave

hither.

36、Whatdoresearcherswanttofindout,accordingtothethirdandfourth

paragraphs?

A.Whetherornotaudibleorwrittendirectionsaredistracting.

B,Howlongitwilltakethedrivertorespondtoauditoryandvisualstimuli.

C.Howthedriverperformundercertainmentalworkload.

D.Alloftheabove.

37>Whatarethepreliminaryresultsgiveninthefifthparagraph?

A.Driversareafraidofgettingintochallengingdrivingsituations.

B.Inchallengingdrivingsituationszdriversstillhaveextraenergyto

handleotherthings.

C.Inchallengingdrivingsituations,driversdonothaveanyadditional

mentalenergytodealwithsomethingelse.

D.Drivers1mentalloadremainsunchangedunderdifferentsituations.

38^Thesixthparagraphmainlystatethattheresearchers

A.aredesigningavisualnavigationalinformationsystem.

B.aredesigninganaudionavigationalinformationsystem.

C.aredesigninganaudio-visualnavigationalinformationsystem.

D.wanttodeterminethebestwaysofgivingnavigationalinformationsystem.

39、Whatkindofdirectionsdomenandwomenprefer?

A.Womenprefermoregeneraldirectionsandmenpreferroutedirections.

B.Menprefermoregeneraldirectionsandwomenpreferroutedirections.

C.Bothmenandwomenprefergeneraldirections.

D.Bothmenandwomenpreferroutedirections.

弟一^扁

40、Astronomersbelievethatmatterindifferentpartsoftheuniverse

A.obeysdifferentlaws.

B.obeysonecommonlaw.

C.obeysthesamelaws.

D.obeysnocommonlaw.

SomeThingsWeKnowaboutLanguage

Manythingsaboutlanguageareamystery,andmanywillalwaysremainso.

Butsomethings

wedoknow.

First,weknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.There

isnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguage,no

setofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithoneanother.

Furthermore,inhistoricaltimesztherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithout

alanguage.

Second,thereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemany

peoplewhoseculturesareundeveloped,whoarezaswesay,uncivilized,but

thelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknownlanguageswecan

seecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping.

Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood；indeed,thedirectcontraryhas

oftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswill

illustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinavery

primitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.Thereare,

orwere,hundredsofAmericanIndianlanguageszandallofthemturnoutto

beverycomplicatedandveryold.Theyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguages

thatmostofusarefamiliarwith,buttheyarenomoreprimitivethanEnglish

andGreek.

Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectly

adequate.Thatiszeachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureof

thepeoplewhospeakthelanguage.

Finally,weknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguage

tochange；theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.This

iseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspects

oflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsounds,andchanges

invocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.

Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage.

41、Inthesecondparagraphtheauthorthinksthat.

A.somebackwardracedoesn1thavealanguageofitsown

B.someraceinhistorydidn*tpossessalanguageofitsown

C.anyhumanrace,whetherbackwardornot,hasalanguage

D.someracesonearthcancommunicatewithoutlanguage

42、Accordingtotheauthor,peopleofunderdevelopedculturescanhave

language.

A.complicated

B.uncivilized

C.primitive

D.well-known

43、TheauthorhasusedAmericanIndianlanguageasanexampletoshowthat

theyare_______.

A.justasoldassomewell-knownlanguages

B.justasadvancedassomewell-knownlanguages

C.moredevelopedthansomewell-knownlanguage

D.morecomplexthansomewell-knownlanguage

44、WhichofthefollowingstatementisINCORRECT?

A.Languageisameansofexpressingaparticularculture.

B.AlllanguagescanwellexpresstheirrespectiveCultures.

C.Someprimitivelanguagescanalsoexpresstheircultures.

D.Someprimitivelanguagesarebetterthanotherlanguages.

45、Accordingtotheauthorlanguagechangesaremostlikelytooccurin.

A,grammar

B.pronunciation

C.vocabulary

D.intonation

卯—^植

AncientEgyptBroughtdownbyFamine

EvenancientEgypt1smightypyramid（金字塔）builderswerepowerlessin

thefaceofthefamine（饑荒）thathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround

2180B.C..NowevidencecollectedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggests

thatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimately

toblameandthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.

TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile*sannualfloodstoirrigate

theircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoons（季

風）southwardsout