考研外語強化練習3

一、UseofEnglish

1>Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisions

ofafuture“informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave

(1)togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereand

anytime,(2)informationhasalwaysbeena(3)

difficultcommoditytodealwith,and,insomeways,computers

andhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying,(4),

anddistributinginformationgoodsworse(5)better.The

evolutionoftheInternetitself(6)seriousproblems.

(7)theInternethasbeenprivatized,severalcompanies

are(8)toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic

(9)localnetworks,but(10)businessmodelsfor

interconnection一whopayshowmuchforeachpacket(11)_____,

forexample—have(12)tobedeveloped.(13)_____

interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake(14)

cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependent

networks,competitionwill(15).Iftechnicaloreconomic

(16)makeinterconnectiondifficult,(17)

transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortoo

slow,the(18)supplierscanofferasignificant

performance(19);theymaybeabletousethisedgeto

driveoutcompetitorsand(20)themarket.

A.admission

B.access

C.right

D.command

2、(2)

A.Because

B.Though

C.But

D.If

3、(3)

A.distinctly

B.notoriously

C.well-known

D.especially

4、(4)

A.manufacturing

B.selling

C.allotting

D.purchasing

5、(5)

A.morethan

B.lessthan

C.than

D.ratherthan

6、(6)

A.poses

B.produces

C.makes

D.brings

7、⑺

A.Providedthat

B.Inthat

C.Nowthat

D.Giventhat

8、(8)

A.competing

B.struggling

C.fighting

D.contending

9、(9)

A.through

3

B.in

C.on

D.between

10、(10)

A.imaginable

B.credible

C.workable

D.tangible

IK(H)

A.transmitted

B.transferred

C.transformed

D.transported

12、(12)

A.but

B.yet

C.still

D.then

13、(13)

A.If

B.Because

C.Though

4

D.for

14、(14)

A.that

B.what

C.it

D.which

15、(15)

A.prosper

B.improve

C.promote

D.flourish

16、(16)

A.elements

B.factors

C.ingredients

D.components

17、(17)

A.sothat

B.forthat

C.inthat

D.exceptthat

18、(18)

5

A.biggest

B.vastest

C.largest

D.greatest

19、(19)

A.benefit

B.drawback

C.profit

D.advantage

20、(20)

A.predominate

B.take

C.enlarge

D.monopolize

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStates

duringtheSecondWorldWar,tobeusedagainstGermany.However,

bythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforuse,thewarwith

Germanyhadendedand,asaresult,thedecisionwasmadeto

usetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasaki

havesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresent

day.

Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwo

heavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberof

peoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclear

weaponswouldbeunnecessary,sinceAmericanIntelligencewas

awarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeoplein

Japanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslost,andwanted

tonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.Itwasalsoarguedthat,

sinceJapanhasfewnaturalresources,ablockadebythe

Americannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeks,

andtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.

Ifademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewar,abomb

couldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadesert,in

frontofJapaneseobservers,oroveranareaoflowpopulation

insideJapan,suchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofaction

mightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsides,while

thepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequately

demonstrated.

Alloftheseargumentswererejected,however,andthegeneral

consensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwould

betousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinside

Japan.Infact,twoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecision

wasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.

SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyand

Japanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocide(i.e.killingasmany

peopleaspossible,includingcivilians).Lateron,eventhe

USandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcities

(DresdenandTokyo,forexample)inordertokill,injureand

intimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.Certainly,the

generalpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthe

deathsoflargenumbersofpeople,sothedeathsofanotherfew

thousandJapanese,whoweretheenemyinanycase,wouldnot

seemparticularlyunacceptable一abitof"justifiable"revenge

fortheAllies'ownlosses,perhaps.

Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someofthe

leadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelop

nuclearweapons,andthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumber

ofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.As

aresult,alotofnormal,intelligentpeoplewantedtosee

nuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructive

thisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeeven

more"effective"thantheyhadimagined.

Accordingtothepassage,nuclearweaponswereinitially

designedto

A.forceJapantosurrenderintheSecondWorldWar.

B.endthewarwithGermanyintheSecondWorldWar.

C.takearevengeontheJapaneseinvaders.

D.takearevengeontheGermansoldiers.

2、

Accordingtothesecondparagraph,nuclearweaponsarenot

necessarybecause

A.theJapanesehavea1imitedamountofnaturalresource.

B.theUScouldfindotherwaystoforceJapantosurrender.

C.thepeopleinHiroshimaandNagasakiareinnocent.

D.theJapaneserulerswerealreadynegotiatingasurrender.

3、

Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwesternpeopleatthetime

A.wereindifferenttothedeathsoftheciviliansinanenemy

country.

B.weresympatheticwiththedeathsoftheJapanesecivilians.

C.weretakingajustifiablerevengeontheJapanesetroops.

D.wereintimidatedwhenhearingaboutthedeathinJapan.

4、

Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat

A.scientificknowledgeandtechnicaladvancemayleadtomass

destruction.

B.cooperationbyscientistswilloftenresultintechnical

advances.

C.nuclearweaponshavemadenormal,intelligentpeoplecrazy.

D.nuclearweaponsweremorepowerfulthanexpected.

5、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthisissueofusingnuclear

weaponsagainstJapanseemstobe

A.puzzled.

B.critical.

C.supportive.

D.objective.

6、WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsafter

monthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclass,the

limberwomenaroundhimapplauded.

Zarracina,a24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflight

student,admitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescene

tootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.Then,

instructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagift

fortheir90minutesofbackbends,shoulderstandsandother

challengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhis

mi1itaryfriendstoclass,buttheymakefunofhint."It'snot

necessarilyconsideredmasculine”,hesaid.

Still,thepopularclasses,basedonancientHindupractices

ofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathing,balancingand

stretching,arecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawayto

improveflexibility,balanceandconcentration.AformerNavy

SEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.

TheAugusteditionofFitYoga,thenation'ssecond-largest

yogamagazinewithacirculationof100,000,featuresaphoto

oftwonavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgear

aboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittle

shocking—soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart”,writes

editorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspection,shesaid,she

noticed"asenseofinnercalm'ontheaviators，faces."War

ishell,andifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolace,that's

good”,saidTrieger,alongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.

RetiredAdm.TomSteffens,whospent34yearsasaNavySEAL

andservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps'training,

regularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolk,Va."Oncein

awhileI'11sitinclass,andeveryoneisa20-somethingyoung

ladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy,'hejoked.

Steffens,whosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethe

stiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgery,saidthebenefits

ofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredal1kinds

ofbackpains”,hesaid."BeingaSEAL,youbeatupyourbody”.

YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdiving,and

learningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositions

canhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiods,he

said."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomething,whetheron

breathingorontheyogapractice,andnotbedrawnoffcourse,

thathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary”,hesaid."Inour

SEALbasictraining,therearemanythingsthatareyoga-like

innature.

Alanthoughtitisdifficulttoexplainthescenetohisfellow

Marinesbecause

A.yogaisapeacefulmeditationprocess.

B.yogaisthoughttobealittlefeminine.

C.onlywomenwouldattendayogaclass.

D.Marinesoldiershatetochantforpeace.

7、

Wecaninferfromthepassagethatyoga

A.hasbeenpopulareversinceitsadventinIndia.

B.isanancientHindupracticeofmeditation.

C.focusesonimprovingmuscularstrength.

D.isbecomingincreasinglypopularamongsoldiers.

8、

Triegerseemstobelievethat

A.practicingyogacanprovidesoldierswithsomesortof

relief.

B.doingyogaposesinfullcombatgearisshockingfor

soldiers.

C.soldiersshouldbepeacefulinsteadofbeingtoomasculine.

D.militarypracticesofyogashouldbedonewithcloser

inspection.

9、

AccordingtoSteffens,practicingyoga

A.helpsexercisersremainyoung.

B.isveryeffectiveinrelievingbackpains,

C.helpsexercisersrealizethepotentialsoftheirbodies.

D.aregoodforformingahabitofdoingthingsinaregular

pattern.

10、

Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat

A.practicingyogacanhavepracticalmilitaryuses.

B.soldiersneedtobefocusedinimportantmissions.

C.yogawillsoonbecomeapart'ofSEALbasictraining.

D.militarytrainingsshoulddesignyogaintotheirprogram.

11、Duringthepast15years,themostimportantcomponent

ofexecutivepaypackages,andtheonemostresponsibleforthe

largeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensation,hasbeen

stock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswas

justifiedasawaytoalignexecutives'interestswith

shareholders).Forvarioustax,accounting,andregulatory

reasons,stock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprised

''at-the-moneyoptions”:rightstopurchasesharesatan

“exerciseprice"equaltothecompany,sstockpriceonthegrant

date.Insuchat-the-moneyoptions,theselectionofthegrant

dateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions'exercise

priceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.

Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdating

practicesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany'sstock

pricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdate.Mycolleagues

andIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date,spricerankedinthe

distributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.

Studyingtheuniverseofabout19,000at-the-money,

unscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies，CEOsduringthe

decade1996-2022,wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthe

likelihoodofaday'sbeingselectedasagrantdatefor

awardingoptions,andtherankoftheday'sstockpricewithin

thepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelyto

bechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth,

secondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthe

second-lowestlevel,andsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylarge

incidenceof“luckygrants”(definedasgrantsawardedondays

onwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth):

12percentofal1CEOoptiongrantswereluckygrants,while

only4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.

ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2022required

firmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirms

compliedwiththisrequirement,butmorethan20percentof

grantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thus,the

legislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminate

backdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththis

expectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh

15percentbeforeenactmentofthelaw,anddeclinedtoalower,

butstillabnormallyhigh,levelof8percentafterwards.

Altogether,weestimatethatabout1,150CEOstock-option

grantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatusto

opportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.Thispractice

wasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:we

estimatethatabout850CEOs(about10percent)andabout720

firms(about12percent)receivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.

Inaddition,weestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsat

thesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheir

statustoopportunistictiming.

Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledto

awidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeen

primarilyconcentratedin"neweconomy"firms.Butwhilethe

frequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirms,

morethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshave

beenawardedinothersectors.Indeed,thereisasignificantly

higher-than-norma1incidenceofluckygrantsineachofthe

economy，s12industries.

Accordingtothepassage,morestock-optionsweregrantedto

executivesbecause

A.responsibilitiesincreaseveryfastontheshouldersofthe

executives.

B.theyaccountforaveryimportantpartinexecutives'pay

package.

C.shareownersintendtotieexecutives'interestswiththeir

own.

D.shareholdersexpectexecutivestobuystocksatexercise

price.

12、

Themainpurposeoftheauthor'sstudyistofindout

A.howthecompany'sstockpricewentupafterthegrantdate.

B.howstockpricedistributioninfluencetherankofgranted

price.

C.howbackdatingpracticesinfluencethevalueofstock

shares.

D.howthegrantedpricerankedinthemonthofthegrant.

13、

Theresultoftheauthor'sstudyshowsthat

A.stockoptionsaremorelikelytobeawardedwhenpricesare

low.

B.thereisavaguerelationshipbetweenstockoptionsand

grantprice.

C.thereisaclearrelationshipbetweenluckygrantsand

luckydates.

D.stockoptionsareonlyawardedwhenthepriceisatthe

lowest.

14、

Accordingtotheauthor,theSarbanes-OxleyAct

A.effectivelyeliminatedthepracticeofbackdating.

B.leadstoalargerpercentageofluckygrants.

C.guaranteesthatgrantsarereportedimmediately.

D.helpstoreducetheincidenceofluckygrants.

15、

Itcaninferredfromthepassagethat

A.1150CEOshavebenefitedfinanciallyfromluckygrants.

B.morethan850CEOsowetheirsuccesstomereluck.

C.opportunistictimingcanprovideunfairfinancialrewards.

D.luckygrantsarewidelyspreadovervariousindustries.

16^Astudyreleasedalittleoveraweekago,whichfound

thateldestchildrenendup,onaverage,withslightlyhigher

IQ'sthanyoungersiblings,wasareminderthatthefightfor

self-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.

Families,whatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembers,

oftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademic,

andtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildone,

theflirt.

Theseimposedcaricatures,incombinationwiththeotherlabels

thataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescence,canseem

overtimelikeamiserablecat,entourageofidentitiesthat

canbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere'sanother

waytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcan

sharpenpsychologicalskills.Inacountrywherereinvention

isconsideredabirthright,manypeopleseemtotreatold

identitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:something

towrigglefreefrom,beforebeingdraggeddown.And

psychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasign

ofmentalresilience,oftakingcontrolofyourownstoryrather

thanbeingtrappedbyit.

Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyard

barbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiences,

allowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnew

acquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity一and

onethat'savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethe

familyandcommunitywherethey,reknownandlabeled一isthe

Internet.Admittedly,alotoftherole-playingontheInternet

canhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmany

peoplewhoplaylife-simulationgames,forexample,setupthe

kindoffamiliestheywould1iketohavehad,evenscript,

alternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeer

group.

DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddle

ageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnation

andgenerativity一ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthe

nextgeneration,ofhelpingthecommunity.Inaseriesof

studies,theNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfound

thatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerous

quality一whooftenvolunteer,whohaveasenseof

accomplishment一tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycame

tobewhotheyare.Whethertheygrewupinruralpovertyor

withviewsofCentralPark,theytoldtheirlifestoriesas

seriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagrade,they

foundawonderfultutor,andlatermadethehonorroll;when

firedfromagoodjob,theywereforcedtostarttheirown

business.

Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikely

reflectssomeagency,awillfulreshapingandre-imaginingof

thepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewho,whether

peggedasnerdsorrebelsorplodders,havetakencontrolof

thestoriesthatform,theiridentities.

Inconversation,peopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnail

descriptionsofthemselves:Tmkindofahermit”.Oratalker,

apracticaljoker,astriver,asnob,amorningperson.Butthey

aremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemso

authoritatively.

Maybethat'sbecausetheyhavecometoofar,shakenoffenough

oldlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime's

experienceslippingthroughchains,theydon，twantorneedany

additionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheir

familyniches,schoolyardnicknamesandhighschool

reputationsbehind,theydon'teverentirelyforgetthem.

Arecentstudyshowsthat

A.thefirstbornsandyoungersiblingsareoftentreated

differently.

B.higherIQholdersinafamilyarealwaystheeldest.

C.thefirstbornsinafamilyoftenbecomemoreacademic

D.theyoungersiblingsaremorelikelytobeill-treated.

17、

TheauthormentionedHoudiniinthetextto

A.tellreadershowhetreatedthepadlockedboxes.

B.introducethetopicof.IQdifferencesbetweensiblings.

C.illustratethepointthatpreviousidentitiescanberemade.

D.explainhowtosharpenone'spsychologicalskills.

18、

Accordingtothetext,onecanexpandone'sidentity

A.byfindingawaytostayawayfromone'sfamilyand

community.

B.bycombininglate-nightbullsessionswithbackyard

barbecues.

C.byconsultingaprofessionalpsycho-therapist.

D.byplayingvariousonlinecomputergameswithnew

acquaintances.

19、

Psychologistsseemtobelievethatifadultswanttoremake

theiridentity,theyneedto

A.telltheirpsychologistsverysimilarstoriesabout

themselves.

B.commandtheidentity-formingfactorsthemselves.

C.quittheirjobsandstarttheirownbusiness.

D.hireawonderfultutortogetthemselvesintothehonorroll.

20、

Wecanlearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat

A.itmightbedifficulttocompletelyshakeoffone'sold

identities.

B.peoplehatetohavethumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves.

C.itmighttakeadditionalworkforpeopletoentirelyforget

theirpast.

D.peoplehatetoheartheirschoolyardnicknameswhenthey

growup.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Domobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstations?That

questionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgess,

aresearcherattheUniversityofKent,inEngland.Oddly,

however,Dr.Burgessisnotaphysicist,butasociologist.For

theconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydanger,but

isinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurban

myth,supportedandpropagatedbyofficialsources,butnoless

amythforthat.Dr.Burgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweek

attheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociological

Association.

Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980s,

whentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafety-

drive,Dr.Burgessnotes.Thiswas,inlargepart,aresponse

tothePiperAlphadisasterin1988,when167peoplediedin

anexplosiononanoilplatform,offtheScottishcoast.

(41).Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanonthe

useofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatan

electricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes.

(42).Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold.

Oneproblem,saysDr.Burgess,isthatthenumberof

petrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990s,justas

mobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoates,BP's

fire-safetyadviser,investigatedmanyofthe243suchfires

thatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2022.He

concludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksigniting

petrolvapor,butthesparksthemselvesweretheresultof

staticelectricity,notelectricalequipment.Mostdrivers

willhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingout

oftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverand

seat,withtheresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.

Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframe,ofthevehicle,the

resultissometimesaspark.

(43).

(44).Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuch

explosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia.

Another,supposedlysentoutbyShell,founditswayontoan

internalwebsiteatExxon,saysDr.Burgess,whereitwas

treatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerally

explainstaticfiresquiteaccurately,butmistakenly

attributethemtomobilephones.Officialdenials,saysDr.

Burgess,simplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists.

(45).WarningsignsaboundinBritain,America,Canada

andAustralia.ThecityofSaoPaulo,inBrazil,introduceda

banlastyear.And,earnertinsmonth,amemberofConnecticut's

senateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrol

stationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine.

A.Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:

employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequired

tousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairs,forexample.

B.Asaresult,thecompanyhadtopayahugeamountof

compensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuits

concerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless.

C.Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternet,where

hoaxme