2021年托福閱讀PASSAGE73

試題及答案

PASSAGE73

Theinterrelationshipofscience,technology,andindustryistakenforgrantedtoday —summedup,notaltogetheraccurately,as"researchanddevelopment."Yethistoricallythiswidespreadfaithintheeconomicvirtuesofscienceisarelativelyrecentphenomenon,datingbackintheUnitedStatesabout150years,andintheWesternworldasawholenotover300yearsatmost.Eveninthiscurrenteraoflargescale,intensiveresearchanddevelopment,theinterrelationshipsinvolvedinthisprocessarefrequentlymisunderstood.UntilthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution,scienceandtechnologyevolvedforthemostpartindependentlyofeachother.Thenasindustrializationbecameincreasinglycomplicated,thecrafttechniquesofpreindustrialsocietygraduallygavewaytoatechnologybasedonthesystematicapplicationofscientificknowledgeandscientificmethods.Thischangeoverstartedslowlyandprogressedunevenly.Untillateinthenineteenthcentury,onlyafewindustriescouldusescientifictechniquesorcaredaboutusingthem.Thelistexpandednoticeablyafter1870,buteventhenmuchofwhatpassedfortheapplicationofsciencewas"engineeringscience"ratherthanbasicscience.

Nevertheless,bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,therapidexpansionofscientificknowledgeandofpublicawareness—ifnotunderstanding—ofithadcreatedabeliefthattheadvanceofsciencewouldinsomeunspecifiedmannerautomaticallygenerateeconomicbenefits.

Thewidespreadandusuallyuncriticalacceptanceofthisthesisledinturntotheassumptionthattheapplicationofsciencetoindustrialpurposeswasalinearprocess,startingwithfundamentalscience,thenproceedingtoappliedscienceortechnology,andthroughthemtoindustrialuse.Thisisprobablythemostcommonpattern,butitisnotinvariable.Newareasofsciencehavebeenopenedupandfundamentaldiscoveriesmadeasaresultofattemptstosolveaspecifictechnicaloreconomicproblem.Conversely,scientistswhomainlydobasicresearchalsoserveasconsultants

onprojectsthatapplyresearchinpracticalways.

Insum,thescience-technology-industryrelationshipmayflowinseveraldifferentways,andtheparticularchannelitwillfollowdependsontheindividualsituation.Itmayattimesevenbemultidirectional.

1. Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinthepassage?

(A) Toshowhowtechnologyinfluencedbasicscience

(B) Todescribethescientificbaseofnineteenth-centuryAmericanindustries

(C) Tocorrectmisunderstandingsabouttheconnectionsbetweenscience,technology,andindustry

(D) Toarguethatbasicsciencehasnopracticalapplication

2. Theword"altogether"inline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A) completely

(B) realistically

(C) individually

(D) understandably

3. Theword"intensive"inline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A) decreased

(B) concentrated

(C) creative

(D) advanced

4. The"list"mentionedinline13refersto

(A) typesofscientificknowledge

(B) changesbroughtbytechnology

(C) industriesthatusedscientifictechniques

(D) applicationsofengineeringscience

5. Theunderstandingofresearchanddevelopmentinthelatenineteenthcenturyisbasedonwhichofthefollowing?

(A) Engineeringscienceisnotveryimportant.

(B) Fundamentalsciencenaturallyleadstoeconomicbenefits.

(C) Therelationshipbetweenresearchanddevelopmentshouldbecriticized.

(D) Industrialneedsshoulddeterminewhatareasfundamentalsciencefocuseson.

6. Theword"it"inline16refersto

(A) understanding

(B) publicawareness

(C) scientificknowledge

(D) expansion

7. Theword"assumption"inline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A) regulation

(B) belief

(C) contract

(D) confusion

8. Whydoestheauthormention"consultants"inline25?

(A) Toshowhownewareasofsciencehavegivenrisetonewprofessions

(B) Todistinguishbetweenscientistswhoworkinindustryandthosewhodonot

(C) Toexplainthewaysinwhichscientistsfindfinancialsupportfortheirwork

(D) Toshowhowscientistswhoworkinbasicresearchcontributetoappliedscience

9. Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

(A) Thedevelopmentofscienceandofindustryisnowinterdependent.

(B