#絕密★啟用前2023年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語（二）（科目代碼204）考生注意事項答題前，考生必須在試題冊指定位置上填寫考生姓名和考生編號;在答題卡指定位置上填寫報考單位、考生姓名和考生編號，并涂寫考生編號信息點。考生須把試題冊上的試卷條形碼粘貼條取下，粘貼在答題卡“試卷條形碼粘貼位置”框中。不按規定粘貼條形碼而影響評卷結果的，責任由考生自負。選擇題的答案必須涂寫在答題卡相應題號的選項上，非選擇題的答案必須書寫在答題卡指定位置的邊框區域內。超出答題區域書寫的答案無效；在草稿紙、試題冊上答題無效。填（書）寫部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆或者鋼筆書寫，字跡工整、筆跡清楚；涂寫部分必須使用2B鉛筆填涂。考試結束后，將答題卡和試題冊按規定一并交回，不可帶出考場。考生姓名： 考生編號：

SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Here’sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you’retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughyou’remakinganice__1__,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothenextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois_2_growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamismadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofocus_3_onfindingwaystogrow.Let’slookatareal-world_4_.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompanyBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe_5_departmentsofengineering,marketingandproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The_6_wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And_7_improvementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.Thingschanged,_8_,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanagercameaboard,_9_agrowthteamandsparkedthekindof__10__perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineeringissuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe_11_ofupgradeswasn’tduetoaqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis__12__,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessbyprominently__13__thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion__14__,upgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeonewhocan__15__theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncourseforimprovement.Thisleaderwill__16__thetargetarea,setcleargoalsandestablishatimeframeforthe__17__ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso__18__forkeepingtheteamfocusedonmovingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.__19__attractivenewideascanbedistracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon’t_20_thecurrentgoalandneedtobeputonthebackburner.1.A.purchase B.profit C.connection D.bet2.A.defineB.predictC.prioritizeD.appreciate

2.A.defineB.predictC.prioritizeD.appreciate3.A.exclusivelyB.temporarilyC.potentiallyD.initially4.A.experimentB.proposalC.debateD.example5.A.identicalB.marginalC.provisionalD.traditional6.A.rumorB.secretC.mythD.problem7.A.despiteB.unlikeC.throughD.besides8.A.moreoverB.howeverC.thereforeD.again9.A.inspectedB.createdC.expandedD.reformed10.A.culturalB.objectiveC.freshD.personal11.A.endB.burdenC.lackD.decrease12.A.policyB.suggestionC.purposeD.insight13.A.contributingB.allocatingC.promotingD.transferring14.A.AsaresultB.AtanyrateC.BythewayD.Inasense15.A.uniteB.financeC.followD.choose16.A.shareB.identifyC.divideD.broaden17.A.announcementB.assessmentC.adjustmentD.accomplishment18.A.famousB.responsibleC.availableD.respectable19.A.BeforeB.OnceC.WhileD.Unless20.A.serveB.limitC.summarizeD.alterSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut-anditistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear’sevent,declaringittobenotpartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwestLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiversity.EdHorne,oftheRHS,said:"Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassisjustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlife,alleviatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS’sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrasscauses.ATwitteraccount,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreen-wash”ofartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingtoencouragepeopletosigntwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforan“ecologicaldamage”taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,276and11,282signatures.However,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwithnaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalsoclaimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof￡500ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,whichprovideshabitatforinsects.Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass.Itadded:“Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoiceratherthanlegislatingonsuchmatters,Howevertheuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegalandpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasuressuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsidersustainablealternatives.”TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass.isharmfultotheenvironmentisahottopicingardeningcirclesisoverpraisedintheannualshowisruiningtheviewofwestLondon.ThepetitionsmentionedinParagraph3revealthecampaigners5.disappointmentwithRHSresistancetofakegrassuseangerovertheproposedtaxconcernaboverealgrasssupplyInParagraph4,supportersoffakegrasspointout.thenecessitytolowerthecostoffakegrassthedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrassthewaytotakecareofartificiallawnsthechallengesofinsecthabitatprotectionWhatshouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialglass?Urgelegislationtorestrictitsuse.Takemeasurestoguaranteeitsquality.Reminditsuserstoobeyexistingrules.Replaceitwithsustainablealternatives.Itcanbelearnedfromthetexttakefakegrass.isbeingimprovedcontinuouslyhasseenamarketsharedeclineisbecomingincreasinglyaffordablehasbeenacontroversialproductText2It’seasytodismissasabsurdtheTrumpadministration'sideasforpluggingthechronicfundinggapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit'sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriestoyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?Buttheadministrationisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.ButprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbethepanaceathattheInteriorDepartment’sOutdoorAdvisoryCommitteewouldhaveusbelieve.Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andconcessionairesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetarespitefromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.WeconductedacomprehensivesurveyexamininghowU.S.residentsviewtheirnationalparks,andwefoundthatAmericansplaceaveryhighvalueonthem——whetherornottheyactuallyvisitthem.Thepeer-reviewedeconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayers,conductedbymailandinternet,alsofoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditionaltaxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbolsofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturalandartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica’spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsites——includingEllisIslandandGettysburg——andtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly$3billionayeartothenationalparksystem——anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withtheexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009aspartoftheObamastimuluspackage.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330millionvisitorsperyear.WhatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith?declineofbusinessprofitsinadequatecommercializationlackoftransportationservicespoorlymaintainedinfrastructureIncreasedprivatizationofcampgroundmayspoilvisitorexperiencehelppreservenaturebringoperationalpressureboostvisitorstoparksAccordingtoparagraphs5,mostrespondentsinthesurveywouldgotothenationalparksonaregularbasisadvocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparksagreetopayextraforthenationalparkssupportthenationalparks’recentreformsThenationalparksarevaluableinthattheyleadthewayintourismhavehistoricalsignificancesponsorresearchonclimateprovideanincomeforthelocalsItcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatthenationalparksystemisabletocopewithstaffshortagesisabletomeetvisitor5demandsisinneedofanewpricingpolicyisinneedofafundingincreaseText3TheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In2011,Sparrowledastudyinwhichparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factoidsinacomputer(“anostrich'seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.Inthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtorememberboththeinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.Theydidn'tremembertheinformation,buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inotherwords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut“adoptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,”Sparrowsays.Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,aprocessknownas“cognitiveoffloading.”Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmotherdoes,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowseesanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocusonindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinkingsomethingthatisnotavailableontheInternet.“Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvalueinmemorizingthings,”Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven’tlostourabilitytodoit.Stillotherexpertssayit’stoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereisnoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,forinstance,wrotepsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDaniel.J.Simons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-savvyolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participantsattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.“TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternet,butI’dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,”observespsychologyprofessorBenjaminStorm.“Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingforthebetter?Atthispoint,wedon’tknow.”Sparrow’sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwill.analyzeinformationindetailcollectinformationefficientlyswitchitsfocusofmemoryextenditsmemorydurationTheprocessof“cognitiveoffloading”.helpsusidentifyfalseinformationkeepsourmemoryfromfailingenablesustoclassifytrivialfactslessensourmemoryburdensWhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?Itmayreformourlearningapproach.Itmayimpactoursocietynegatively.Itmayenhanceouradaptabilitytotechnology.Itmayinterferewithourconceptualthinking.ItisindicatedinPara.3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrains?requiresfurtheracademicresearchismoststudiedinolderadultsisreflectedinourreadingspeeddependsonourweb-surfinghabitsNeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat.ourrelianceontheInternetwillbecostlytheInternetisweakeningourmemorymemoryexerciseisamustforourbrainsourabilitytofocusdeclineswithageText4Teenagersareparadoxical.That’samildanddetachedwayofsayingsomethingthatparentsoftenexpresswithconsiderablystrongerlanguage.Buttheparadoxisscientificaswellaspersonal.Inadolescence,helplessanddependentchildrenwhohavereliedongrown-upsforjustabouteverythingbecomeindependentpeoplewhocantakecareofthemselvesandhelpeachother.Atthesametime,oncecheerfulandcompliantchildrenbecomerebelliousteenagerisk-takers.AnewstudypublishedinthejournalChildDevelopment,byEvelineCroneoftheUniversityofLeidenandcolleagues,suggeststhatthepositiveandnegativesidesofteenagersgohandinhand.Thestudyispartofanewwaveofthinkingaboutadolescence.Foralongtimescientistsandpolicymakersconcentratedontheideathatteenagerswereaproblemthatneededtobesolved.Thenewworkemphasizesthatadolescenceisatimeofopportunityaswellasrisk.Theresearchersstudiedprosocialandrebellioustraitsinmorethan200childrenandyoungadults,rangingfrom11to28yearsold.Theparticipantsfilledoutquestionnairesabouthowoftentheydidthingsthatwerealtruisticandpositivelikesacrificingtheirownintereststohelpafriend,orrebelliousandnegativelikegettingdrunkorstayingoutlate.Otherstudieshaveshownthatrebelliousbehaviorincreasesasyoubecomeateenagerandthenfadesawayasyougrowolder.Butthenewstudyshowsthatinterestingly,thesamepatternholdsforprosocialbehavior.Teenagersweremorelikelythanyoungerchildrenoradultstoreportthattheydidthingslikeunselfishlyhelpafriend.Mostsignificantly,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenprosocialityandrebelliousness.Theteenagerswhoweremorerebelliouswerealsomorelikelytohelpothers.Thegoodandbadsidesofadolescenceseemtodeveloptogether.Istheresomecommonfactorthatunderliestheseapparentlycontradictorydevelopments?Oneideaisthatteenagebehaviorisrelatedtowhatresearcherscall“rewardsensitivity.”Decisionmakingalwaysinvolvesbalancingrewardsandrisks,benefitsandcosts.“Rewardsensitivity”measureshowmuchrewardittakestooutweighrisk.Teenagersareparticularlysensitivetosocialrewards——winningthegame,impressinganewfriend,gettingthatboytonoticeyou.Rewardsensitivitylikeprosocialbehaviorandrisk-taking,seemstogoupinadolescenceandthendownagainasweage.Somehow,whenyouhit30,thechancethatsomethingexcitingandnewwillhappenatthatpartyjustdoesn'tseemtooutweightheeffortofgettingupoffthecouch.AccordingtoParagraph1,childrengrowingintoadolescencetendto.developoppositepersonalitytraitsseetheworldinanunreasonablewayhavefoundmemoriesoftheirpastshowaffectiontotheirparentsItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatCrone’sstudy.exploresteenagers5socialresponsibilitiesexaminesteenagers’emotionalproblemsprovidesanewinsightintoadolescencehighlightsnegativeadolescentbehaviorWhatdoesCrone’sstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?ItresultsfromthewishtocooperateItiscultivatedthrougheducationItissubjecttofamilyinfluenceIttendstopeakinadolescenceItcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers.over-stresstheirinfluenceonotherscarealotaboutsocialrecognitionbecomeanxiousabouttheirfutureendeavortoliveajoyfullifeWhatisthetextmainlyabout?Whyteenagersareself-contradictory?Whyteenagersarerisk-sensitive?Howteenagersdeveloptheirprosocialability?Howteenagersbecomeindependent?PartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextanda~nswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)Net-zeroRulesSettoSendCostofNewHomesandExtensionsSoaringNewbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceofnewhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingones.Therules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK’scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpointsforelectricvehicles.Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexpertssaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsarealreadydrivingupbills.BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled.“Allthiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesarealreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,”hesays.GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectlyaffected.“Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation,”heexplains.“Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.”Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsontheamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,saysthiswillbringinnewrestrictionsforextensions.“Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,”hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplansjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator.Materialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear.“Whilstadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,”saysJonathanRolandeoftheNationalAssociationofPropertyBuyers.“Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound￡3,000additionalcostthankstothenewregs.”JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycomedown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture."Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,andthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition.”hesays.However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficienthomes,addsAndrewMellor,ofPRParc