I.ReadingComprehensionPassageOneIfleadership,basicallyspeaking,consistsofgettingthingsdonethroughothers,thenpersuasionisoneoftheleader’sessentialtools.Manyexecutiveshaveassumedthatthistoolisbeyondtheirgrasp,availableonlytothecharismatic(有魅力的)andtheeloquent.Overthepastseveraldecades,though,experimentalpsychologistshavelearnedwhichmethodsreliablyleadpeopletocompromise,dissent,orchange.Theirresearchshowsthatpersuasionisgovernedbyseveralprinciplesthatcanbetaughtandapplied.Thefirstprincipleisthatpeoplearemorelikelytofollowsomeonewhoissimilartothemthansomeonewhoisnot.Wisemanagers,then,enlistpeerstohelpmaketheircases.Second,peoplearemorewillingtocooperatewiththosewhoarelikethemaswellasthosewholikethem.Soit’sworththetimetouncoverrealsimilaritiesandoffergenuinepraise.Third,experimentsconfirmtheintuitivetruththatpeopletendtotreatyouthewayyoutreatthem.It’ssoundpolicytodoafavorbeforeseekingone.Fourth,individualsaremorelikelytokeeppromisestheymakevoluntarilyandexplicitly.Themessageformanagershereistogetcommitmentsinwriting.Fifth,studiesshowthatpeoplereallydohaverespectforexperts.Sobeforetheyattempttoexertinfluence,executivesshouldtakepainstoestablishtheirownexpertiseandnotassumethatit’sself-evident.Finally,peoplewantmoreofacommoditywhenit’sscarce;itfollows,then,thatexclusiveinformationismorepersuasivethanwidelyavailabledata.1.Manyexecutivesthinkthat________.A)theydon’thavetoacquiretheskillsofpersuasionB)theyhavemasteredtheskillsofpersuasionC)itisimpossibleforthemtohandlepersuasionD)persuasionisofnouse2.Thepsychologists’researchshowsthat________.A)persuasionisbeyondaveragepeople’sgraspB)persuasioncanbelearnedC)peopletendtoignoretheimportanceofpersuasionD)peoplearebornwiththeabilitytopersuade3.Accordingtothepassage,peoplearelesswillingtoworktogetherwith________.A)thosewhoaredifferentfromthemB)theirrelativesandfriendsC)thosewholikethemD)theirclassmatesandteachers4.Theauthorwarnsthemanager________.A)tohaveanypromisemadebyotherswrittendownB)nottobreaktheirpromisesC)tomakepromisesexplicitlyandwillinglyD)tohelppeoplekeeptheirpromises5.Theexecutivescanstrengthentheirposition________.A)eveniftheydon’thaveanyexpertiseB)iftheyknowsomethingunknowntotheirsubordinatesC)iftheyhavemorecommoditiesD)eveniftheydon’tknowhowtopersuadePassageTwoTradesecretescovereverythingthatpatentscover,andmuchmore.Atradesecretisknowledge,whichmayincludebusinessknowledgeortechnicalknowledge,thatiskeptsecretforthepurposeofgaininganadvantageinbusinessoverone’scompetitors.Customerlists,sourcesofsupplyofscarcematerial,orsourcesofsupplywithfasterdeliveryorlowerpricesmaybetradesecrets.Certainly,secretprocesses,formulas,techniques,manufacturingknow-how,advertisingschemes,marketingprograms,andbusinessplansareallprotectable.Thereisnostandardofinventiontomeetasthereiswithapatent.Iftheideaisnewinthiscontext,ifitissecretwithrespecttothisparticularindustryorproduct,thenitcanbeprotectedasatradesecret.Unlikepatents,trademarks,andcopyrights,thereisnoformalprocedureforobtainingtradesecretprotection.Protectionisestablishedbythenatureofthesecretandtheefforttokeepitsecret.Atradesecretisprotectedeternallyagainstdisclosurebyallthosewhohavereceiveditinconfidenceandallwhowouldobtainitbytheftforaslongastheknowledgeorinformationiskeptsecret.Incontrasttopatentprotection,therearenostatutory(法定的)requirementsfornoveltyorrestrictionsonthesubjectmatter.Thedisadvantageoftradesecretscomparedwithpatentsisthatthereisnoprotectionagainstdiscoverybyfairmeans,suchasaccidentaldisclosureandindependentinventions.Manyimportantinventions,suchasthelaserandtheairplane,weredevelopedmoreorlesssimultaneouslybydifferentpersons.Tradesecretprotectionwouldnotpermitthefirstinventortopreventthesecondandsubsequentinventorsfromexploitingtheinventionasapatentwould.6.Comparedwithpatents,tradesecrets________.A)areeasiertoprotect B)shouldmeetcertainstandardofinventionC)needstatutorysupport D)coveralargerscope7.________isatradesecret.A)MinMcDonald B)AnemploymentcontractC)AManualofVolkswagon D)Formula8.Theprotectionof________becomeseffectivewithoutanyformalprocedure.A)tradesecrets B)patents C)copyrights D)trademarks9.Atradesecretdoesn’thavetobesomething________.A)novel B)unique C)complicated D)useful10.Unlikepatents,________.A)tradesecretscanbeobtainedbyothersillegallyII.VocabularyandStructure11.Evennow,WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)specialistsarenotcompletelysurethatthecoronavirus(冠狀病毒),whichtheyhaveidentifiedinpatients,isthesolecause,andtherearemany_____featuresaboutthemethodoftransmission.A)intriguing B)shiny C)puzzling D)aggressive12.InthesummerJimandIhavebreakfastoutonthe_____.A)avenue B)cabin C)open D)patio13.Thetroopswereina(n)_____position,completelyexposedtoattackfromtheair.49.A)hold B)hint C)drive D)find50.A)use B)command C)prejudice D)preferenceI.ReadingComprehension1-10CBAABDDAAAII.VocabularyandStructure11-30CDCAAACDACBAAABBADDACloze31-50DADCBCBCDACBBADADACBSeetheWorldItisquitevitalforuniversitystudentstoseethesociety.Havingstayedintheivorytowerforovertenyearstolearnalotoftheoreticalknowledgefromtextbooks,thestudentsstillfeelbewilderedassoonastheystepoutofthecampus.Itistimetheygottoknowtheworldoutsidethecampusrightnow.fortunately,thesocietyhasofferedthemvariousopportunitiestopracticewhattheyhavelearnedinschool.Theycanlearntocooperatewithothersandtocontributetheirknowledgetothesociety.Oneofmyfriendsoncemanagedtofindapart-timejoboftutoringagirlof8.Throughthisexperience,hehaslearnedhowtodealwithpeopleandhowtodedicatehislovetopeoplewhoareinneedofit.Consequently,hecanalwaysbereadywhenconfrontedwithachancetoknowtheworldforhehasreallybenefitedalotfromit.ExaminationManyargumentsexistabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofanexam.Somestudentscomplainthattheirteachershavegiventhemtoomanyexamsandtheyhavelittlesparetimewhereasteachersholdittruethatsomeoftheirstudentsdonotworkhardonlybecausetheydonothavefrequentexaminations.Theexaminationscanshowwhatandhowmuchastudenthasmastered.Itisfairlyevidentthatateacherpreferstogivehisstudentsatestafterhehasfinishedteachingaunit.Onthepartofateacher,hecanfindhowwellhisstudentshavegraspedintheunitlearning.Onthepartofthestudents,theycanlearnwhataspectstheyfailtomasterandshouldpaymoreattentiontolater.Therefore,examinations,ifgivenatreasonableintervals,canbenefitboththeteachersandthestudents.Fromexaminations,teacherscanfigureoutwhatpointstheyhavemissedinteachingandmustworkhardtoimproveandthestudentscanalsofocustheirconcentrationontheirweakness.Children’sBooksDifferentbooksaredesignedfordifferentpeople.Picturebooksareusuallyforbabiesandchildren.Lovestoriesandnovelsarewrittenmainlyforyoungpeople.Bookswithsuchpurposesashealthandmedicalcarearewelcometooldpeople.Childrenarenotsupposedtoreadallkindofbooks.Owingtoaratherlimitedexperienceoftheworld,theyarenotoldenoughtotellgoodfrombadorrightfromwrong.Itisnoteasyforchildrentoresistthetemptationtocommitasexcrimeiftheyareexposedtoooftentothebookswithmuchdescriptionofsexandviolence.Properguidanceishelpfultoyoungpeople,especiallytoteenagers.Childrenwhoreceiveproperinstructionsfromparentsandteachersabouttheirsparetimereadingwillbemostlikelytoliveinharmonywithneighborsandsocialvalues.Thosewhoarenotproperlyguidedmaypossiblybepuzzledandgrowuptobetroublemake