暨南大學(xué)《808外國(guó)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)綜合考試》考研真題庫(kù)SECTIONAI.Filltheblankswithproperanswers(10%)TheEnglishsonnet,alsoknownassonnet,usuallyhasaregularrhymeschemea-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.【答案】Shakespearean查看答案【解析】莎士比亞的詩(shī)作，改變了彼得拉克的格式，由三段四行和一副對(duì)句組成，即按四、四、四、二編排，其押韻格式為“ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG”。每行詩(shī)句有十個(gè)抑揚(yáng)格音節(jié)。Itwasin1798,withthepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’s,incollaborationwithS.T.Coleridge,thatromanticismbegantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.【答案】LyricalBallads查看答案【解析】1798年，華茲華斯與柯勒律治將各自的詩(shī)歌合為一冊(cè)，定名為《抒情歌謠集》。ThetypicalfeatureofRobertBrowning'spoetryisthe.【答案】dramaticmonologue查看答案【解析】勃朗寧對(duì)英國(guó)詩(shī)歌的最大貢獻(xiàn)，是發(fā)展和完善了戲劇獨(dú)白詩(shī)這樣一種獨(dú)特的詩(shī)歌形式，并且用它鮮明而生動(dòng)地塑造了各種不同類型的人物性格，深刻而復(fù)雜地展示了人的內(nèi)在心理。TheGraveyardPoetswereanumberofpre-RomanticEnglishpoetsofthe18thcenturycharacterizedbytheirgloomymeditationsonmortalityinthecontextofthegraveyard.AcontemplativeandmellowmoodisachievedinthecelebratedopeningverseofGray′s.【答案】ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard查看答案【解析】這首詩(shī)充滿感傷情調(diào)，成為18世紀(jì)后期感傷主義詩(shī)歌的典范之作。Asoneofthegreatinnovatorsofthemodernnovel,VirginiaWoolfdevelopedthetechniqueofinherwriting,whichfocusesonthecomplexlivesofcharacters’innermindsinsteadofoutwardactions.【答案】streamofconsciousness查看答案【解析】弗吉尼亞?伍爾芙（1882年1月25日—1941年3月28日）。英國(guó)女作家、文學(xué)批評(píng)家和文學(xué)理論家，意識(shí)流文學(xué)代表人物，被譽(yù)為“二十世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代主義與女性主義的先鋒”。Itwas,astheprimaryauthorwhowrote“theDeclarationofIndependence”,togetherwithotherfourmenincludingBenjaminFranklin.【答案】ThomasJefferson查看答案【解析】《獨(dú)立宣言》是一份于1776年7月4日由托馬斯?杰斐遜起草，并由其它13個(gè)殖民地代表簽署的最初聲明美國(guó)從英國(guó)獨(dú)立的文件。's“TheRaven”isadarkreflectiononlostlove,death,andlossofhope.【答案】EdgarAllenPoe查看答案【解析】《烏鴉》是埃德加?愛(ài)倫?坡于1844年創(chuàng)作的詩(shī)集，詩(shī)歌主題除了愛(ài)情就是死亡、幻滅和傷悼。NathanielHawthorne'sScarletLetterisastoryaboutawomannamedlivinginseventeenth-centuryBoston,thenapuritansettlement.【答案】HesterPrynne查看答案【解析】《紅字》講述了發(fā)生在北美殖民時(shí)期的戀愛(ài)悲劇。女主人公是海絲特?白蘭。Earlyinthe1920sthemostprominentofthenewAmericanplaywrights,,establishedaninternationalreputationwithsuchplaysasTheEmperorJonesandTheHairyApe.【答案】EugeneO'Neill查看答案【解析】尤金?奧尼爾(1888年10月16日—1953年11月27日)美國(guó)劇作家，表現(xiàn)主義文學(xué)的代表作家，美國(guó)民族戲劇的奠基人。主要作品有《瓊斯皇》《毛猿》《天邊外》《悲悼》等。Hemingway'sstatureasawriterwasconfirmedwiththepublicationofhisnovelin1929,whichportrayedafarewellbothtowarandtolove.【答案】AFarewelltoArms查看答案【解析】《永別了，武器》是美國(guó)小說(shuō)家歐內(nèi)斯特?海明威創(chuàng)作的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)，是其早期代表作，首次出版于1929年9月27日。通過(guò)描述二人的愛(ài)情，作品揭示了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的荒唐和殘酷的本質(zhì)，反映了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中人與人之間的相互殘殺以及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)對(duì)人的精神和情感的毀滅。DefinethetermslistedbelowaccordingtoyourknowledgeofEnglishandAmericanliteratureandcriticism.(20%)Gothicnovel【答案】GothicNovel,asaliterarygenre,combineselementsofbothhorrorandromance.Thesenovels,inrebellingagainsttheincreasingcommercialismandrationalism,showthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature.Theyaremysteries,ofteninvolvingthesupernaturalandheavilytingedwithhorror,andtheyareusuallyagainstdarkbackgroundsofmedievalruinsandhauntedcastles.TheoriginatorofEnglishGothicnovelisHoraceWalpole,andhisCastleofOtranto:AGothicStoryisthefirstworkofthekind.查看答案Byronichero【答案】TheByronicheroisanidealizedbutflawedcharacterexemplifiedinthelifeandwritingsofLordBryon,likeChildHaroldandDonJuan.Theyarehandsome,chivalrous,energetic,pathetic,lonelyandremorsefuloverasin,gloomyandmisanthropic,sexuallyfree,andcapableofgenerousactsandmagnanimity.Thereisapossibledownsideoftheirpersonalitywithindividualisticspirit,aloofness,arroganceandoccasionalcontemptforthecommonpeople.查看答案3.CriticalRealism【答案】Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthe1840sandinthebeginningofthe1850s.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromadramaticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingconditionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.查看答案4.Transcendentalism【答案】Itisaliterary,philosophicalandartisticmovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860.ItoriginatedamongasmallgroupofintellectualswhowerereactingagainsttheorthodoxyofCalvinismandtherationalismoftheUnitarianChurch,developinginsteadtheirownfaithcenteringonthedivinityofhumanityandthenaturalworld.Transcendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoulasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse,andstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,naturewasthegarmentoftheOversoul.TheirideaswereeloquentlyexpressedbyRalphWaldoEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,andSelf-relianceandbyHenryDavidThoreauinhisWalden.查看答案III.Identifythefollowingquotationsbygiving(1)thetitleofthework;(2)thenameofitsauthor,and(3)explainbrieflytheimplicationsoftheunderlinedparts.(20%)Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.【答案】OfStudies;FrancisBaconItsimplicationisthatstudiescannotteachuseverythingandwecannotbelieveeverythingthatwelearnfrombooks,insteadweneedtolearnfromexperiencetotesttheknowledgewelearnedbefore.IfIwereadeadleafthoumightestbear;/IfIwereaswiftcloudtoflywiththee;/Awavetopantbeneaththypower,andshare/Theimpulseofthystrength,onlylessfree/Thanthou,OUncontrollable!【答案】OdetotheWestWind;PercyByssheShelleyItsimplicationisthatthoughthespeakerislikethewindatheart,untamableandproud—heisnowchainedandbowedwiththeweightofhishoursupontheearth.Ohsir,shesmiled,nodoubt,/Whene’erIpassedher;butwhopassedwithout/Muchthesamesmile?Thisgrew:Igavecommands:/Thenallsmilesstoppedaltogether.【答案】MyLastDuchess;RobertBrowningItsimplicationisthatthespeakercommandshiswifenottosmiletoothersbecausehethinksthatsheistoofrivolousindoingso.Fromthis,BrowningportraysadominatingandselfishDuke.Hesmiledunderstandingly—muchmorethanunderstandingly...Preciselyatthatpointitvanished—andIwaslookingatanelegantyoungroughneck,ayearortwooverthirty,whoseelaborateformalityofspeechjustmissedbeingabsurd.SometimebeforeheintroducedhimselfI’dgotastrongimpressionthathewaspickinghiswordswithcare.【答案】TheGreatGatsby;F.ScottFitzgeraldItsimplicationisthatGatsbyisnotthesameasthespeakerimagines,andthespeakerthinksthathiswayofspeechorbehaviorsareinconsistentwithhiswealthorpower.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyiswithme.Butifamanwouldbealone,lethimlookatthestars.Theraysthatcomefromthoseheavenlyworldswillseparatebetweenhimandvulgarthings.【答案】Nature;RalphWaldoEmersonItsimplicationisthattoexperiencethe“wholeness”withnatureforwhichwearenaturallysuited,wemustbeseparatefromtheflawsanddistractionsimposedonusbysociety.Emersonbelievedthatsolitudeisthesinglemechanismthroughwhichwecanbefullyengagedintheworldofnature.IV.Writing:Chooseoneofthefollowingpairandwriteacomparativeessayofnolessthan200words.(25%)CharlesDickensandThomasHardy【答案】BothCharlesDickensonandThomasHardyweremastersofcriticalrealisminBritaininthenineteenthCentury.Dickensonbegantowritein1830s,andendedin1850s;Hardy'snovelsweremainlyinthelast10yearsofnineteenthCentury.Becauseoftheirdifferentlifeexperiencesandhistoricalbackgrounds,theirwritingstylesarebothidenticalanddifferent.Dickenson'snovelsaretortuous,lively,andfascinating.Hisnovelsareinterestingandreadable,withtheaimofattractingreaders.TheprotagonistsinDickenson'novelsoftensucceedafterthousandsofhardshipsorfrustrationsintheirlives.Hisnovelsarejustlikeapieceofmusic,whichbeginswithamelancholymelodyandendswithcheerfulnotes,oftenmakingreaderslaughwithtears.Thisistheoptimistic“Dickenson-style”novelending.Hardy'snovels,likeDickenson'snovels,arereadableandinteresting.Theplotistortuousandfascinating,whichisthecharacteristicofhisnovels,sohehasalargenumberofreaders.Theplot'stwistsandturnsofHardy'snovelsaremainlymanifestedintheupsanddowns,andaseriesofmisfortunesandmisfortunesplungingtheherointodespair.Hisworksarenovelanduniquewithmanyoccasionalhappeningsandcoincidences.Hisnovelsoftenendwithamournfultone,whichmakesreaderssad.ThecharactersinDickenson'snovelsaresingleandwillnotchangewiththechangeofexperienceandenvironment.Therefore,thegoodpeopleinDickenson'snovelsareoftenpoor,butgoodandkind.Badpeoplearesworksnotonlyvillainsandgangsters.However,thecharactersinHardyhavedualityandcomplexity,butalsochangebecauseoftheinfluenceofenvironmentandexperience.Hedoesnotregardtheprinciplethat“Baddeeds,aswellasgood,mayrebounduponthedoer.”astheendingofthenovel,butjustshowsthefateofsomecharacterstothereadersaccordingtothereality.Hardyhadnoillusionsaboutlife.Hisattitudetowardslifewasquiteresignedtofate.sworksnotonlyTheLostGeneration&TheBeatGeneration【答案】“TheLostgeneration”and“theBeatGeneration”cameintobeingafterthetwoWorldWarsin20thCentury.Theyemergedindifferenttimesandsocialsituations.Facedwiththelossoftraditionalvalues,theyexpresseddissatisfactionandrebelliontosocietyindifferentforms.AftertheFirstWorldWar,thetraditionalcivilizationofEurope,ofwhichtheyouthwasproud,collapsedinstantly,andEuropewasinturmoil.Afterthewar,theyoungmandidnotbecometheheroesthatpeopleworshiped.Theycannotfindjobsandcannotadjusttotheirtownsandfamiliesandbecameincompatiblewiththereality.Moreover,WorldWarIcausedamorelastingtraumatointellectualswhoweredissatisfiedwiththepursuitofeconomicinterestsbuttheoverlookofspiritualcontentinsociety.Allthesechangesresultedinagenerationfeelingconfusedandataloss.Theylosttheiroldrootsandcouldnotfindnewdirectionsbutjustexpressedtheirprotestagainstsocietywith“l(fā)ost”appearance.WhileasthesocietyafterWorldWarnhadcompletelysuppressedhumannature,theyoungpeoplewhohadbeenhitcouldnolongerendureinsilence.Thenormalresistancewasineffectiveandtheycannotbehaveasifeverythinghadnothingtodowiththemlikethe“l(fā)ostgeneration”beingintoxicatedintheindividualworld.Therefore,theydecidedtoattracttheattentionofthesocietyandthepublicbytheirpeculiarandindependentbehaviors,thusexpressingtheirresistancetothemainstreamauthority.Thetwoschoolsalldisplayedamentaloutlookthatwasnotcompatiblewiththemainstream,buttheyrevoltedindifferentways.“TheLostGeneration”was“graceunderpressure”,“TheBeatGeneration”wasanakedhowl.Althoughtheformerwaspessimisticandignoredtheoutsideworld,theydidnotretreatpassively.Undertheir“l(fā)ost”appearance,theylookedforsomething,expressingtheirpursuitofpersonalfreedomfromadeeperlevel.However,thelatterexpressedthesamespiritofrebellionwithinsanityandnakedexposure.Theydislikedtheevilbigcityandmovedtothewest,totheoriginalMexico.Intheirtimes,peoplelostthemselvesandgraduallyalienatedinthesocietyofincreasingphysicalandrightdesires.Therefore,theyarousetherebelliousconsciousnessoftheresignedwithcrazybehaviorstorestorepeople’sfreedom.SECTIONBI.Therearetenmultiple-choicequestionsinthissection.Choosethebestanswerloeachquestion.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10%)WhichofthefollowingsoundsdoesnotbelongtotheallomorphsoftheEnglishsimplepastmorpheme?[d][t][it][id]【答案】C查看答案【解析】英語(yǔ)一般過(guò)去式的詞素有三種詞素變體：[d]、[t]、[id]。When-ionin“television”isremovedtogetaverb“televise”,wecallthiswayofcreatingwords.suffixationback-formationblendingacronymy【答案】B查看答案【解析】逆構(gòu)詞法是將語(yǔ)言中已經(jīng)存在的某個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的詞去掉想象中的詞綴從而衍生出來(lái)的一個(gè)較短的詞。Inthefollowingconversation:-BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?-AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.ThesecondpersonviolatestheoftheCooperativePrinciple.QuantityMaximQualityMaximRelationMaximMannerMaxim【答案】B查看答案【解析】質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則第一條為“不要說(shuō)自知是假的話”。Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe.prescriptivesociolinguisticdescriptivepsycholinguistic【答案】C查看答案【解析】現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)描述和分析語(yǔ)言事實(shí)。ThediscoveryoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkof.JacobGrimmBronislawMalinowskiLeonardBloomfieldSirWilliamJones【答案】D查看答案【解析】威廉?瓊斯最早正式提出印歐語(yǔ)假設(shè)。Oneofthepropertiesoflanguageisthatalanguageusercanunderstandandproducesentenceshe/shehasneverheardbefore.Thispropertyoflanguageiscalled.dualityproductivitydisplacementarbitrariness【答案】B查看答案【解析】有了創(chuàng)造性，說(shuō)話者便能夠?qū)⒒镜恼Z(yǔ)言單位組成無(wú)限數(shù)量的句子，而這其中的絕大數(shù)句子卻是以前從未有過(guò)或聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的。Theconsonant[d]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:voiceless,alveolar,stopvoiceless,labiodental,lateralvoiced,dental,fricativevoiceless,labiodental,affricate【答案】C查看答案【解析】[6]是濁音，齒音，摩擦音。“Iboughtsomeroses”"Iboughtsomeflowers”.entailspresupposesisinconsistentwithissynonymouswith【答案】A查看答案【解析】第二個(gè)句子的意義可以由第一個(gè)句子衍推出來(lái)。Theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersforwardtoanotherwordorphrasewhichoccurslaterinatextorconversationiscalled.antecedentcataphoraanaphorareference【答案】B查看答案【解析】下指是對(duì)后文將要出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容或詞項(xiàng)的替代。Whichpairofwordsinthefollowingisaminimalpair?dick,dugbike,pikecat,petpage,lake【答案】B查看答案【解析】單詞bike和pike只有第一個(gè)音素不同，從而導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)單詞意義不同。Fillintheblankswithwordsorphrasesstartingwiththefirstlettergivenbelow.(10%)Sisthesmallestcomponentofmeaning.【答案】Sememe查看答案【解析】義素是詞義的基本單位。Aneconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterofhead.【答案】endocentric查看答案【解析】向心結(jié)構(gòu)是一種其分布在功能上等同或趨近于整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中作為中心或核心的成分的結(jié)構(gòu)。Acisacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.【答案】corpus查看答案【解析】語(yǔ)料是以書(shū)面語(yǔ)篇或錄音言語(yǔ)描寫(xiě)所收集的語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)的集合。Asisaspecificationofwhattakesplaceintheclassroom,whichusuallycontainstheaimsandcontentsofteachingandsometimescontainssuggestionsofmethodology.【答案】syllabus查看答案【解析】教學(xué)大綱就是教學(xué)計(jì)劃。它是對(duì)課程內(nèi)容，教學(xué)步驟和學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷的描述。J.R.FwasthefirstprofessorofgenerallinguisticsinGreatBritainandheturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritain.【答案】Firth查看答案【解析】弗斯是英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)界的中心人物。他堅(jiān)持語(yǔ)言理論研究有其獨(dú)立性，不應(yīng)被視為其他學(xué)科或語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的附庸。ICanalysisistheshortformfori.【答案】immediateconstituent查看答案【解析】IC是直接成分分析法的簡(jiǎn)稱。Theifunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearerorreader.【答案】informative查看答案【解析】信息功能指語(yǔ)言用來(lái)傳達(dá)信息，即告訴他人一些事情，情況，信息等功能。Binlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainofstimulus-responsereinforcement.【答案】Bloomfield查看答案【解析】布龍菲爾德認(rèn)為兒童的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)是通過(guò)“刺激一反應(yīng)加強(qiáng)”鏈，而且成人的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用同樣也是刺激一反應(yīng)過(guò)程。ThePSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.ItmostprominentscholarisTrubetzcoy.【答案】Prague查看答案【解析】布拉格學(xué)派最為出名，令人難以忘懷的是其對(duì)音位學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)，以及對(duì)語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的區(qū)分。在這當(dāng)中最有影響力的學(xué)者是特魯別茨伊柯。Philosophersusectomeanthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.【答案】connotation查看答案【解析】哲學(xué)家們用內(nèi)涵來(lái)表示單詞所指實(shí)體的屬性。Definethefollowingterms.(25%)1.arbitrariness【答案】Itreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Thereisnoreason,forexample,whyEnglishshouldusethesounds/dog/torefertotheanimaldog,orwhyChineseshoulduse“gou”torefertothesameanimal.Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisquiteaccidental.查看答案antonymy【答案】Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonyms.Oppositenesscanbefoundondifferentdimensionsanddifferentkindsofantonymshavebeenfound.Someantonymsaregradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair.Soitisamatterofdegree.Forexample,oldandyoungareimmediatelyrecognizedasantonyms,buttheystandfortwoextremes,betweenwhichthereexistintermediateformsrepresentingdifferingdegreesofbeingoldoryoung,suchas“middle-aged,mature,elderly”.“Good”and“bad”isalsoapairofgradableantonyms.Apairofcomplementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.Inotherwords,itisnotamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes,butamatterofeitheroneortheother.Forexample,apersoncanbeeither“alive”or“dead”,either“male”or“female”;thereisnothirdpossibility.Therefore,“alive”and“dead”isapairofcomplementaryantonymsandsois“male”and“female”.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,ifAisthehusbandofB,thenBisthewifeofA.So“husband”and“wife”isapairofrelationalopposites;soare“teacher”and“student”.conversationalimplicature【答案】Conversationalimplicatureisakindofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.查看答案broadtranscription【答案】Phonetictranscriptionmayaimtotranscribethephonologyofalanguage,oritmaybeusedtogofurtherandspecifytheprecisephoneticrealization.Inallsystemsoftranscriptionthereisadistinctionbetweenbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Broadtranscriptionindicatesonlythemostnoticeablephoneticfeaturesofanutterance,whereasnarrowtranscriptionencodesmoreinformationaboutthephoneticvariationsofthespecificallophonesintheutterance.Thedifferencebetweenbroadandnarrowisacontinuum.Oneparticularformofabroadtranscriptionisaphonemictranscription,whichdisregardsallallophonicdifference,and,asthenameimplies,isnotreallyaphonetictranscriptionatall(butattimescoincideswithit),butarepresentationofphonemicstructure.查看答案proposition【答案】Apropositioniswhatasentencesaysabouttheworld.Thesamesentencecanexpressdifferentpropositionsondifferentoccasions.Conversely,differentsentencescanexpressoneandthesameproposition.查看答案Giveeachofthefollowingabriefaccount.(30%)Linguisticdeterminism(10%)【答案】LinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativityaretwopartsofSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Linguisticdeterminismsaysthatlinguisticstructuredeterminescognitivestructure.Thatis,learningalanguagechangesthewayapersonthinks.查看答案Met叩hor(10%)【答案】Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It'softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomain