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FORENSIC
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING:INVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES
&
REFURBISHMENT
OFCRACKINGIN
A
POST-TENSION
SLAB
BRIDGEANAIRENE
LOREA–INGENIERíA
ZERO
S.L.FORENSIC
STRUCTURALENGINEERING:
INVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES
&REFURBISHMENT
OF
CRACKINGINAPOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESCENARIOCURRENT
STAT
E
OF
THE
BRIDGEOPERATING
PROCEDUREHYPOTHETICALCAUSESIDEALISATIONOFTHESTRUCTUREGEOMETRYPOST-TENSIONING
TENDONSREINFORCEMENTSMATERIALSSTAGESMODEL
ISSUESSIMULATION
ANDANALYSISGLOBALRESISTANCESERVICEABILITYLIMITSTATESREFURBISHMENTCONCLUSIONSFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESCENARIO
THEBRIDGEAGETYPOLOGY–12
years–post-tension
concrete
slab
bridgePC-45MPaMAINFEATURES
–curved
in
plan
R=70m–skewed
abutments–structural
concrete
upperspine–h.b
=1.10+0.25+1.05
=
2.40m–L.c=
48.0m–L.a
=37.5m‰
slenderness=L/20‰
apparent
slend.
=L/37FSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESCENARIO
CURRENT
STAT
EOFTHEBRIDGEEXCESIVE
CRACKING
-overpasses
crack
width
limit–bottom
footpath-
abt.2–bottom
deck-
abt.2abt.2footpathdeckFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESCENARIO
CURRENT
STAT
EOFTHEBRIDGE–upperspine
-topface–upperspine
–sideface
abt.2FSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESCENARIO
CURRENT
STAT
EOFTHEBRIDGE–upperspine
-sideface
abt.1FSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOPERATING
PROCEDUREHYPOTHETICAL
CAUSESIDEALISATIONSIMULATIONREFURBISHMENTREPAIRANALYSISFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOPERATING
PROCEDURE-HYPOTHETICAL
CAUSESEARLY
THERMALCRACKcrack
inducer.REINFORCEMENTDIRECTIONnot
orthogonal.CONCRETED
INAUGUSTWITH40
DEGREESdecreaseof
concrete
resistance
(fck
andfct).THESPINEWAS
CONCRETED
INTWO
STAGESconstruction
joint,
partlybonded
usinganepoxyresin.THEFOOTPATH
WAS
EXECUTEDWITH0.50MTHICK
PAVEMENTnot
prescribed
in
the
project.FSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOPERATING
PROCEDURE-IDEALISATION
OF
THESTRUCTURE
-GEOMETRYBIM
MODELFEMMODELFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
-POST-TENSIONING
TENDONSBIM
MODEL32tendons
24strandsFEMMODELFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
-REINFORCEMENTSBIM
MODELFEMMODELEmbebedreinforcementFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
-REINFORCEMENTSFEMMODEL
DETAILSFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
–MATERIALSCONSTITUTIVE
LAWSCONCRETE
‰
TOTA
LSTRAINCRACK
MODEL.
ROTATED.Noinformation
but
the
onesin
theconstruction
project.Mean
values(MC-2010).CompressivebehaviourThorenfeldt
curveTensile
behaviourHordijk
curvef.cm.t00=
63.70MPaFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
–MATERIALSCONSTITUTIVE
LAWSNONLINEARTENSION
SOFTENINGPlain
concreteFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
–MATERIALSCONSTITUTIVE
LAWSSTEEL‰
ISOTROPICPLASTICITY.
STRAINHARDENING.B500S
Reinforcing
SteelY1860SPost-tensioning
SteelReinforcementCarbon
FiberBarCarbon
Fibertendon
CONFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
-STAGES1stSELFWEIGHT
+POST-TENSIONING
FORCES+BEARING
ANCHORAGE2nd3rd4th5th6th7thDEAD
LOADS:
FOOTPATHS
ANDROADWAYFOOTPATHS
DEAD
LOAD
REMOVALSUPPORTOFFOOTPATHS
SLABONABUTMENTSRESTITUTION
OFNEWFOOTPATHS
PAVEMENTUNIFORM
TRAFFIC
LOADGLOBALRESISTANCE-UNIFORM
TRAFFIC
LOADFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
–MODEL
ISSUESREINFORCEMENTLAP
ANDANCHORAGEPerfect
bond
of
reinforcement.Avoid
duplicity
of
laped
bars.Other
possibilityuseof
bond-slip
by
interfaces
butnotpractical
for
many
bars
(3600embebed
reinforcements).FSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEOP-
IDEALISATIONOF
THE
STRUCTURE
–MODEL
ISSUESTRANSVERSEBEAMAT
SUPPORTSLinearelastic
behaviourof
material.Avoid
local
failure
for
the
introduction
oftendon
forces
atanchorages.FSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEGLOBALRESISTANCE
FACTOR
METHOD
MODEL
CODE
20107th
STEPGLOBALRESISTANCE-UNIFORM
TRAFFIC
LOADFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEGLOBAL
STABILITY
-VERTICALDEFORMATION
dz
(m)STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORM
TRAFFICLOADROADWAY
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENT
5xTRLOADDZ(M)v.s.
STEPS0.00E+00050100150200250300350400-5.00E-02-1.00E-01-1.50E-01-2.00E-01-2.50E-01-3.00E-01-3.50E-01-4.00E-01-4.50E-01-5.00E-01A10-WORFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEVERTICALDEFORMATION
dz
(m)STAGE
1ST
-
8THGLBUNIFORMTRAFFIC
LOADROADWAY
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCECOMPRESSIVESTRESS
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORM
TRAFFICLOADROADWAY
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCECOMPRESSIVESTRESS
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORM
TRAFFICLOADROADWAY
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEPLASTICSTRAIN
STAGE
1ST
-
8THGLBUNIFORMTRAFFIC
LOADROADWAY
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEPLASTICSTRAIN
STAGE
1ST
-
8THGLBUNIFORMTRAFFIC
LOADFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEGLOBAL
VERTICALDEFORMATION
dz
(m)
STAGE
1ST
-
8THGLBUNIF.
TRAFFIC
LOADEXTERIORFOOTPATH
LOADED
–WITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENTDZ(M)v.s.
STEPSEXTPAT
H0.00E+00020406080100120-1.00E-02-2.00E-02-3.00E-02-4.00E-02-5.00E-02-6.00E-02-7.00E-02-8.00E-02-9.00E-02-1.00E-01A10-WORFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEREINFORCEMENTPLASTICSTRAIN
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORMTRAFFIC
LOADEXTERIORFOOTPATH
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCECRACK
WIDTH
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORM
TRAFFICLOADEXTERIORFOOTPATH
–
WITHOUTNEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEVERTICALDEFORMATION
dz
(m)
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORMTRAFFIC
LOADINNERFOOTPATH
LOADED
–WITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENTDZ(M)v.s.
STEPSINNER
PAT
H0.00E+00020406080100120-1.00E-02-2.00E-02-3.00E-02-4.00E-02-5.00E-02-6.00E-02-7.00E-02-8.00E-02A10-WORFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCEREINFORCEMENTSTRESS
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORMTRAFFIC
LOADINNERFOOTPATH
–WITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
GLOBAL
RESISTANCECRACK
WIDTH
STAGE
1ST
-8THGLBUNIFORM
TRAFFICLOADINNERFOOTPATH
–WITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENTFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
SERVICEABILITYWITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENT–
BOTTOM–CRACK
PATTERN
-fctmind.kupFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
SERVICEABILITYWITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENT–
TOP
–CRACK
PATTERN
-fctmind.kupFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
SERVICEABILITYWITHOUT
NEWREINFORCEMENT–
TOP
–CRACK
PATTERN
-fctmind.kupFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGESIMULATION
ANDANALYSIS
SERVICEABILITYREINFORCEMENTSTRESSESFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEREFURBISHMENT
ANDREPAIR
–PROPOSALCARBON
REINFORCEMENTSFEM
SIMULATIONOTHERANALYTICAL
STUDIESTOP
FACE
–RADIAL
DIRECTIONBOTTOM
DECKFACE
–RADIAL
DIRECTIONVERTICAL
THROUGH
THESPINEBIM
MODELFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEREFURBISHMENT
ANDREPAIR
–PROPOSALCARBON
REINFORCEMENTSFRPFIBER
REINFORCED
POLYMERBARS
/TENDONS
BOUND
INANEPOXI
MATRIXSTAGES1st
SELFWEIGHT
+PTFORCES
+ANCHORAGE2nd
DEADLOADS:FOOTPATHS
ANDROADWAY3rd
FOOTPATHS
DEADLOAD
REMOVAL4thSUPPORT
OFFOOTPATHS
SLABON
ABUTMENTSCARBON
REINFORCEMENTS5th
RESTITUTION
OF
NEW
FOOTPATHS
PAVEMENT6th
UNIFORM
TRAFFIC
LOADFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEREFURBISHMENT
ANDREPAIR
–PROPOSALBIM
MODELFEMMODELFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEREFURBISHMENT
ANDREPAIR
–PROPOSALCARBONREINFORCEMENTSTRESSESFSEINVESTIGATIONS,
CAUSES&REFURBISHMENTOFCRACKINGIN
APOST-TENSIONSLABBRIDGEREFURBISHMENT
ANDREPAIR
–PROPOSALCARBONREINFORCEMENTSTRESSESFSEINVESTIGATIO
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