1Unit3

DescriptiveEssaysFocusedWritingDescribingprocessesandmechanismsInscientifictexts:

Stepsorproceduresinaprocessarebestdescribedobjectively,usingthepassivevoice.

Indescribingprocesses:Besuretofollowatimesequence.

Connectives:‘first,‘second’,‘then’,‘next’and‘finally’.FocusedWriting—WritingSkill2.Describinggraphs同義替換show=indicate/reveal/demonstrate/describe/illustratebeexceptedto=bepredicted/supposed/forecast/estimated/projectedthenumber=figure/percentage/proportion/data

FocusedWriting—WritingSkill線形寫作步驟先看題，后看圖看完X軸，看Y軸單位時態不要忘最高最低要注意ThenumberofmarriagesinScotlandfellsharplyfrom9,000in1960to3,000in1970,andcontinuedtodeclinedataslowrateuntilaround2,000in1985.From1985therewasagradualincreaseinthenumberofmarriageswhichthenleveledoffat3,500in1994線型作文三要素趨勢數據時間句式變換ThenumberofmarriagesinScotlandfellsharplyTherebe句型:橫坐標做主語：縱坐標做主語：地點做主語：趨勢做主語：必須要描述的（1）最大值和最小值即MM原則

Maximum&Minimum（2）相同數值的點（3）開始&結束的點Thegraphbelowshowsradioandtelevisionaudiencesthroughoutthedayin1992.RadioandtelevisionaudiencesintheUK,October-December1992雙曲線寫法：首段—與寫一條曲線方法相同中間段落—分別描寫兩條曲線末段—寫兩條曲線的共同點和不同點介紹段包括時間段X軸數據形式Y軸研究的對象大體描繪一下趨勢Thegraphbelowshowsradioandtelevisionaudiencesthroughoutthedayin1992.P1:Thelinegraphdescribesthepercentageof

radiolistenersandtelevisionvieweroverfouryearsintheU.K.throughoutthedayfromOcttoDecin1992.題目圖表信息綜合同義替換P1Thefigure

revealsthatbefore1:00p.m.thereweremoreradioaudiences,whileafter1:00p.m.morepeopleturnedtotelevision.描述趨勢（交叉點）P2RadioThedataindicatedthatradiolistenersincreasedsubstantiallybefore8:00am,whenthepercentagereachedtoapeakof27%.Then,itdeclinedsteadilyinthefollowing20hours,bottomingoutat2%at4:00a.m.ofthenextday.Theperiodfrom4:00amto6:00amsawanotherslightriseto4%inradiolisteners.P3TVAsforTVviewers,Theperiodfrom6:00a.m.to8:30a.m.sawasharpincrease,whentherewasalevelingoffat8%until10:00am..Fromthenon,itgenerallymaintainedasharplyupwardtrenduntilthepeak(45%)wasreachedat8:00p.m.,inspiteofsomesmallfluctuation.However,therewasaslump

thereafterinthepercentage.Thepercentagereachedthebottomof3%at3:00a.m,whentherewasaslightriseafterwardsP4Thegeneraltrendwasthatthepercentageofbothradioandtelevisionaudiencesrosefirstandthendecrease,whilethetotalnumberofthelatterwasbiggerthantheformer.Inaddition,

theprimetimeforradioandtelevisionwas8amand8pm,respectively.總結趨勢(相似與不同)2.DescribinggraphsA.Wordsorphrasesdescribingatrend.

VerbalPhrases/VerbsNounsrise/increase/ascend/goup/climb/grow/expand;surge/soar/shootup/rocket/skyrocket/jump;beontherise;beontheincreasea(n)rise/increase/growth/boom/surge/expansion/hikeupswing/growthFocusedWriting—WritingSkillA.Wordsorphrasesdescribingatrend.

VerbalPhrases/VerbsNounsfall/decrease/decline/drop/godown/descend;slump/dip/sink/plunge/plummet;beonthedecline;beonthewane;takeadowntrend,etc.

a(n)decrease/fall/decline/drop/slide/slump/reduction/downswing,etc.

FocusedWriting—WritingSkillA.Wordsorphrasesdescribingatrend.

VerbalPhrases/VerbsNounsleveloff/outat…/stabilize/settle/remainstable/remainsteadyat/stayconstantat…/plateauout/bottomoutatalevelingoutFocusedWriting—WritingSkillleveloff/outThepriceofvegetablesbegantoleveloff/outafterthegovernmenthadtakensomeeffectivemeasures.fluctuate/goupanddownThepriceofvegetablesfluctuatesaccordingtotheweather.A.Wordsorphrasesdescribingatrend.

VerbalPhrases/VerbsNounsfluctuatearound…/fluctuatebetween…and…;seeafluctuatingpattern;peakandtroughs;hitatroughat…;reboundto…;reachapeakat…;hit(orreach)arecordhighat/hitanall-timehighat…;fallto/hit/reach/sinktoarecordlowat…,etc.

aconsiderablefluctuation/markedfluctuation/violentfluctuation/cyclicalfluctuation/periodiccyclicalfluctuation/regularfluctuation,etc.

FocusedWriting—WritingSkill2.DescribinggraphsB.Adjectivesandadverbsdescribingdegree:幅度大dramatic/dramatically;sharp/sharply;huge;enormous/enormously;steep/steeply;substantial/substantially;considerable/considerably;significant/significantly;marked/markedly;remarkable/remarkably;rapid/rapidly;swift/swiftly;great/greatly;幅度中等moderate/moderately;steady/steadily;gradual/gradually;幅度小slight/slightly;marginal/marginally;minimal/minimally;etc.

FocusedWriting—WritingSkill2.DescribinggraphsC.Wordsorphrasesdescribingproportionsorpercentages:

accountfor/takeup/occupy,etc.…percent;Thepercentage/proportionof…standsat…percent,etc.

e.g.Full-timeworkerswithchildrenundertwoyearsold,accountfor11%oftheworkforce.

FocusedWriting—WritingSkill柱狀圖

ThechartshowsthetimespentbyUKresidentsondifferenttypesoftelephonecallsbetween1995and2002.

Localfixedlinecallswerethehighestthroughouttheperiod,risingfrom72billionminutesin1995tojustunder90billionin1998.afterpeakingat90billionthefollowingyear,thesecallshadfallenbacktothe1995figureby2002.Nationalandinternationalfixedlinecallsgrew