政治、經濟學類subsistence存活，生活subsistencewage剛夠養家糊口的工資subsistencelevel收支平衡的生活水平kinship親屬關系，血緣關系commodity商品check支票；收據；賬單bankloan銀行貸款interest利息withdraw從銀行賬戶中提款honor(acheque/bill/draft)承兌arunonabank擠兌theGreatDepression大蕭條consumerism消費主義〔認為高消費對個人和社會有利的看法〕；保護消費者權益主義affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老練的；復雜的，尖端的教育學highereducation高等教育moralcharacter道德品質domain領域faculty全體教員alumni校友treasurer生活委員/財務大臣electivesystem選課制度curriculum課程〔總稱〕discipline學科/管理learnbyrote死記硬背encyclopedias百科全書/專科全書建筑學architecture建筑學architect建筑學家construct結構wing輻樓/側樓design設計elevator電梯skyscraper摩天大樓designelement設計元素logstructure原木結構cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型buildingtechnique建筑工藝newmaterial新材料metal-frame金屬結構repairperson修理工planetarium天文館aquarium水族館archives檔案館officebuilding寫字樓cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺thestatueofliberty自由女神像thetriumphalarch凱旋門sphinx獅身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡動物學zoology動物學Darwinism達爾文學說naturalselection自然選擇phylum門class綱order目suborder亞目family科genus屬species種invertebrate無脊椎動物vertebrate脊椎動物aquaticlife水生動物reptile爬行動物amphibian/amphibiousanimal兩棲動物protozoa原生動物rodent嚙齒動物ruminant反芻動物parasiticanimal寄生動物primate靈長動物plankton浮游生物mollusk軟體動物coelenterate腔腸動物〔如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等〕herbivore食草動物mammal哺乳動物homotherm恒溫動物cold-bloodedanimal冷血動物poikilotherm變溫動物scavenger食腐動物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous雜食的bird鳥類camouflage偽裝hibernate冬眠；蟄伏regeneration再生predatory/carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms〔昆蟲等〕群flock〔牛、羊等〕群community動物的群落或人的部落population種群herd獸群hygiene衛生sanitation公共衛生；衛生設施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper誘捕動物者niche小生態環境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陳代謝breed〔名詞〕品種；〔動詞〕繁殖multiply/reproduce繁殖spawn〔魚、蝦、蛙等〕孵anatomy解剖學appetite食欲creature生物scales鱗feathers羽毛armor甲spinalcord脊椎digestivesystem消化系統excretorysystem排泄系統reproductivesystem生殖系統circulatorysystem循環系統respiratorysystem呼吸系統hormonalsystem內分泌系統digestiveduct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃smallintestine小腸largeintestine大腸anus肛門digestivegland消化腺salivarygland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder膽pancreas胰水生動物jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鯨魚shrimp小蝦prawn對蝦lobster龍蝦crab螃蟹mussel貽貝；蚌類clam蛤蜊oyster牡蠣sponge海綿starfish海星squid魷魚；烏賊burro/octopus章魚sole鰨；鰨目魚plaice鰈，紅斑比目魚哺乳動物squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak〔老鼠等〕吱吱otter水獺antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose駝鹿beaver海貍elk麋鹿reindeer馴鹿giraffe長頸鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河馬sloth樹懶slothful懶惰的兩棲動物、爬行動物frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蠑螈scorpion蝎子turtle龜lizard蜥蜴chameleon變色龍caymen/crocodile鱷魚centipede蜈蚣鳥類robin知更鳥owl貓頭鷹barnacle北極鵝penguin企鵝canary金絲雀chirp〔鳥、蟲的叫聲〕vulture禿鷲crane鶴stork鸛ptarmigan雷鳥migrate遷移plumage羽體camouflage偽裝wing翅膀bill〔鳥〕嘴beak〔鷹等的〕嘴昆蟲insect昆蟲wasp黃蜂hornet大黃蜂spider蜘蛛pest害蟲worm蟲/蠕蟲cicada蟬mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna/tentacle觸須larva幼蟲地質學crust地殼mantle地幔core地核continentalcrust大陸地殼oceaniccrust海洋地殼layer/stratum地層stratigraphy地層學fault斷層faultplane斷層面faultzone斷層帶rift/crack/split斷裂disintegration/decomposition分解erosion腐蝕fossil化石igneousrock火成巖sedimentaryrock沉積巖metamorphicrock變質巖limestone石灰巖granite花崗巖marble大理石lithosphere巖石圈magma/moltenlava巖漿quartz石英mineral礦物ore礦石deposit礦床rubble碎石debris殘骸platinum白金/鉑金silver銀copper黃銅aluminum鋁tin錫lead鉛zinc鋅nickel鎳mercury汞/水銀sodium鈉gem寶石diamond鉆石emerald綠寶石ruby紅寶石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacialepoch/age/period冰川期glacialdrift冰漬moraines冰磧iceberg冰山volcano火山activevolcano活火山extinctvolcano死火山dormantvolcano休眠火山(sloping)shieldvolcano盾狀火山〔平緩〕(steep-sided)conevolcano錐狀火山〔陡峭〕eruption火山噴發crater火山口caldera〔開口較大的〕火山口depression洼地，凹陷處；盆地lava火山巖漿volcanicdust火山塵volcanicash火山灰geyser間歇噴泉hotspring溫泉earthquake/quake/tremor/seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震學magnitude震級seismicintensityscale震烈度seismicwave地震波transversewave橫波longitudinalwave縱波epicenter震中epicentraldistance震中距aftershock余震cataclysm災變tsunami/tidal/force海嘯undersealandslide海底山崩meltglobalwarming全球逐漸變暖aquifer蓄水層swamp沼澤peatbog泥炭沼澤Great大峽谷Nile尼羅河Coloradoriver科羅拉多河crumpleszones地質緩沖地帶bedrock巖床bulge凸起物地理學hemisphere半球meridian子午線/經線parallel平行圈latitude緯線longitude經線/經度elevation海拔altitude高度/海拔horizon地平線equator赤道temperaturelatitudes溫帶地區tropics熱帶地區Arctic/theNorthPole北極Antarctic/Antarctica南極theAntarcticContinent南極洲theAntarcticCircle南極圈theArcticCircle北極圈aurora極光tropicsofCancer北回歸線tropicsofCapricorn南回歸線internationaldateline國際日期變更線timedifference時差timezone時區topography地形/地形學plain平原plateau/highland高地lowland低地basin盆地oasis綠洲enclave飛地peak山峰cordillera/ranges山脈carven/cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland沿海地區coastline海岸線watershed分水嶺upperreaches上游lowerreaches下游tributary支流deposit沉積spring/fountain泉水iceberg冰山riverbed河床gulf/bay海灣waterfall瀑布cascade小瀑布；噴流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropicalrainforest熱帶雨林continentalisland大陸島volcanicisland火山島coralisland珊瑚島islet小島peninsular半島archipelago群島delta三角洲landlockedarea內陸inlandwaterway內陸河subcontinent次大陸cliff山崖valley山谷hillside/mountainslope山坡continentalshelf大陸架canyon/gorge峽谷channel/strait海峽remote-sensing遙感的terrestrial地球的/陸地的terrestrialheat/geothermal地熱terrestrialmagnetism地磁continentaldrift大陸漂移學說sea-floorspreading海床擴展evaporation蒸發salinity含鹽度oceanbottom海床sediment沉積物tropical熱帶的temperate溫帶的frigid寒帶的frostheaving凍脹現象tundra苔原，凍原fieldstone卵石theMediterraneanSea地中海theprimevalforest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的納維亞(半島)(瑞典、挪威、丹麥、冰島的泛稱)fjord峽灣coralreef珊瑚礁Chalk白堊紀cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水嶺abyss深淵territory幅員；領土；地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脈Carpathians喀爾巴阡山脈Vesuvius維蘇威火山Pompeii龐貝precipice懸崖eon世；紀；代glacier冰河Pangaea盤古大陸dune沙丘Lagoon咸水湖考古學archaeology考古學paleontology古生物學anthropology人類學archaeologist人類學家pale-anthropologist古人類學家ecologicalanthropologist生態人類學家psychologicalanthropologist心理人類學家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人〔科〕homogeneous同以種族〔種類〕的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate/unearth挖掘ruins遺跡/廢墟remains遺產/遺骸artifact手工藝品relic遺物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老StoneAge石器時代BronzeAge青銅器時代IronAge鐵器時代Paleolithic舊石器時代的Mesolithic中石器時代的Neolithic新石器時代的morphology形態學skull顱骨cranial顱骨的fossil化石ancientcivilization古代文明caveman山頂洞人culturalrelics文物rockpainting巖畫美術〔繪畫和雕塑〕finearts美術oilpainting油畫watercolor水彩畫tempera蛋彩畫sketch速寫/素描pastel彩色蠟筆畫poster海報/招貼畫charcoaldrawing木炭畫muralpainting/fresco壁畫engraving版畫lithograph石板畫landscapepainting風景畫stilllife靜物畫portrait肖像畫caricature漫畫pigment顏色，色素canvas油畫布brush畫筆drawingboard畫板perspective透視畫法original原作copy臨本reproduction/replica復制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美術館autograph真跡panorama全景畫calligraphy書法paste裱糊impressionisticstyle印象派風格framing裝框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/獨特的animator漫畫家saxophonist薩克斯風管吹奏者indigo靛藍purple紫色能源和環境fossilfuel礦物燃料processofphotosynthesis光合作用solarenergy太陽能nonrenewable不可再生的energyconservation保護能源resource資源energysource能源資源tidalenergy潮汐能fuel-efficient節能型的rushhour頂峰期zeroemission零輻射wildness野生/天然preservation保護atmosphere大氣carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burningofcoalandoil煤油燃燒globalwarming全球變暖greenhouseeffect溫室效應riseinsealevel海平面上升long-termclimaticchange長期的氣候變化environmentalrecyclingcenter再循環利用中心litter/trashgarbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest濫伐森林drought干旱watershortage水源缺乏offshorespillage近海岸溢出carbondioxiderelease二氧化碳排放industrialsewage工業污水recycling再循環purify凈化deteriorate惡化acidrain酸雨sewagedisposal污水處理environmentprotection環境保護ozonelayer臭氧層wastedisposal廢物處理emission〔汽車廢氣的〕排放soot煙塵ElNi?o厄爾尼諾現象氣象學meteorology氣象meteorologist氣象學家meteorologicalstation氣象站forecast/predict預報climate氣候atmosphere大氣層troposphere對流層stratosphere平流層mesosphere中間層ionosphere電離層exosphere逸散層coldfront冷鋒warmairmass熱氣團current〔氣〕流moisture潮濕，水氣spell某種天氣持續一段時間vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸發damp/moist/humid潮濕humidity濕度moisture潮濕/水分saturate飽和dew露frost霜fog/mist霧smog煙霧droplet小水condense濃縮crystal水晶體sheet〔水、冰、雪的〕一層downpour/torrentialrain大雨tempest(storm)/torrentialrain暴風雨drizzle細雨shower陣雨hail冰雹blizzard/snowstorm暴風雪avalanche/snowslide雪崩precipitation〔雨、露、雪等〕降水thunder雷breeze微風sandstorm沙暴monsoon季風gale大風whirlwind旋風typhoon臺風hurricane颶風tornado/twister/cyclone龍卷風windscale風級tsunami/seismicseawave海嘯tidalwave潮汐；浪潮upperatmosphere上層大氣funnel漏斗云disaster/calamity/catastrophe災難devastation破壞submerge淹沒drought旱災convection對流windvelocity風速winddirection風向long-rangeforecast長期預報numericalweatherprediction數值天氣預報nephanalysis云層分析；衛星云圖人物artist藝術家choreographer舞蹈編排家critic批評家satirist挖苦作家inventor創造家biographer自傳作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女權主義者humanitarian人道主義者imagist意象派詩人philanthropist慈善家proprietor業主mortal犯人precursor先驅figurehead名譽領袖disciple學徒apprentice學徒mechanic機械工minimalist簡單抽象派藝術家avant-garde前衛派territory領域genre風格/體裁eccentric乖僻的odd怪誕的/奇數的erratic奇怪的weird怪異的/不可思議的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/無罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情緒的/情感的sentimental感傷的/多愁善感的cheerless無精打采的/無生命力的patriarchal家長的/族長的rigid僵化的spare簡樸的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary當代的acclaimed受歡送的preeminent杰出的versatile〔人〕多才多藝的/〔物〕多功能的household家庭的/家喻戶曉的genuine真正的authentic逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia懷舊主義/思鄉emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic經典的posthumous死后的攝影photographer攝影家panorama全景照片snapshot快照developing沖洗enlarge放大foreground前景background背景highdefinition高清晰度close-up特寫outoffocus調焦不準exposure曝光instantcamera拍立得cameralens相機鏡頭tripod三腳架darkroom暗室wideanglelens廣角鏡頭longfocuslens長鏡頭filter濾色鏡生態學ecology生態學ecosystem生態系統balanceofnature自然界生態平衡fauna動物群flora植物群rainforest雨林foodchain食物鏈acidrain酸雨greenhouse溫室效應infraredradiation紅外線輻射ozonelayer/ozonosphere臭氧層ultravioletradiation紫外輻射pollutioncontrol污染控制airpollution空氣控制waterpollution水污染noxious/toxic有毒的fumes〔有毒的〕廢氣waste廢物solidwaste固體廢物sewage/wastewater污水sewagepurification污水凈化swagedisposal污水處理decibel〔噪音〕分貝生物學biology生物學marinebiology海洋生物學entomology昆蟲學ornithology鳥類學microbiology微生物學genetics遺傳學speciology物種學parasitology寄生蟲學paleontology古生物學paleontologist古生物學家dinosaur恐龍dieout/extinction滅絕mammal哺乳動物carnivore食肉動物rodent嚙齒類動物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潛水/跳水one-celledorganism單細胞有機體tissue〔動植物細胞的〕組織protectivecamouflage保護色predator捕獵者oceanicsnail蝸牛animaladaptation動物適應性survivalofthefittest適者生存originofspecies物種起源wildenvironment野生環境insecticide殺蟲劑prenatalcare產后護理habitat棲息地tentacle觸須prey捕食navigate導航tinyreceptor接收器nerve/specimen物種amphibian兩棲類動物declineinthenumber數量減少gene基因genetic基因的，遺傳的endangeredspecies瀕危動物survival活著的transition轉變/過渡microbe微生物yeast酵母〔菌〕bacteria細菌single-cell單細胞reptile爬行類動物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孫chewup咀嚼unfertilizedeggs未受精卵nutrient營養品nourishment營養品/食物feed喂養cannibalism同類相食respiration呼吸ingestion攝食digestion消化digestiveenzyme消化酶cell細胞nucleus細胞核cytoplasm細胞質plasmalemma/cellmembrane細胞膜cellwall細胞壁protein蛋白質aminoacid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遺傳mutationofspecies物種變異chromosome染色體geneticengineering遺傳工程solitary獨居social群居bio-diversity生物多樣性metamorphosis變態/變形mutation變種variation變異天文學astronomy天文學astronomicalobservatory天文臺planetarium天文館astrophysics天文物理學astrology占星學pseudoscience偽科學cosmos/universe宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite無限的cosmic宇宙的cosmicradiation宇宙輻射cosmicrays宇宙射線celestial天體的celestialbody/heavenlybody天體celestialmap/skyatlas天體圖celestialsphere天球dwarf/dwarfstar矮星quasar類星體constellation星座galaxy/MilkyWay銀河系starcluster星團asterism星群solarsystem太陽系solarcorona日冕solareclipse日食solarradiation太陽輻射planet行星planetoid/asteroid小行星revolve旋轉twinkle閃爍nakedeye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit軌道spin旋轉satellite衛星lunar月球的meteor流星meteorshower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星體meteorite隕石comet彗星space/outerspace太空，外層空間spacecraft/spaceship宇宙飛船spaceshuttle航天飛機spacetelescope空間望遠鏡astronaut/spaceman宇航員spacesuit宇航服stellar恒星的intergalactic星系間的interstellar恒星間的interplanetary行星間的asteroid小行星nebula星云spacedebris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球層chromospheres色球；色球層日冕層sunspot太陽黑子〔發生在光球層〕flare耀斑〔發生在色球層〕solarprominence日珥〔發生在色球層〕convectionzone對流層vacuum真空infraredray紅外線absolutemagnitude絕對量級emission發射/散發high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干擾儀，干預儀illusiveobject幻影體faint微弱的image影像gravitationalforce吸引力molten融化的leapyear閏年rotation自傳revolution公轉blackhole黑洞ultravioletray紫外線luminosity光度lightyear光年微生物學antibody抗體toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫學vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria細菌fermentation發酵inflection傳染/感染microorganism/microbe微生物virus病毒disfection消毒sterilization滅菌文學pose散文diary日記autobiography傳記editorial社論narrativeprose表達性descriptiveprose描寫性essay隨筆poetry詩歌ballad民謠lullaby催眠曲fiction小說allegory寓言fairytale童話legend傳說proverb諺語model人物原型leadingcharacter主人公mainplot主要情節prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾聲literarycriticism文學批評literarystudies文學研究schoolsofliterature文學流派comparativeliterature比擬文學realism現實主義surrealism超現實主義futurism未來主義modernism現代主義aestheticism唯美主義音樂musicalinstrument樂器orchestra〔管弦〕樂隊shookrattle搖撥浪鼓pounddrum擊鼓footbeat跺腳note音符score樂譜movement樂章fanatical狂熱的hillbillymusic鄉村音樂folkmusic民間音樂popmusic流行音樂classicalmusic古典音樂Jazz爵士樂symphony交響樂rockandroll搖滾樂bandmusic/windmusic管樂string弦樂violi