汽輪機運行原理

TurbineFundamental海南金海漿紙業有限公司

HAINANJINHAIPULP&PAPERCO.LTD

PREPAREDBYCHENYONG氣輪機結構

Turbinestructure汽缸體Cylinderbody轉子Rotor前后軸承Bearing葉輪Impeller軸封系統Sealingsystem控制閥等Controlvalves.etcTurbine&generatorgeneratorTurbineCondenseroilcoolerBallstrainerVacuum氣輪機工作原理

TheturbineFundamental

原理：具有一定壓力、溫度的蒸汽經過氣輪機噴嘴并在噴嘴內膨脹獲得很高的速度，高速的蒸汽流經氣輪機上的動葉片做功，從而帶動氣輪機轉子按一定均勻的速度轉動。氣輪機轉子與發電機轉子用連軸器，當氣輪機轉子以一定速度均勻轉動時，發電機的轉子也跟著轉動，由于電磁感應的作用，發電機定子線圈中產生電流，通過變配電設備向用戶供電。能量轉換形式

Theenergyconversionform

蒸汽熱能汽流動能電能機械能技術參數（一）

technicaldata汽輪機Turbine：轉向（汽輪機—發電機）turningclockwise轉速speed3000rpm跳車轉速tripspeed3300rpm盤車轉速turningbearingspeed45rpm第一臨界速度1stcriticalspeed1100rpm第二臨界速度2ndcriticalspeed2200rpm發電機最大輸出功率generatorpoweroutput:MaximumContinousRating（MCR）120MW技術參數（二）technicaldata蒸汽系統Steamsystem（Normal）

壓力bar溫度℃流量kg/s熱焓kJ/kg高壓入口Hpinlet80.5475202.113336.3中壓抽汽MPbleeding1522033.332850.2低壓抽汽LPextraction7170126.752779.2尾氣排放Exhaust0.13144243.72353.4LSCV

BLCV/BLEEDINGBLOCKECVCOND.變電設備用戶聯網TurbineGeneratorHPSTEAMMPheaderLpheaderCond.TurbineInlet&outletFromLp&MpHeadToUserLPHead(12123.8T)F/L2894.8TVE5457.6TRB2629TCLO2536.6TMB575.4TWT2.6TNaOH27.8TMPHead(4507.8T)MC3041TF/L863TVE75TRB258TSO214TMB238.4TRC18.4TNote:Abovealldataisusefor24hoursonlyPoweroutputtouserNAOH299.7RC/LK148MC353WH33.9RB&VE494.8F/L562.8O289.5WWT62.5CLO2519.9RWT74.8MB76.1PG88SERVEPOWER16.7POWEROUTPUT2823.3UNIT:MWH開車時需要滿足的條件

START-UPGENERALREQUIREMENTS

★Electricalpowersupplyinoperation.運行時的電源供應★Allofmotorizerequirementready.要滿足所有的電動要求★Instrumentairavailable/inoperation.儀表用氣的供應/運行★Allofcontrolsysteminoperation/normalfunction.所有的控制系統處于運行狀態/正常狀態開車時需要滿足的條件

START-UPGENERALREQUIREMENTS

★潤滑油、頂軸油系統正常★lubeoil、jackoilsysteminnormal★盤車系統、軸封系統正常★Turningbearingsystemsealingsysteminnormal★冷凝系統以及其他輔助系統正常★condensersystemandtheothersauxiliarysysteminnormal開車系統的程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

CoolingWaterOperation/Circulation.冷卻水的運行/循環CoolingTowerPumpstart.冷卻水塔泵的啟動CoolingwaterforMainCondensercirculation.主冷凝器冷卻水的循環CoolingwaterforOilCoolercirculation.油冷凝器冷卻水的循環CoolingwaterforAirCoolercirculation.空氣冷凝器冷卻水的循環CoolingTowerFanstart.冷卻水塔風機的啟動COOLINGWATERSYSTEM

C.TOWERBASINMAINCONDENSERAIRCOOLEROILCOOLERC.TOWERFANFanstart3setsPumpstart2setsMaincondenserinoperation/circulationAircoolerinoperation4setsOilcoolerinoperationandtheotheronestandby開車系統的程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

AllofOilSysteminOperation/NormalFunction油系統的啟動LubeOilsystemoperation(ACAuxiliaryOilPumpstart).潤滑油系統（啟動輔助油泵）。ControlOilsystemoperation(supplyfromACAuxiliaryOilPump).控制油系統（來自AC輔助油泵）Oilvaporextractorinoperation.啟動抽油煙機。OilCoolerinoperationandtheotheronestandby.油冷器的啟動，另一個備用。Oiltankheaterinoperation(ifnecessary)油加熱器的啟動（如果有必要）TurningGearOperation盤車的啟動StartJackingoilpump.頂軸油泵的啟動。StartTurningGearbyautomode(fromDCS).通過自動模式啟動盤車（DCS）LubeOilpress.>2barLubeOiltemp.<55oCLubeOilControlvalve(mechanical)MainOilPumpoperationafterspeed>2700rpm5.TurningGearstart6.OilHeaterstartifnecessary3.OilVaporExtractorstart4.JackingOilPumpstart2.AuxiliaryOilPumpstartDCEmergencyOilPumpin‘AutoMode’1.OilCoolerinoperationSafetyblock/TripunitEmergencystopvalve(ESV)Bleedingblock(BSCV)Extractioncontrolvalve(ECV)Livesteamcontrolvalve(LSCV)Controloilpress.>8bar開車程序START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

CondensateSystemCirculation/Operation冷凝水的循環FillupofCondensateleveltonormallevel(400–500mm)fromfillingwaterline.用補水管中的水將冷凝水的液位加到正常液位(400–500mm)。StartCondensatepump(bothDCSandFieldisavailable)andtheotheroneinpriorityselection(Automode).啟動冷凝水泵（DCS和現場），另一臺在預選（自動控制）。StartGlandFan(LeakSteamBlower).啟動格蘭風扇Condensatelevelcontrolputon‘AutoMode’冷凝水液位控制自動控制。MAINCONDEN-SERLCtoRWTankHPCHAMBERLPCHAMBERSILENCERHHPHeadertoAtmosphereGlandFanCond.PumpSECEJECTORPRIEJECTORStart-upEjectorVACUUMSYSTEMCond.Levelcontrolin‘Automode’Cond.Pumpstartandtheotheroneinpriority開車程序START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

PrewarmingMainSteamLine對主蒸汽管進行暖管Openallofdraininmainsteamline.打開主蒸汽管上所有的疏水閥Openofbypassvalveofmainsteam1ststageslowly(makesurethereisnowaterhummerinline).緩慢打開一段主蒸汽管上的旁通閥（確保在管道中沒有水）。Openofbypassvalveofmainsteam2ndstageslowly(makesurethereisnowaterhummerinline).緩慢打開二段主蒸汽管上的旁通閥（確保在管道中沒有水）。Prewarmingofmainsteamlineoveraftermainsteamtemperature>3800C.當蒸汽溫度>3800C時，暖管就完成了。GENERATORHHPHEADERMESVLSCV2ndStage1stStageFlashBox(TURBINEHPCHAMBERTURBINELPCHAMBERMAINSTEAMLINEOpenbypassvalveslowlyOpenallofdrainvalveOpenbypassvalveslowlyOpenallofdrainvalveOpenallofdrainvalveLSCVcontrolledspeedaftertheTurbineAutoStartcommandisreleaseAfterthelineisready,ESVopenbyTurbinestartcommand開車程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

SealingSteamSystemOperation密封蒸汽的啟動Sealingsteamfrontend(HHPsteam)密封蒸汽前端（HHP）Prewarmingofsealingsteamlines.密封蒸汽管道的暖管。Openmanualvalve(doublevalve).打開手動閥。OpenthecontrolvalvebyautomodefromDCS,setpoint=1.080bar,在DCS自動打開控制閥，設定值=1.080bar。Sealingsteamrearend(LPsteam)密封蒸汽的后端（LP）Prewarmingofsealingsteamlines.密封蒸汽管道的暖管。Openmanualvalve(doublevalve).打開手動閥。OpenthecontrolvalvebyautomodefromDCS,setpoint=1.230bar.在DCS自動打開控制閥，設定值=1.230bar.LPHEADERTURBINEHPCHAMBERTURBINELPCHAMBERHHPHEADERHHPBLOWTANKTo:AFTERCONDENSEROFEJECTORSYSTEMGENERATORSEALINGSTEAMSYSTEMDoublevalveopenedafterprewarminglinefinishOpenallofdrainvalveOpenallofdrainvalveDoublevalveopenedafterprewarminglinefinishControlvalvein‘Automode’withsetpoint1.080barControlvalvein‘Automode’withsetpoint1.230barToaftercooler/ejectorcoolerControlvalvesealingsteamrearend(LP)Controlvalvesealingsteamfrontend(HHP)汽機的啟動程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Turbineprewarming(ESVopen/manualstart).汽機的暖機（ESV打開/手動閥啟動）Mainsteamtemperatureinthemainsteamline>380oC.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的溫度>380oC.Mainsteampressureinthemainsteamline<permissionpressureprewarmingvalve.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的壓力<暖機時允許的壓力值。Turbineautostart(LSCVcontrolled).汽機自動啟動（LSCV控制）Mainsteamtemperatureinthemainsteamline>420oC.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的溫度>420oC.Temperatureofprewarmingvalve>400oC.暖機的溫度>400oC.Mainsteampressureinthemainsteamlinepermissionpressure<80bar.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的壓力<80bar.LSCVBLCV/BLEEDINGBLOCKECVCOND.TURBINESTART-UP汽機的啟動程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

TurbineGeneratorsynchronizetoBusBar.汽輪發電機同步到總排Turbineautostart/speedcontrolleris‘active’.汽機自動啟動/速度控制器激活。Excitation‘ON’(afterspeed3000RPM).勵磁啟動（速度到過3000RPM后）Synchronizationcriteria并網的三個條件Voltagedifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

電壓差盡可能的小。Frequencydifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

頻率差盡可能的小。Phaseangledifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

相位角差盡可能的小。Synchronizing‘ON’同步啟動CBclose,TGalreadysynchronized.CB關閉，TG已經并網。汽機的啟動程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Pick-upload加載

Important（重要事項）:MonitoringthepositionoftheFreeRangeTurbineCasingFlangeandFreeRangeTurbinecasingTop/Bottom.根據上下汽缸的溫差來決定升載的情況。MonitoringtheElongationRelative.監測脹差。Monitoringallofindicationeg.Vibrationvalue,Shaftposition,Bearingtemperature,Oiltemperature,andect.監測所有的振動、軸的位移、軸承的溫度、油溫等。Importantduringstart-upandpick-uploadImportantduringstart-upandpick-uploadImportantforTurbineprewaming&start-up汽機的開車程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

LPExtractioncontroller‘ON’.LP抽汽控制器的啟動Adjustload,accordingtoLPPressurerequirement.根據LP壓力的需要來調整負載。PrewarmingLPExt.lineandopenvalveontheLPHeaderside.對低壓抽汽管進行暖管，然后打開LP集汽柜側的閥門。Openthemotorizevalveontheextractionline.打開抽汽管上的電動閥。Spraywatercontrolvalvein‘AutoMode’.減溫注水控制閥到自動模式。Release/ONNonReturnValve(NRV).解除截止閥。Controller‘ON’控制器啟動。汽輪機啟動程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCEMPBleedcontroller‘ON’.MP充汽控制器的啟動Adjustload,accordingtoMPPressurerequirement.根據中壓蒸汽的壓力需求來調整負載。PrewarmingMPBleedinglineandopenvalveontheMPHeaderside.對MP充汽管進行暖管，然后打開MP集汽柜側的閥門。Openthemotorizevalveonthebleedingline.打開充汽管上的電動閥。Spraywatercontrolvalvein‘AutoMode’.減溫注水控制閥到自動模式。Release/ONNonReturnValve(NRV).解除截止閥。Controller‘ON’控制器啟動。Motorizevalve1ststageEmg.StopValve(ESV1&2)LiveSteamControlValve(LSCV1&2)ExtractionControlValve(ECV1&2)BleedSteamControlValve(BleedingBlock)BleedingNonReturnValve(NRV)Ext.NonReturnValve(NRV)SpraywatercontrolvalveBleedingSpraywatercontrolvalveExtraction汽機的開車程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Normaloperationcontroller.（正常運行的控制器）Monitoringforallofsystem(DCSandPLC).監測所有的系統（DCS和PLC）Controlallofequipmentforabnormalnoise,temperature,vibration,leakageandect.控制所有設備的聲音異常、溫度、振動、泄漏等問題。RecorddataintheLogSheetasperhour.每小時在報表上記錄數據。Monitoringallofinterlockingindication.監測所有的連鎖顯示。汽機的開車程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

MostImportantDisplaysforMonitoring（臨測的重要畫面）RUNSUPERVISIONDisplay（運行畫面的監測）GENERATORSUPERVISIONDisplay（發電機的監測）TURBINECLCDisplay（汽輪機CLC的監測）LUBEOILSYSTEMDisplay（潤滑油系統的監測）CONTROLOILSYSTEMDisplay（控制油系統的監測）Checkingforallofindicationondisplaysimmediately（立即檢查所有畫面上所有的顯示）VibrationTurbineHPVibrationTurbineLPSpeedindicationVibrationGeneratorFr.VibrationGeneratorRearVibrationExciterEndBearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.GeneratorWindingTemp.,6setsGeneratorSpaceHeaterCoolAirTemp.,2setsWarmAirTemp.,2setsSetpointLiveSteamControllerSetpointFrequencyControllerSetpointSpeedControllerSetpointBleedingControllerLimiterSetpointExtractionControllerLubeOilTemp.LubeOilPress.ControlOilPress.控制油的壓力汽機的停車程序

TURBINESHUTDOWNSEQUENCE

UnloadtheTurbine.（汽機的降載）Decreaseloadaccordingtoelectricalconsumption(frequencymonitoring)andmainsteampressure.根據電力的消耗（頻率監測）和主蒸汽的壓力來降低負載。UnselectedloadsheddingaccordingTurbineLoad.根據汽機的負載來解除其負載保護。ContinueloaddowntheturbineandadjustLPextandMPbleedingaccordingly.繼續對汽機進行降載，再相應的調整低壓抽汽和中壓抽汽。汽機的停車程序

TURBINESHUTDOWNSEQUENCE

StoptheTurbine.（汽機的停止）MPBleedcontroller‘OFF’accordingtoTurbineLoadandMP落Headerpressureandstopthesystem.

根據汽機的負載和中壓集汽柜的壓力來關閉中壓充汽的控制器，停止該系統。LPBleedcontroller‘OFF’accordingtoTurbineLoadandLPHeaderpressureandstopthesystem.根據汽機的負載和低壓集汽柜的壓力來關閉低壓充汽的控制器，停止該系統。CloseEmergencyStopValve(ESV)orpresstheemergencyst